113136PathwayPancreas Function - Alpha CellAlpha cells are a type of islet cell found in the pancreas that release glucagon. Glucagon counteracts insulin and functions to maintain glucose homeostasis when detected glucose levels are low. Glucagon is contained in granules in the cell as a reserve ready to be released. Extracellular glucose levels and ion channels regulate the secretion of glucagon. Glucose undergoes glycolysis to increase ATP in the cell. The moderate activity of potassium ATP channels causes the membrane potential to be around -70mV. The alpha cell then becomes electrically active due to the closure of potassium channels. The cell membrane becomes depolarized due to voltage dependent sodium, potassium and calcium channels. This causes an increase in action potentials and opens voltage gate calcium channels causing an increase of calcium into the cell. This triggers the exocytosis of glucagon from the cell. Conversely, an increase in extracellular glucose leads to an increase in ATP production and inhibition of potassium ATP channels. The membrane depolarizes to a membrane potential that inactivates voltage dependent calcium channels. This results in decreased intracellular calcium and inhibits exocytosis of glucagon. PhysiologicalPW122296CenterPathwayVisualizationContext12257215003250#000099PathwayVisualization112999113136Pancreas Function - Alpha CellAlpha cells are a type of islet cell found in the pancreas that release glucagon. Glucagon counteracts insulin and functions to maintain glucose homeostasis when detected glucose levels are low. Glucagon is contained in granules in the cell as a reserve ready to be released. Extracellular glucose levels and ion channels regulate the secretion of glucagon. Glucose undergoes glycolysis to increase ATP in the cell. The moderate activity of potassium ATP channels causes the membrane potential to be around -70mV. The alpha cell then becomes electrically active due to the closure of potassium channels. The cell membrane becomes depolarized due to voltage dependent sodium, potassium and calcium channels. This causes an increase in action potentials and opens voltage gate calcium channels causing an increase of calcium into the cell. This triggers the exocytosis of glucagon from the cell. Conversely, an increase in extracellular glucose leads to an increase in ATP production and inhibition of potassium ATP channels. The membrane depolarizes to a membrane potential that inactivates voltage dependent calcium channels. This results in decreased intracellular calcium and inhibits exocytosis of glucagon. Physiological110959676SubPathway10909377Compound66109094414Compound66109597ATP Inhibition of ABCC8InhibitorySubPathway109095414Compound66109096750ProteinComplex66110011DepolarizationSubPathway279585 27044683Briant L, Salehi A, Vergari E, Zhang Q, Rorsman P: Glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha-cells. Ups J Med Sci. 2016 May;121(2):113-9. doi: 10.3109/03009734.2016.1156789. Epub 2016 Apr 4.113136Pathway27958622969729Gaisano HY, Macdonald PE, Vranic M: Glucagon secretion and signaling in the development of diabetes. Front Physiol. 2012 Sep 4;3:349. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00349. eCollection 2012.113136Pathway27958718669612 Quesada I, Tuduri E, Ripoll C, Nadal A: Physiology of the pancreatic alpha-cell and glucagon secretion: role in glucose homeostasis and diabetes. J Endocrinol. 2008 Oct;199(1):5-19. doi: 10.1677/JOE-08-0290. Epub 2008 Jul 31.113136Pathway279590 16513675Vignali S, Leiss V, Karl R, Hofmann F, Welling A: Characterization of voltage-dependent sodium and calcium channels in mouse pancreatic A- and B-cells. J Physiol. 2006 May 1;572(Pt 3):691-706. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.102368.113136Pathway6MyocyteCL:00001875HepatocyteCL:00001821CellCL:00000007Epithelial CellCL:00000668Beta cellCL:000063910Glial cellCL:00001253NeuronCL:00005402Platelet CL:00002334Cardiomyocyte CL:00007469Pancreatic Beta CellCL:00001691Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm51Picea sitchensis3332EukaryoteSitka spruce2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia462Acinetobacter baylyi (strain ATCC 33305 / BD413 / ADP1)62977Prokaryote5CytoplasmGO:00057371CytosolGO:000582925Golgi apparatusGO:00057946LysosomeGO:00057643Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575911Extracellular SpaceGO:00056152MitochondrionGO:000573931Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562035ChloroplastGO:000950710Cell MembraneGO:000588619sarcoplasmic reticulumGO:00165297Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:000578924Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575814Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574112Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574313Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:000578316Lysosomal LumenGO:004320236MembraneGO:001602015NucleusGO:00056344PeroxisomeGO:000577727Peroxisome MembraneGO:000577832Inner MembraneGO:007025822post-synaptic membraneGO:00452119MuscleBTO:0000887141181LiverBTO:00007597298Blood VesselBTO:0001102741125IntestineBTO:000064818PancreasBTO:00009887Nervous SystemBTO:00014843Sympathetic Nervous SystemBTO:00018322Endothelium BTO:00003935cardiocyteBTO:000153911HeartBTO:00005627310509516PW_BS000050261115PW_BS0000265181PW_BS0000512111PW_BS000002432511PW_BS0000439611PW_BS0000094311PW_BS00000460251PW_BS00006015111PW_BS000015612517PW_BS0000616618518PW_BS00006629111PW_BS0000293211PW_BS0000036131PW_BS000006148824PW_BS00014814911245PW_BS00014915284PW_BS0001521531145PW_BS000153107313PW_BS00010710813PW_BS000108192818PW_BS00002419311185PW_BS0000242007110PW_BS0000242156181PW_BS0000241141112PW_BS0001141321121PW_BS0001323183123PW_BS000024315123PW_BS000024326812PW_BS00002832711125PW_BS0000283361121PW_BS00002834695126PW_BS0000283522512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS00002835625121PW_BS0000281136121PW_BS0001131122121PW_BS0001124241155PW_BS00011541685PW_BS0001154239556PW_BS000115429151PW_BS000115124151PW_BS0001244192551PW_BS000115126651PW_BS000126436255PW_BS0001154372557PW_BS000115407251PW_BS000115409115PW_BS00011545911175PW_BS000115452817PW_BS00011545895176PW_BS0001154641171PW_BS0001151181171PW_BS00011845525171PW_BS0001154436171PW_BS0001154712517PW_BS00011547225177PW_BS0001151192171PW_BS0001191371117PW_BS000137488810PW_BS00011549211105PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS00002449025101PW_BS0001153016101PW_BS0000244812101PW_BS0001154831110PW_BS00011550586PW_BS0001155091165PW_BS000115388161PW_BS0001125072561PW_BS000115207661PW_BS000024206261PW_BS000024208116PW_BS0000248511PW_BS000008193513PW_BS00001972513PW_BS000072711113PW_BS0000711471241PW_BS000147151141PW_BS0001511601181PW_BS0001601985181PW_BS00002430635511PW_BS0000242253541PW_BS0000241115121PW_BS000111122551PW_BS0001221355171PW_BS0001352975101PW_BS000024205561PW_BS00002416212PW_BS00001614101PW_BS000014215114PW_BS0000213551914PW_BS00003546114PW_BS000046471914PW_BS00004749711PW_BS000049422411PW_BS0000425811411PW_BS000058171211PW_BS000017181311PW_BS000018101711PW_BS0000102811611PW_BS000028101531PW_BS0001012111018PW_BS0000241901118PW_BS0000242137181PW_BS00002421013181PW_BS0000241644PW_BS0001642851041PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS00002411PW_BS0000013317121PW_BS0000281151012PW_BS00011534524121PW_BS00002813013121PW_BS0001307413PW_BS000074228361PW_BS000024405105PW_BS0001154182451PW_BS000115383751PW_BS0001001251351PW_BS0001253761017PW_BS00005345424171PW_BS0001153987171PW_BS00011313613171PW_BS0001364781010PW_BS00011548924101PW_BS0001154957101PW_BS000115209106PW_BS0000245062461PW_BS000115390761PW_BS000112221411PW_BS00002213121PW_BS0000133211515PW_BS0000325411PW_BS000005397113PW_BS000039592711PW_BS00005927151PW_BS000027231511PW_BS000023311511PW_BS000031918511PW_BS000091541315PW_BS000054892PW_BS000089711PW_BS000007971521PW_BS000097100521PW_BS0001001041431PW_BS000104103331PW_BS000103117131PW_BS0001171203171PW_BS00012012915121PW_BS0001291333121PW_BS00013314315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS0001461553241PW_BS0001551613181PW_BS00016116611PW_BS0001661783211PW_BS000178188118PW_BS00002419914181PW_BS0000242164181PW_BS0000242171518PW_BS00002421815181PW_BS0000241632181PW_BS000163222341PW_BS0000242771218PW_BS00002417018PW_BS0001702811251PW_BS000024226441PW_BS0000242905491PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS000024253541PW_BS00002413412121PW_BS00013432914121PW_BS0000283331212PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS000028350114121PW_BS00002812815121PW_BS0001283511512PW_BS00002833527121PW_BS0000283344121PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS000028184121PW_BS000024943PW_BS000094109323PW_BS000109406351PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS000100412125PW_BS0001151231751PW_BS00012343311451PW_BS000115408451PW_BS0001154101551PW_BS0001154222751PW_BS000115435155PW_BS00011539914171PW_BS0001134461217PW_BS00011544717171PW_BS000115468114171PW_BS0001153744171PW_BS00005344415171PW_BS00011537527171PW_BS0000534701517PW_BS0001154793101PW_BS00011548414101PW_BS00011548515101PW_BS00011530013101PW_BS00002449127101PW_BS0001154991510PW_BS000115501361PW_BS0001153891461PW_BS0001125161561PW_BS0001153951361PW_BS0001135082761PW_BS000115517156PW_BS000115105113PW_BS0001051873118PW_BS00002467181018PW_BS00006769181019PW_BS0000693872213PW_BS000038451014PW_BS0000455291016PW_BS00005265111PW_BS00006565110624PW_BS000508801111PW_BS00008077D-GlucoseHMDB0000122Glucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group and is therefore referred to as an aldohexose. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) form, the latter being the result of an intramolecular reaction between the aldehyde C atom and the C-5 hydroxyl group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal. In water solution both forms are in equilibrium and at pH 7 the cyclic one is the predominant. Glucose is a primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. In animals glucose arises from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis. Glucose is synthesized in the liver and kidneys from non-carbohydrate intermediates, such as pyruvate and glycerol, by a process known as gluconeogenesis.2280-44-6C0003157934167GLC5589OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1OC6H12O6InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N(3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol180.1559180.0633881160.645glucose00FDB012530Roferose st;(+)-glucose;Anhydrous dextrose;Cpc hydrate;Cerelose;Cerelose 2001;Clearsweet 95;Clintose l;Corn sugar;D(+)-glucose;Dextropur;Dextrose;Dextrosol;Glucodin;Glucolin;Glucose;Goldsugar;Grape sugar;Meritose;Staleydex 111;Staleydex 95m;Tabfine 097(hs);Vadex;D-glc;D-glcp;D-glucosePW_C000077D-Glc1452501460261461511506215404321939243942679602721152723613027663114293593356926589614859221495923152595415363671076368108686919269041937085200724421511765114117661324244031842441315770853267711732777923336779893467823635278248353782623567888111379056112121166424121167416121169423121251429121361124121373419122098126122385436122388437122399407122676409123738459123739452123741458123821464123920118123932455124649443124939471124959472124969119125251137125937488125967492126034299126046490126254301126540481126809483127397505127423509127486388127498507127817207128113206128408208457PotassiumHMDB0000586Potassium is an essential electrolyte. Potassium balance is crucial for regulating the excitability of nerves and muscles and so critical for regulating contractility of cardiac muscle. Although the most important changes seen in the presence of deranged potassium are cardiac, smooth muscle is also affected with increasing muscle weakness, a feature of both hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Potassium (K+) is a positively charged electrolyte, cation, which is present throughout the body in both intracellular and extracellular fluids. The majority of body potassium, >90%, are intracellular. It moves freely from intracellular fluid (ICF) to extracellular fluid (ECF) and vice versa when adenosine triphosphate increases the permeability of the cell membrane. It is mainly replaced inside or outside the cells by another cation, sodium (Na+). The movement of potassium into or out of the cells is linked to certain body hormones and also to certain physiological states. Standard laboratory tests measure ECF potassium. Potassium enters the body rapidly during food ingestion. Insulin is produced when a meal is eaten; this causes the temporary movement of potassium from ECF to ICF. Over the ensuing hours, the kidneys excrete the ingested potassium and homeostasis is returned. In the critically ill patient, suffering from hyperkalaemia, this mechanism can be manipulated beneficially by administering high concentration (50%) intravenous glucose. Insulin can be added to the glucose, but glucose alone will stimulate insulin production and cause movement of potassium from ECF to ICF. The stimulation of alpha receptors causes increased movement of potassium from ICF to ECF. A noradrenaline infusion can elevate serum potassium levels. An adrenaline infusion, or elevated adrenaline levels, can lower serum potassium levels. Metabolic acidosis causes a rise in extracellular potassium levels. In this situation, excess of hydrogen ions (H+) are exchanged for intracellular potassium ions, probably as a result of the cellular response to a falling blood pH. Metabolic alkalosis causes the opposite effect, with potassium moving into the cells. (PMID: 17883675).24203-36-9C0023881329103K%2b791DB01345[K+]KInChI=1S/K/q+1NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-Npotassium(1+) ion39.098338.9637068610potassium(1+) ion11FDB003521K+;Kalium;Potassium;Potassium (k+);Potassium (ion);Potassium cation;Potassium ion;Potassium ion (k+);Potassium ion (k1+);Potassium ion(+);Potassium ion(1+);Potassium monocation;Potassium(+);Potassium(1+);Potassium(1+) ion;Potassium(i) cation;K(+)PW_C000457K+5738931191926220951530336631617231627136135136146159211475952151690216011810198152223067702322577115132776101117824132678246353120484122121198124123105135123768118124944452124949472125860297125965299127322205127421388353CalciumHMDB0000464Calcium is essential for the normal growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, and calcium requirements must be met throughout life. Requirements are greatest during periods of growth, such as childhood, during pregnancy and when breast-feeding. Long-term calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased risk of fractures. Adults need between 1,000 and 1,300 mg of calcium in their daily diet. Calcium is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, and is the most common metal in many animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Calcium combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. A deficit can affect bone and tooth formation, while overretention can cause kidney stones. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well-known source of calcium. However, some individuals are allergic to dairy products and even more people, particularly those of non-European descent, are lactose-intolerant, leaving them unable to consume dairy products. Fortunately, many other good sources of calcium exist. These include: seaweeds such as kelp, wakame and hijiki; nuts and seeds (like almonds and sesame); beans; amaranth; collard greens; okra; rutabaga; broccoli; kale; and fortified products such as orange juice and soy milk. Calcium has also been found to assist in the production of lymphatic fluids.14127-61-8C0007627129108CA%2b2266DB01373[Ca++]CaInChI=1S/Ca/q+2BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-Ncalcium(2+) ion40.07839.9625911550calcium(2+) ion22FDB003513Ca;Calcium element;Ca(2+);Ca2+;Calcium ion;Calcium, doubly charged positive ionPW_C000353Ca2+276163038553146012941159932199735104631163461164471478491491421552432116582138172796182937931597131607239422941866647821048222853401115780101717920572322117258160728119011774213118371981184221012198164122152851528815115350308693361773893317760011578154132782663567852634578724130789081148041374805892288182651120220122120465405121049124121300418121377419121850383121923125122370409122895135123099376123613118123870454123936455124403398124476136124924137125571297125711478125981489126009299126050490126533495127203209127434506127460388127502507128105390414Adenosine triphosphateHMDB0000538Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).56-65-5C00002595715422ATP5742DB00171NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H16N5O13P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid507.181506.995745159-2.057adenosine triphosphate0-3FDB0218135'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acidPW_C000414ATP92214608266164142247813733327995934399763210518211210214649215614216058240559243427272646281229302966316372361661361751439923447431476891486454503289503526515575205975215100525010452911015313111534611253901035406117543011854431205542129555613255691335603135562110858461435854146587610758971475924151604815561091616230166649317868391886870160697619971572057184206720921072252137229211729819873022167390217740821874321637481222749919081862251184727711903170120102811203916412178285125782261269129013264223153273084232631542621322426943187702825377218134772333297746833377632336780373327804135078168128782143517824035378411335784941157885013078865331789193348002836880046184806741198562919482612411323494113282388116280109119914122119992406120154407120245382120362412121246429121392123121397433121471408121974410122065125122079383122083405122402422122444435122919399123009446123816464123951447123956468124029374124527444124616136124630398124634376124943472124972375125011470125304297125371479125392299125515481125595484126123485126220300126234495126240478126547491126596499126913501127123389127731516127781395127796390127801209128119508128167517458SodiumHMDB0000588Sodium ions are necessary for regulation of blood and body fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and certain metabolic functions. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Sodium is needed by animals, which maintain high concentrations in their blood and extracellular fluids, but the ion is not needed by plants. The human requirement for sodium in the diet is less than 500 mg per day, which is typically less than a tenth as much as many diets "seasoned to taste." Most people consume far more sodium than is physiologically needed. For certain people with salt-sensitive blood pressure, this extra intake may cause a negative effect on health.17341-25-2C0133092329101899[Na+]NaInChI=1S/Na/q+1FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-Nsodium(1+) ion22.989822.9897696750sodium(1+) ion11FDB003523Sodium;Sodium ion;Na(+);Na+PW_C000458Na+2093152094227246027256131577131587231857436155146078586010558611075862108714918771501884233731842338315782393537824332678249352790471321223894361223904371226354161226361241249424721249464521249604711252091182449Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2P11168Facilitative glucose transporter. This isoform likely mediates the bidirectional transfer of glucose across the plasma membrane of hepatocytes and is responsible for uptake of glucose by the beta cells; may comprise part of the glucose-sensing mechanism of the beta cell. May also participate with the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter in the transcellular transport of glucose in the small intestine and kidney.
HMDBP05474SLC2A23q26.1-q26.2CH471052184512284840ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 8Q09428Putative subunit of the beta-cell ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP). Regulator of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels and insulin releaseHMDBP10762ABCC811p15.1L7822313031673076698492142712Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1AO00555Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1A gives rise to P and/or Q-type calcium currents. P/Q-type calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group and are blocked by the funnel toxin (Ftx) and by the omega-agatoxin- IVA (omega-Aga-IVA). They are however insensitive to dihydropyridines (DHP), and omega-conotoxin-GVIA (omega-CTx-GVIA)HMDBP07491CACNA1A19p13AC098781193939942388503228136372742720Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1Q02641The beta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels contributes to the function of the calcium channel by increasing peak calcium current, shifting the voltage dependencies of activation and inactivation, modulating G protein inhibition and controlling the alpha-1 subunit membrane targetingHMDBP07499CACNB117q21-q22CH471152193839276945351514354052509665807532281361336512706Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2Q9NY47The alpha-2/delta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels regulates calcium current density and activation/inactivation kinetics of the calcium channel. Acts as a regulatory subunit for P/Q-type calcium channel (CACNA1A), N-type (CACNA1B), L-type (CACNA1C OR CACNA1D) and possibly T-type (CACNA1G). Overexpression induces apoptosisHMDBP07485CACNA2D23p21.3AJ25136819403927684535141435395250956584992281361326514295Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaQ14524This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) channel isoform. This channel is responsible for the initial upstroke of the action potential in the electrocardiogramHMDBP09086SCN5A3p21BC144621134841434935235224584982283222Beta-2-syntrophinQ13425Adapter protein that binds to and probably organizes the subcellular localization of a variety of membrane proteins. May link various receptors to the actin cytoskeleton and the dystrophin glycoprotein complex. May play a role in the regulation of secretory granules via its interaction with PTPRNHMDBP08002SNTB216q22.1AF24338513485143494523523451590Beta-1-syntrophinQ13884Adapter protein that binds to and probably organizes the subcellular localization of a variety of membrane proteins. May link various receptors to the actin cytoskeleton and the dystrophin glycoprotein complexHMDBP01766SNTB18q23-q24AK29265513486143495523524453221Alpha-1-syntrophinQ13424Adapter protein that binds to and probably organizes the subcellular localization of a variety of membrane proteins. May link various receptors to the actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix via the dystrophin glycoprotein complex. Plays an important role in synapse formation and in the organization of UTRN and acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular synapse. Binds to phosphatidylinositol 4,5- biphosphateHMDBP08001SNTA120q11.2U40571134871434965235254522596GlucagonP01275
Glucagon plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Plays an important role in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes.
GCG1135614813561515398Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 21PW_P00039842024491750ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 81PW_P00075084548401777L type Calcium channel1PW_P000777876271218772720187827062687Voltage-gated sodium channel (INa)1PW_P000687775429577632227771590778322112769Glucagon1PW_P0127692250122596142PW_T000142164771Compound1566Right1043982013-09-05T10:23:21-06:002013-09-05T10:23:21-06:0067143PW_T0001431654571Compound6615Right1057502013-09-05T10:51:45-06:002013-09-05T10:51:45-06:0067210PW_T0002102453531Compound1566Right1767772013-09-17T11:07:28-06:002013-09-17T11:07:28-06:006710287PW_T010287Active106384581Compound808Right14706872018-11-15T13:23:01-07:002018-11-15T13:23:01-07:001410291PW_T01029110642127691ProteinComplex815Right2839ActivationPW_I0028395677353Compound1567812769ProteinComplex1267638877153false186515010regular100100267638977663false186553510regular10010026763904576657false227017510regular787826763914571557false226857510regular787826763923531551false260083510regular787826763933536651false302583510regular787826764024146642false188897410regular503026764034588058false302357810regular78782676404458858false260057810regular7878947200244922876false18403858subunitregular1507094720148401476false22333898subunitregular15070947202271222876false27557708subunitregular15070947203272076false27559108subunitregular15070947204270622876false27558408subunitregular15070947221429576false27535828subunitregular15070947222322276true2263728subunitregular15070947223159076true22631328subunitregular15070947224322176true22631928subunitregular150709472252259682false22358398subunitregular1507094724122596152false223512798subunitregular1507080224339811299994312694720080224475011299994312794720180224577711299994312894720294312994720394313094720480225668711299994314794722194314894722294314994722394315094722480225712769112999894315194722580226812769112999159431679472413654364M1916 250 C1916 275 1915 365 1915 385 83false183654365M1915 535 C1915 512 1915 473 1915 455 83false18trueM 696.9764610813569 412.32629402183323 L 705 425 L 711.9639818778655 411.7145584791186false3654366M2309 253 C2309 290 2307 340 2307 384 83false18trueM 991.8482254950279 105.78301046620838 L 984 93 L 976.8537009469352 106.18826788642711false3654367M2308 575 C2308 545 2308 528 2308 459 83false183654368M2678 874 C2708 874 2725 875 2755 875 83false18trueM 1345.9903810567666 736.5 L 1333 744 L 1345.9903810567666 751.5false3654369M3025 874 C2995 874 2935 875 2905 875 83false183654402M1915 635 C1915 665 1914 720 1914 750 5false183654403M1913 974 C1913 944 1914 850 1914 820 5false18trueM 622.5 722.0096189432334 L 630 735 L 637.5 722.0096189432334false3654404M1938 989 C2014 988 2104 988 2126 988 C2126 961 2126 527 2126 427 C2153 427 2193 427 2212 427 148false18falsetrueM 913 274 L 913 259 L 913 2443654405M2233 424 C2203 424 959 400 929 400 5true183654406M2558 460 C2558 500 2559 787 2559 805 C2589 805 2708 805 2755 805 149false18trueM 2046.3153727401368 586.1425545792127 L 2060 580 L 2047.8380780603377 571.2200424412438false3654407M2396 426 C2417 426 2444 426 2470 426 218false18trueM 1246.6512944095607 311.8419338684158 L 1260 305 L 1247.400358663719 296.86064878524815false3654409M3023 617 C2993 617 2933 617 2903 617 83false18falsefalse3654410M2678 617 C2708 617 2723 617 2753 617 83false18trueM 750.9468550441649 346.261556296296 L 736 345 L 742.3808877211858 358.5751343230783false3654411M2580 465 C2580 485 2580 502 2580 527 C2615 527 2741 527 2772 527 C2772 536 2772 567 2772 572 218false18falsefalsetrueM 2602.9164556685214 629.2874192894624 L 2592 619 L 2588.5490613902043 633.5976375729575false3654412M2600 874 C2570 874 2415 874 2385 874 149false18trueM 1610.9903810567666 641.5 L 1598 649 L 1610.9903810567666 656.5false3654413M2385 874 C2415 874 1517 499 1547 499 149true18trueM 750.9468550441649 410.261556296296 L 736 409 L 742.3808877211858 422.5751343230783false3654441M2310 909 C2310 939 2230 929 2230 959 83true183654442M2310 1279 C2310 1249 2310 939 2310 909 83false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false7794314211299915654926763883654364Left15655026763893654365Right246028022431047794414311299915655126763903654366Left15655226763913654367Right246038022441057794521011299915655326763923654368Left15655426763933654369Right24604802245176779481028711299915655926764033654409Left15656026764043654410Right24605802256147077957102911129997338022573654441Left7348022683654442Right765028391129998182926763923654412Left90348022573654413Right10925110959611299914false184075016regular10596526763893654402Left10596626764023654403Right10925210959711299914true77936516regular10596726764023654404Left24898022443654405Right109688110011112999217false248339016regular682943654406682953654407682973654411186121179652402.82.8023525030018612413458481.11.1-602904844971861338256401.01.00286357309369420M1425 526 C1425 476 1475 426 1525 426 C1889 426 2363 426 2727 426 C2777 426 2827 476 2827 526 C2827 677 2827 874 2827 1025 C2827 1075 2777 1125 2727 1125 C2363 1125 1889 1125 1525 1125 C1475 1125 1425 1075 1425 1025 C1425 874 1425 677 1425 526 1true61402.0699.045021015Islet Cell860540201.61.61601545021115Alpha Cell2182666201.91.91601545021215Exocytosis of glucagon granules from the cell21741058201.61.6160151803291025902134910231521401394180312991803304558498005521201998394401446