113351PathwayNicotinate and Nicotinamide Metabolism newNicotinate, also called nicotinic acid or niacin, is a form of vitamin B3 that is primarily obtained through whole and processed, as well as fortified foods. Another form of vitamin B3 is nicotinamide or niacinamide, which is also obtained in trace amounts from dietary sources. Nicotinamide is critically important in the structure of NAD(H) and NADP(H), which are both used as coenzymes in oxidation-reduction reactions such as the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain.
L-aspartic acid from the aspartate metabolism pathway can be converted into iminoaspartic acid by a putative L-aspartate dehydrogenase, removing a hydrogen ion from it. After this, a quinolinate synthase, whose protein is currently unknown in Xenopus laevis, converts it to quinolinic acid, which can also be obtained from the tryptophan metabolism pathway. Quinolinic acid can interact with carboxylating nicotinate-nculeotide pyrophosphorylase, which converts it to nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide. This can then be converted to nicotinate D-ribonucleoside by a cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase, adding a water molecule and removing a phosphate. This nicotinate D-ribonucleoside can then be converted back to nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide by a nicotinamide riboside kinase, or converted to and from nicotinic acid by purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide can alternatively be converted straight to and from nicotinic acid by nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase. Nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide can also be converted to and from nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide by nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase. This can then be converted back by a nucleotide diphosphatase. The nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide is then converted to NAD by glutamine-dependent NAD synthetase. NAD can be converted to NADP by NAD kinase 2 in the mitochondria, which can be converted to and from NAD by a NAD+ transhydrogenase, also in the mitochondria. NAD can also be converted to nicotinamide ribotide by a nucleotide diphosphatase, which can then be converted to and from NAD by nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase. Nicotinamide ribotide can form nicotinamide riboside via catalysis by a cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase, which can be returned to nicotinamide ribotide by a ribon. It can also be converted to nicotinamide by a purine nucleoside phosphorylase, which removes ribose 1-phosphate from it. Nicotinamide ribotide can also be directly converted to and from nicotinamide by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase which removes phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate from it. Additionally, NADP and nicotinic acid can form nicotinamide and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, catalyzed by 2'-phospho-cyclic-ADP-ribose transferase. Nicotinamide can finally have a methyl group added to it by nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, forming 1-methylnicotinamide, which can then interact with aldehyde oxidase 5, forming either N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide or N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, which are the final products of this pathway.MetabolicPW122511CenterPathwayVisualizationContext12278723423387#000099PathwayVisualization113214113351Nicotinate and Nicotinamide Metabolism newNicotinate, also called nicotinic acid or niacin, is a form of vitamin B3 that is primarily obtained through whole and processed, as well as fortified foods. Another form of vitamin B3 is nicotinamide or niacinamide, which is also obtained in trace amounts from dietary sources. Nicotinamide is critically important in the structure of NAD(H) and NADP(H), which are both used as coenzymes in oxidation-reduction reactions such as the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain.
L-aspartic acid from the aspartate metabolism pathway can be converted into iminoaspartic acid by a putative L-aspartate dehydrogenase, removing a hydrogen ion from it. After this, a quinolinate synthase, whose protein is currently unknown in Xenopus laevis, converts it to quinolinic acid, which can also be obtained from the tryptophan metabolism pathway. Quinolinic acid can interact with carboxylating nicotinate-nculeotide pyrophosphorylase, which converts it to nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide. This can then be converted to nicotinate D-ribonucleoside by a cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase, adding a water molecule and removing a phosphate. This nicotinate D-ribonucleoside can then be converted back to nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide by a nicotinamide riboside kinase, or converted to and from nicotinic acid by purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide can alternatively be converted straight to and from nicotinic acid by nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase. Nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide can also be converted to and from nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide by nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase. This can then be converted back by a nucleotide diphosphatase. The nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide is then converted to NAD by glutamine-dependent NAD synthetase. NAD can be converted to NADP by NAD kinase 2 in the mitochondria, which can be converted to and from NAD by a NAD+ transhydrogenase, also in the mitochondria. NAD can also be converted to nicotinamide ribotide by a nucleotide diphosphatase, which can then be converted to and from NAD by nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase. Nicotinamide ribotide can form nicotinamide riboside via catalysis by a cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase, which can be returned to nicotinamide ribotide by a ribon. It can also be converted to nicotinamide by a purine nucleoside phosphorylase, which removes ribose 1-phosphate from it. Nicotinamide ribotide can also be directly converted to and from nicotinamide by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase which removes phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate from it. Additionally, NADP and nicotinic acid can form nicotinamide and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, catalyzed by 2'-phospho-cyclic-ADP-ribose transferase. Nicotinamide can finally have a methyl group added to it by nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, forming 1-methylnicotinamide, which can then interact with aldehyde oxidase 5, forming either N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide or N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, which are the final products of this pathway.Metabolic21110229Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolismSubPathway109839123Compound110230Tryptophan metabolismSubPathway109840156Compound28024513475371BEHRMAN EJ, STANIER RY: The bacterial oxidation of nicotinic acid. J Biol Chem. 1957 Oct;228(2):923-45.113351Pathway28024616894175Alhapel A, Darley DJ, Wagener N, Eckel E, Elsner N, Pierik AJ: Molecular and functional analysis of nicotinate catabolism in Eubacterium barkeri. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 15;103(33):12341-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0601635103. Epub 2006 Aug 7.113351Pathway28024711514508Baitsch D, Sandu C, Brandsch R, Igloi GL: Gene cluster on pAO1 of Arthrobacter nicotinovorans involved in degradation of the plant alkaloid nicotine: cloning, purification, and characterization of 2,6-dihydroxypyridine 3-hydroxylase. J Bacteriol. 2001 Sep;183(18):5262-7. doi: 10.1128/jb.183.18.5262-5267.2001.113351Pathway2802495835946Gherna RL, Richardson SH, Rittenberg SC: The bacterial oxidation of nicotine. VI. The metabolism of 2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine. J Biol Chem. 1965 Sep;240(9):3669-74.113351Pathway28025021953451Galeazzi L, Bocci P, Amici A, Brunetti L, Ruggieri S, Romine M, Reed S, Osterman AL, Rodionov DA, Sorci L, Raffaelli N: Identification of nicotinamide mononucleotide deamidase of the bacterial pyridine nucleotide cycle reveals a novel broadly conserved amidohydrolase family. J Biol Chem. 2011 Nov 18;286(46):40365-75. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.275818. Epub 2011 Sep 27.113351Pathway28025116321959Sachelaru P, Schiltz E, Igloi GL, Brandsch R: An alpha/beta-fold C--C bond hydrolase is involved in a central step of nicotine catabolism by Arthrobacter nicotinovorans. J Bacteriol. 2005 Dec;187(24):8516-9. doi: 10.1128/JB.187.24.8516-8519.2005.113351Pathway1CellCL:00000005HepatocyteCL:00001824Cardiomyocyte CL:00007463NeuronCL:00005407Epithelial CellCL:00000662Platelet CL:00002338Beta cellCL:00006396MyocyteCL:00001873Escherichia coli562Prokaryote23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote1Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia429Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c)559292EukaryoteBaker's yeast51Picea sitchensis3332EukaryoteSitka spruce1CytosolGO:00058295CytoplasmGO:00057374PeroxisomeGO:000577724Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:00057586LysosomeGO:00057643Mitochondrial MatrixGO:00057592MitochondrionGO:000573910Cell MembraneGO:000588611Extracellular SpaceGO:000561516Lysosomal LumenGO:00432027Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:000578918Melanosome MembraneGO:003316213Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:000578325Golgi apparatusGO:000579414Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574112Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574320Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578821SynapseGO:004520215NucleusGO:000563431Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562035ChloroplastGO:000950736MembraneGO:001602053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032540PeriplasmGO:004259719sarcoplasmic reticulumGO:001652932Inner MembraneGO:007025827Peroxisome MembraneGO:000577826Golgi apparatus membraneGO:000013917NucleoplasmGO:000565439Mitochondrial membraneGO:00319661LiverBTO:00007597294Adrenal MedullaBTO:000004971825IntestineBTO:000064828StomachBTO:0001307155267Nervous SystemBTO:00014848Blood VesselBTO:0001102741111HeartBTO:000056273105cardiocyteBTO:00015392Endothelium 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acidHMDB0001131Iminoaspartic acid, also known as iminosuccinate or iminoaspartate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Iminoaspartic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, iminoaspartic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm. Iminoaspartic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Iminoaspartic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, Iminoaspartic acid can be biosynthesized from L-aspartic acid through the action of the enzyme L-aspartate oxidase. In addition, Iminoaspartic acid and dihydroxyacetone phosphate can be converted into quinolinic acid through its interaction with the enzyme quinolinate synthase. Iminoaspartic acid is a substrate for D-aspartate oxidase.79067-61-1C0584079650616IMINOASPARTATE13628208OC(=O)CC(=N)C(O)=OC4H5NO4InChI=1S/C4H5NO4/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h5H,1H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)NMUOATVLLQEYHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N2-iminobutanedioic acid131.0868131.021857653-1.493iminosuccinic acid0-2FDB022443Imino-butanedioate;Imino-butanedioic acid;Iminoaspartate;Iminoaspartic acid;Iminosuccinate;Alpha-iminosuccinate;Iminosuccinic acid;2-iminobutanedioatePW_C000884Iminoas5811108426593151134Dihydroxyacetone phosphateHMDB0001473Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, also known as 3-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone or 3-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Dihydroxyacetone phosphate has been detected in multiple biofluids, such as saliva and blood. Within the cell, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is primarily located in the peroxisome, mitochondria and cytoplasm. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is involved in cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(i-13:0/i-21:0/a-17:0/i-14:0) pathway, cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(i-14:0/a-13:0/i-19:0/a-25:0) pathway, cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(i-12:0/i-13:0/i-17:0/i-12:0) pathway, and cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(a-13:0/18:2(9Z,11Z)/i-20:0/i-22:0) pathway. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(8:0/a-21:0/13:0) pathway, de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(16:0/20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/20:3(5Z,8Z,11Z)) pathway, de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(i-20:0/i-21:0/19:0) pathway, and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(i-22:0/17:0/i-14:0) pathway. Outside of the human body, dihydroxyacetone phosphate can be found in a number of food items such as towel gourd, boysenberry, jujube, and prunus (cherry, plum). This makes dihydroxyacetone phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is an important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.57-04-5C0011166816108DIHYDROXY-ACETONE-PHOSPHATE648DB04326OCC(=O)COP(O)(O)=OC3H7O6PInChI=1S/C3H7O6P/c4-1-3(5)2-9-10(6,7)8/h4H,1-2H2,(H2,6,7,8)GNGACRATGGDKBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N(3-hydroxy-2-oxopropoxy)phosphonic acid170.0578169.998024468-0.893dihydroxyacetone-phosphate0-2FDB0016181,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone mono(dihydrogen phosphate);1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone phosphate;1,3-dihydroxyacetone 1-phosphate;1-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)-2-propanone;1-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)acetone;Dhap;Di-oh-acetone-p;Dihydroxy-acetone-p;Dihydroxy-acetone-phosphate;Dihydroxyacetone 3-phosphate;Dihydroxyacetone monophosphate;Dihydroxyacetone phosphate;Dihydroxyacetone-p;Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate;Glycerone phosphate;Glycerone-phosphate;Phosphoric acid ester with 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone;1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone monodihydrogen phosphate;3-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl phosphate;Glycerone monophosphate;1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone monodihydrogen phosphoric acid;Glycerone phosphoric acid;1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone phosphoric acid;1,3-dihydroxyacetone 1-phosphoric acid;3-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl phosphoric acid;Dihydroxyacetone monophosphoric acid;Dihydroxyacetone phosphoric acid;Glycerone monophosphoric acidPW_C001134Dhap1026814742330554253425813108590814759361516884160426603157709813277934111783743457855933493824124110551388115839118120733122122564418122590408123333135125137454125162374125787297125950299126712489126736482127242205128303506128330502156Quinolinic acidHMDB0000232Quinolinic acid is a metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS. Quinolinic acid (QUIN) is a product of tryptophan metabolism that can act as an endogenous brain excitotoxin when released by activated macrophages. (Valle et. al, Brain 127:1047 (2004)).89-00-9C03722106616675QUINOLINATE1037DB01796OC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1C(O)=OC7H5NO4InChI=1S/C7H5NO4/c9-6(10)4-2-1-3-8-5(4)7(11)12/h1-3H,(H,9,10)(H,11,12)GJAWHXHKYYXBSV-UHFFFAOYSA-Npyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid167.1189167.021857653-1.612quinolinic acid0-2FDB0219132,3-pyridinedicarboxylate;2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid;3,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid;Pyridin-2,3-dicarbonsaeure;Pyridine-2,3-carboxylate;Pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylate;Pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid;Pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid;Quinolinate;Quinolinic acidPW_C000156Quinoli23752581410842661315783991321217661241243171181276513881420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420Water55894910951394151316214481135261562428652106912077033823188382109431137749146554159043201824253222267860272746277817280529314370316472363461459836472737494193503027515675195975214100522794523610352971055319111534311353551125402110547012354831255492126550712755341305537114554112955911355608118562210856916575914057781015841143585314658771075890955910147594015160321556059157608716161231636133159621516218166647717865071806600152671311768401886888160716220571812077193206721121172282137238214724321572951987350216738821074012127467222749222475001907588170820122582372268414162926526118502771192216412011281122132851225028612264287123272491252022712632651269329012705291127152921300729813019300130253011303730213261223133272941534030842327315426953184369132276914293770192537710213277131133772151347737833177397332774713337751611577536334776283367772233777759341778163437798234778071329782353527824235378270356791133608001436880039370805912288065611993830383947943841105573901106393911158443981198792321199151221199634061200084071200464081201131241203654121204304051204384091206064151207944141211584251212404291213511211213814191216074341221183821223844361227531201227973741228044431230124461230643761230721371231314471231421361231624481232314511233844501237304601238104641239404551241654691246703991249384711249454721253052971253534791253864811254244821254802991256824831257074781257454871260544901262384951262734841267644801268965011269635021270173881271772081271992091272275041275065071275765151278363891280823951281765131104PhosphateHMDB0001429Phosphate is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry, biogeochemistry and ecology. Phosphate (Pi) is an essential component of life. In biological systems, phosphorus is found as a free phosphate ion in solution and is called inorganic phosphate, to distinguish it from phosphates bound in various phosphate esters. Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted Pi and at physiological (neutral) pH primarily consists of a mixture of HPO<sup>2-</sup><sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sup>-</sup><sub>4</sub> ions. phosphates are most commonly found in the form of adenosine phosphates, (AMP, ADP and ATP) and in DNA and RNA and can be released by the hydrolysis of ATP or ADP. Similar reactions exist for the other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. Phosphoanhydride bonds in ADP and ATP, or other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates, contain high amounts of energy which give them their vital role in all living organisms. Phosphate must be actively transported into cells against its electrochemical gradient. In vertebrates, two unrelated families of Na+-dependent Pi transporters carry out this task. Remarkably, the two families transport different Pi species: whereas type II Na+/Pi cotransporters (SCL34) prefer divalent HPO4(2), type III Na+/Pi cotransporters (SLC20) transport monovalent H2PO4. The SCL34 family comprises both electrogenic and electroneutral members that are expressed in various epithelia and other polarized cells. Through regulated activity in apical membranes of the gut and kidney, they maintain body Pi homeostasis, and in salivary and mammary glands, liver, and testes they play a role in modulating the Pi content of luminal fluids. Phosphate levels in the blood play an important role in hormone signaling and in bone homeostasis. In classical endocrine regulation, low serum phosphate induces the renal production of the seco-steroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3).This active metabolite of vitamin D acts to restore circulating mineral (i.e. phosphate and calcium) levels by increasing absorption in the intestine, reabsorption in the kidney, and mobilization of calcium and phosphate from bone. Thus, chronic renal failure is associated with hyperparathyroidism, which in turn contributes to osteomalacia (softening of the bones). Another complication of chronic renal failure is hyperphosphatemia (low levels of phosphate in the blood). Hyperphosphatemia (excess levels of phosphate in the blood) is a prevalent condition in kidney dialysis patients and is associated with increased risk of mortality. Hypophosphatemia (hungry bone syndrome) has been associated to postoperative electrolyte aberrations and after parathyroidectomy. (PMID: 17581921, 11169009, 11039261, 9159312, 17625581)Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) has recently been recognized as a key mediator of phosphate homeostasis, its most notable effect being promotion of phosphate excretion. FGF-23 was discovered to be involved in diseases such as autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, X-linked hypophosphatemia, and tumor-induced osteomalacia in which phosphate wasting was coupled to inappropriately low levels of 1,25(OH)2D3. FGF-23 is regulated by dietary phosphate in humans. In particular it was found that phosphate restriction decreased FGF-23, and phosphate loading increased FGF-23.14265-44-2C00009106118367CPD-85871032[O-]P([O-])([O-])=OO4PInChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-3NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-Kphosphoric acid94.971494.953423phosphoric acid0-2DBMET00532FDB022617Nfb orthophosphate;O-phosphoric acid;Ortho-phosphate;Orthophosphate (po43-);Orthophosphate(3-);Phosphate;Phosphate (po43-);Phosphate anion(3-);Phosphate ion (po43-);Phosphate ion(3-);Phosphate trianion;Phosphate(3-);Phosphoric acid ion(3-);Pi;[po4](3-);Orthophosphate;Phosphate ion;Po4(3-);Phosphoric acid;Orthophosphoric acid;Phosphoric acid ionPW_C001104Pi2448488145818188312980317631417674925001027294727374631292931667236366138512342492244753150312751587520797521610053171115351112538110354471205543129557313356051355625108569365848143585514659111475941151604015561001616294107648717866911016714117684218868891607161205718920672122117306198738921074022127436163747522281962258258227101182411013425711748132117611151177321311904170119271641201428112728290132632233481917422553044235031542435318436923227701825377194293772171347794033677966130780483327805732978245353786693318002236889279308938313839479638411055839011064039111323594115845398116206109119982406120069122120699407121057124121216125121268429121352121121409123121423382121852405123304119123621118123786136123838464123968447123981399124405376124948472125362479125446297125774481125954299126221478126594300126604298126723484126904501127413388127783209128166395128177513128315389123L-Aspartic acidHMDB0000191Aspartic acid (Asp, D), also known as aspartate, the name of its anion, is one of the 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. As its name indicates, aspartic acid is the carboxylic acid analog of asparagine. As a neurotransmitter, aspartic acid may provide resistance to fatigue and thus lead to endurance, although the evidence to support this idea is not strong (Wikipedia). Aspartic acid is a nonessential amino acid that is made from glutamic acid by enzymes using vitamin B6. The amino acid has important roles in the urea cycle and DNA metabolism. Aspartic acid is a major excitatory neurotransmitter, which is sometimes found to be increased in epileptic and stroke patients. It is decreased in depressed patients and in patients with brain atrophy. Aspartic acid supplements are being evaluated. Five grams can raise blood levels. Magnesium and zinc may be natural inhibitors of some of the actions of aspartic acid. Aspartic acid, with the amino acid phenylalanine, is a part of a new natural sweetener, aspartame. This sweetener is an advance in artificial sweeteners, and is probably safe in normal doses to all except phenylketonurics. The jury is still out on the long-term effects it has on many brain neurohormones. Aspartic acid may be a significant immunostimulant of the thymus and can protect against some of the damaging effects of radiation. Many claims have been made for the special value of administering aspartic acid in the form of potassium and magnesium salts. Since aspartic acid is relatively nontoxic, studies are now in progress to elucidate its pharmacological and therapeutic roles (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids).56-84-8C000494436744517053L-ASPARTATE5745DB00128N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=OC4H7NO4InChI=1S/C4H7NO4/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2H,1,5H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t2-/m0/s1CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N(2S)-2-aminobutanedioic acid133.1027133.0375077170.033L-aspartic acid0-1FDB012567Asp;(+)-aspartate;(+)-aspartic acid;(2s)-aspartate;(2s)-aspartic acid;(l)-aspartate;(l)-aspartic acid;(r)-2-aminosuccinate;(s)-(+)-aspartate;(s)-(+)-aspartic acid;(s)-2-aminosuccinate;(s)-2-aminosuccinic acid;(s)-aminobutanedioate;(s)-aminobutanedioic acid;(s)-aspartate;(s)-aspartic acid;(s)-amino-butanedioate;(s)-amino-butanedioic acid;2-amino-3-methylsuccinate;2-amino-3-methylsuccinic acid;2-aminosuccinate;2-aminosuccinic acid;Aminosuccinate;Asparagate;Asparagic acid;Asparaginate;Asparaginic acid;Asparatate;Aspartate;H-asp-oh;L-(+)-aspartate;L-(+)-aspartic acid;L-aminosuccinate;L-aminosuccinic acid;L-asparagate;L-asparagic acid;L-asparaginate;L-asparaginic acid;L-aspartate;Alpha-aminosuccinate;Alpha-aminosuccinic acid;(s)-2-aminobutanedioic acid;Aspartic acid;D;L-asparaginsaeure;(s)-2-aminobutanedioatePW_C000123Asp48893911013110341104421994256631075664108685118875701608185225118021981268629012704291423633184236431577323111775101327753211378288133782893457930711280699135119878232119881117120037122120421124120809406120813418123057118123394120123398454125415297125795479125799489126955205127250501127254506127555388143NADPHMDB0000217Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5-phosphate adenosine 2,5-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed.) Hydrogen carrier in biochemical redox systems. In the hexose monophosphoric acid system it is reduced to Dihydrocoenzyme II and reoxidation in the presence of flavoproteins (Dictionary of Organic Compounds).53-59-8C00006588618009NAD(P)5675NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H29N7O17P3InChI=1S/C21H28N7O17P3/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(30)11(43-21)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(42-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)32/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-31H,5-6H2,(H7-,22,23,24,25,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39)/p+1/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1XJLXINKUBYWONI-NNYOXOHSSA-O1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[({[({[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3-hydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1λ⁵-pyridin-1-ylium744.4129744.083277073-2.279nadp(+)1-3FDB021908Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate;Codehydrase ii;Codehydrogenase ii;Coenzyme ii;Cozymase ii;Nad phosphate;Nadp;Nadp+;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Tpn;Triphosphopyridine nucleotide;B-nadp;B-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;B-tpn;Beta-nadp;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Beta-tpn;Oxidized nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate;B-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acid;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acid;β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acidPW_C000143NADP1838191376857801082418839216112916174946853147961448011453081115790108601714761321596273356778117706918871051637152205720616073172137346210756221275891708197225822015184192241181119811897211120082221215216412249286125972261265024942344315437453227691329377164132773843317739633277461130775151157762433677814334778701128071311911316594120106407120429405120450122120604408120618123121142125121277429121401124121485383123063376123084135123229374123243447123713136123848464123960118124043398125473481125694297125743482126215299126528495127010206127225502127570388128100390146NADPHHMDB0000221Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed.).53-57-6C000052283351216474NADPH17215925NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@H]1O[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1OC21H30N7O17P3InChI=1S/C21H30N7O17P3/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(30)11(43-21)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(42-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)32/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-31H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,32)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H2,22,24,25)(H2,33,34,35)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m0/s1ACFIXJIJDZMPPO-NCHANQSKSA-N{[(2S,3S,4S,5S)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-[({[({[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid745.4209745.091102105-2.149[(2S,3S,4S,5S)-2-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-5-{[({[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-(3-carbamoyl-4H-pyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxyphosphonic acid0-4FDB0219092'-(dihydrogen phosphate) 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) adenosine 5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-b-d-ribofuranosylnicotinamide;2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) adenosine 5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylnicotinamide;Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) p'-5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) p'-5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;Dihydrocodehydrogenase ii;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-p;Dihydrotriphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced;Nadp-reduced;Nadph;Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Reduced codehydrase ii;Reduced coenzyme ii;Reduced cozymase ii;Reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide;Triphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced;B-nadph;B-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;B-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Beta-nadph;Beta-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;Beta-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate - reducedPW_C000146NADPH1858190377810796582118837216092916154946873147931447971453101115789108597214761281596271356779117706818871031637154205720516073152137345210755921275911708194225821915184212241181219811893211120062221215016412245286125962261264824942343315437463227691129377166132773853317739433277460130775041127751111577623336807121191131649412010540712042540512045212212061612312114112512127542912140212412148338312305937612308613512324144712371213612384646412396111812404139812547248112569629712621429912652949512700920612757238812810139040034Hydrogen IonHMDB0059597Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [WikiPedia])C000801038153781010[H+]HInChI=1S/p+1GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-Nhydron1.00791.0078250320hydron10H+;H(+);Hydrogen cation;Hydron;ProtonPW_C040034H+215467087531578831848311162146326146454223149278017425022425442454710457618469470524110353271115353112562610856391075699100572010557421175963147603715560701576093161613015962321666483178660115266921016843188691018771001637168205719120674532197454220747222275252137532210755821275721607590170819522582181518243226841316284202249139195915524911915164120152811218128512246286122662871252122713257223133252941533030842329315423543184240132242405312424543207691229377136133772101347737233177804114779551327799032777991347783793457992913080019368803873108038830480722119938231249482338311055038811285594113280390115537398115539118115856336116205109119973406120193407120549122120593409121170424121171425122569418122615384122687125122758120123183135123218137123742459123743460125141454125188121125273136125359479125550481125730483125736297125809299126517495126717489126766480126823300126902501127213208128308506128361391128430395190Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphateHMDB0000280Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) is a pentosephosphate. The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. It is formed from ribose 5-phosphate by the enzyme ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase. It plays a role in transferring phosphate groups in several reactions. (Wikipedia).7540-64-9C00119733917111PRPP7062DB01632O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[P@](O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O[C@@H]1COP(O)(O)=OC5H13O14P3InChI=1S/C5H13O14P3/c6-3-2(1-16-20(8,9)10)17-5(4(3)7)18-22(14,15)19-21(11,12)13/h2-7H,1H2,(H,14,15)(H2,8,9,10)(H2,11,12,13)/t2-,3-,4-,5-/m1/s1PQGCEDQWHSBAJP-TXICZTDVSA-N[({[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(phosphonooxy)methyl]oxolan-2-yl]oxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid390.0696389.95181466-1.537phosphoribosylpyrophosphate0-4FDB0219285-phospho-a-d-ribose-1-diphosphate;5-phospho-a-d-ribosyl pyrophosphate;5-phospho-alpha-d-ribose 1-diphosphate;5-phospho-alpha-d-ribose-1-diphosphate;5-phospho-alpha-d-ribosyl pyrophosphate;5-phospho-alpha-d-riobse 1-diphosphate;5-phospho-alpha-delta-ribose 1-diphosphate;5-phospho-alpha-delta-ribose-1-diphosphate;5-phospho-alpha-delta-ribosyl pyrophosphate;5-phosphoribose 1-pyrophosphate;5-phosphoribosyl 1-diphosphate;5-phosphoribosyl a-1-pyrophosphate;5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate;5-phosphorylribose 1-a-diphosphate;5-phosphorylribose 1-alpha-diphosphate;5-phosphorylribose 1-pyrophosphate;5-phosphorylribosyl 1-pyrophosphate;Pp-ribose-p;Prpp;Prib-pp;Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate;Phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate;Phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate;Phosphoribosylpyrophosphorate;Phosphoribosylpyrophosphoric acid;A-d-5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) ribofuranose;A-d-5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate;A-d-ribofuranose 5-phosphate 1-pyrophosphate;A-d-ribofuranose, 5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-(trihydrogen diphosphate);Alpha-d-5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) ribofuranose;Alpha-d-5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate;Alpha-d-ribofuranose 5-phosphate 1-pyrophosphate;Alpha-d-ribofuranose, 5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-(trihydrogen diphosphate);Alpha-delta-5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) ribofuranose;Alpha-delta-5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate;Alpha-delta-ribofuranose 5-phosphate 1-pyrophosphate;5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate;5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate;Alpha-d-ribofuranose 5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-(trihydrogen diphosphate);Alpha-phosphoribosylpyrophosphoric acid;Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate;5-phospho-a-d-ribose 1-diphosphate;5-phospho-a-d-ribose 1-diphosphoric acid;5-phospho-alpha-d-ribose 1-diphosphoric acid;5-phospho-α-d-ribose 1-diphosphate;5-phospho-α-d-ribose 1-diphosphoric acid;Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphoric acid;5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphoric acid;5-phosphoribosyl diphosphoric acid;A-d-ribofuranose 5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-(trihydrogen diphosphate);A-d-ribofuranose 5-(dihydrogen phosphoric acid) 1-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid);Alpha-d-ribofuranose 5-(dihydrogen phosphoric acid) 1-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid);α-d-ribofuranose 5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-(trihydrogen diphosphate);α-d-ribofuranose 5-(dihydrogen phosphoric acid) 1-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid);A-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate;A-phosphoribosylpyrophosphoric acid;Alpha-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate;α-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate;α-phosphoribosylpyrophosphoric acidPW_C000190PRPP177421815858161081178019842663315771761327800211180680135111657712016012212195012412450311812552129712634629912705620512770938840083nicotinate β-D-ribonucleotideHMDB0059646Nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide, also known as nicotinic acid ribonucleotide or nicotinate mononucleotide, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as nicotinic acid nucleotides. These are pyridine nucleotides, in which the pyridine base is nicotinic acid or a derivative thereof. Nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Nicotinate beta-d-ribonucleotide is part of the Cofactor biosynthesis, and Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism pathways. It is a substrate for: Nicotinamide riboside kinase 1, and Nicotinamide riboside kinase 2.C0118512199215763108822O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]1COP(O)(O)=O)[N+]1=CC=CC(=C1)C(O)=OC11H15NO9PInChI=1S/C11H14NO9P/c13-8-7(5-20-22(17,18)19)21-10(9(8)14)12-3-1-2-6(4-12)11(15)16/h1-4,7-10,13-14H,5H2,(H2-,15,16,17,18,19)/p+1/t7-,8-,9-,10-/m1/s1JOUIQRNQJGXQDC-ZYUZMQFOSA-O3-carboxy-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(phosphonooxy)methyl]oxolan-2-yl]-1λ⁵-pyridin-1-ylium336.2119336.048442595-2.345NaMN1-2Beta-nicotinate d-ribonucleotide;Nicotinate ribonucleotide;Nicotinic acid ribonucleotide;B-nicotinate d-ribonucleotide;B-nicotinic acid d-ribonucleotide;Beta-nicotinic acid d-ribonucleotide;β-nicotinate d-ribonucleotide;β-nicotinic acid d-ribonucleotide;Nicotinic acid d-ribonucleotidePW_C040083NR581710842664315170PyrophosphateHMDB0000250The anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphate anion is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells. This hydrolysis is called pyrophosphorolysis. The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74-, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and rapidly hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate. Pyrophosphate is an osteotoxin (arrests bone development) and an arthritogen (promotes arthritis). It is also a metabotoxin (an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health affects at chronically high levels). Chronically high levels of pyrophosphate are associated with hypophosphatasia. Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase or phosphoethanolaminuria) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease. Hypophosphatasia is associated with a molecular defect in the gene encoding tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is an enzyme that is tethered to the outer surface of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. TNSALP hydrolyzes several substances, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), a major form of vitamin B6. When TSNALP is low, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulates outside of cells and inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite, one of the main components of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults. Vitamin B6 must be dephosphorylated by TNSALP before it can cross the cell membrane. Vitamin B6 deficiency in the brain impairs synthesis of neurotransmitters which can cause seizures. In some cases, a build-up of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints can cause pseudogout.14000-31-8C0001364410218361PPI559142DB04160[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=OO7P2InChI=1S/H4O7P2/c1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6)/p-4XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J(phosphonooxy)phosphonic acid173.9433173.9119253784pyrophosphoric acid0-3FDB021918(4-)diphosphoric acid ion;(p2o74-)diphosphate;Diphosphate;Diphosphoric acid;Ppi;Pyrometaphosphate;Pyrophosphate;Pyrophosphate tetraanion;Pyrophosphate(4-) ion;[o3popo3](4-);Diphosphat;P2o7(4-);Pyrophosphat;Pyrophosphate ion;Phosphonato phosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid ionPW_C000170Ppi1223546384292373532882221217316204924105928152941751448685450348952521045294101540911754241035433118545812055481115559132558413356061355655108587910762391666978199707318871341637272160731219873182138275151828321011869161120022221204116412315225123232491251228812579226126952901521930615375183476017425613154269731877235329773171287763533678416335789283317915311279950134799581308004737280417170856301947863849481412594819382986782231106343911132703951132753891155271361155323991199341221200171241200324061203304101209364071212614291213411211214863831224074221229854441235021191238314641240443981249773751253242971253952991254104791255974841256564851258764811265524911268692051269353881269505011273372061281245081316Carbon dioxideHMDB0001967Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend on living and decaying plants for food, either directly or indirectly. It is, therefore, a major component of the carbon cycle. Additionally, carbon dioxide is used by plants during photosynthesis to make sugars which may either be consumed again in respiration or used as the raw material to produce polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose, proteins and the wide variety of other organic compounds required for plant growth and development. When inhaled at concentrations much higher than usual atmospheric levels, it can produce a sour taste in the mouth and a stinging sensation in the nose and throat. These effects result from the gas dissolving in the mucous membranes and saliva, forming a weak solution of carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide is used by the food industry, the oil industry, and the chemical industry. Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Traditionally, the carbonation in beer and sparkling wine comes about through natural fermentation, but some manufacturers carbonate these drinks artificially.124-38-9C0001128016526274O=C=OCO2InChI=1S/CO2/c2-1-3CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-Nmethanedione44.009543.9898292440.630carbon dioxide00DBMET00423FDB014084Carbon oxide;Carbon-12 dioxide;Carbonic acid anhydride;Carbonic acid gas;Carbonic anhydride;[co2];Co2;E 290;E-290;E290;R-744PW_C001316Co25081211204448013503186403677316952080651133431638491745225511731447052831035320111575010857711015968100602615560781616471178663710769221907017160703516370611887163205730819873332137461222753021082152258223151915824911849277119081701246422612688290426263154352331876994293771221337717013277470333777391127775012977763341780771347840535678427334789413317922713080008368806751198071713594836384113291391115549121119954406120089122120155407120364412120556414120833419120922124120991408121284125121505383122744120123011446123190450123418455123489118123556374123855136124063398125344479125460297125516481125824490125870299125931482126280480126887501127052206127277507127331388127390502154Nicotinamide ribotideHMDB0000229Nicotinamide ribotide (NMN) is an important intermediate metabolite in the nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism pathway. Mammals predominantly use nicotinamide rather than nicotinic acid as a precursor for NAD biosynthesis. Instead of the deamidation to nicotinic acid, nicotinamide is directly converted to NMN by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT, EC 2.4.2.12). The enzyme nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT, EC 2.7.7.1), which is a member of the nucleotidyltransferase alpha/beta-phosphodiesterase superfamily, catalyzes the reaction NMN + ATP <=> Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + PPi, representing the final step in the biosynthesis of NAD. NAD is a molecule that plays a fundamental role as a cofactor in cellular redox reactions. Thus NMN is an important metabolite for the maintenance of normal NAD biosynthesis. Circulating NMN levels may play an important role in regulating cell function in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. (PMID: 15078171, 17983582).1094-61-7C004551418016171NICOTINAMIDE_NUCLEOTIDE13553NC(=O)C1=CC=C[N+](=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)([O-])=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC11H15N2O8PInChI=1S/C11H15N2O8P/c12-10(16)6-2-1-3-13(4-6)11-9(15)8(14)7(21-11)5-20-22(17,18)19/h1-4,7-9,11,14-15H,5H2,(H3-,12,16,17,18,19)/t7-,8-,9-,11-/m1/s1DAYLJWODMCOQEW-TURQNECASA-N3-carbamoyl-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[(hydrogen phosphonatooxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-1λ⁵-pyridin-1-ylium334.2192334.056601978-1.974nmn zwitterion0-1FDB0219123-(aminocarbonyl)-1-(5-o-phosphono-b-d-ribofuranosyl)-pyridinium hydroxide inner salt;3-(aminocarbonyl)-1-(5-o-phosphono-b-d-ribofuranosyl)-pyridinium inner salt;3-(aminocarbonyl)-1-(5-o-phosphono-beta-delta-ribofuranosyl)-pyridinium hydroxide inner salt;3-(aminocarbonyl)-1-(5-o-phosphono-beta-delta-ribofuranosyl)-pyridinium inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-b-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-phosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-phosphate inner salt;Nmn;Nicotinamide d-ribonucleotide;Nicotinamide mononucleotide;Nicotinamide ribonucleoside 5'-phosphate;Nicotinamide ribonucleotide;B-d-nmn;B-nmn;Beta-nmn;Beta-delta-nmn;3-(aminocarbonyl)-1-(5-o-phosphonato-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)pyridinium;3-(aminocarbonyl)-1-(5-o-phosphono-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)pyridinium, inner salt;Beta-nicotinamide d-ribonucleotide;Beta-nicotinamide mononucleotide;Beta-nicotinamide ribonucleotide;Nicotinamide nucleotide;3-(aminocarbonyl)-1-(5-o-phosphonato-b-d-ribofuranosyl)pyridinium;3-(aminocarbonyl)-1-(5-o-phosphonato-β-d-ribofuranosyl)pyridiniumPW_C000154Nmn2344278390132121948124124501118127707388681Nicotinamide ribosideHMDB0000855Nicotinamide riboside is involved in nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. Nicotinamide riboside was originally identified as a nutrient in milk. It is a useful compound for elevation of NAD+ levels in humans. Nicotinamide riboside has recently been discovered to be an NAD(+) precursor that is converted to nicotinamide mononucleotide by specific nicotinamide riboside kinases, Nrk1 and Nrk2. It has been shown that exogenous nicotinamide riboside promotes Sir2-dependent repression of recombination, improves gene silencing, and extends the lifespan of certain animal models without calorie restriction [PMID:17482543]. Supplementation in mammalian cells and mouse tissues increases NAD(+) levels and activates SIRT1 and SIRT3, culminating in enhanced oxidative metabolism and protection against high-fat diet-induced metabolic abnormalities. (PMID:22682224). Recent data suggest that nicotinamide riboside may be the only vitamin precursor that supports neuronal NAD+ synthesis (PMID: 18429699). Nicotinamide riboside kinase has an essential role for phosphorylation of nicotinamide riboside and the cancer drug tiazofurin (PMID 15137942).1341-23-7C0315043992415927NICOTINAMIDE_RIBOSE388956NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC11H15N2O5InChI=1S/C11H14N2O5/c12-10(17)6-2-1-3-13(4-6)11-9(16)8(15)7(5-14)18-11/h1-4,7-9,11,14-16H,5H2,(H-,12,17)/p+1/t7-,8-,9-,11-/m1/s1JLEBZPBDRKPWTD-TURQNECASA-O3-carbamoyl-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1λ⁵-pyridin-1-ylium255.2472255.0980966-1.734nicotinamide ribose11FDB0222811-(beta-d-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide;1-b-d-ribosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;1-beta-d-ribosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;1-beta-delta-ribosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;3-(aminocarbonyl)-1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-pyridinium;3-(aminocarbonyl)-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosyl-pyridinium;N-ribosylnicotinamide;Nicotinamide ribonucleoside;Nicotinamide ribose;Nicotinamide riboside;Nicotinamide-beta-riboside;Ribosylnicotinamide;Beta-nicotinamide d-riboside;1-(b-d-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide;1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamidePW_C000681NR2341278389132121946124124499118127705388423MagnesiumHMDB0000547Magnesium salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilatation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide; the undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base, and is commonly used as an antacid.22537-22-0C003058881842013-HYDROXY-MAGNESIUM-PROTOPORP865DB01378[Mg++]MgInChI=1S/Mg/q+2JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-Nmagnesium(2+) ion24.30523.9850418980magnesium(2+) ion22FDB003518Magnesium;Magnesium ions;Magnesium ion;Magnesium, doubly charged positive ion;Magnesium, ion (mg(2+));Mg(2+);Mg2+PW_C000423MG2+868227426816476272726811581918883229363998339922111674614834915294317641421241024115929422331262933737454031477491486954497456525310453291115356112537610359061475934151603815560941616250166648417865941646881160697919971702057194206722721372332117250214731021673131987473222117631321184321012312225123242491251328812581226127292901527528515337308771371337723632977937336783933347841733578489115785223317853635678574130800203688004518480048372806231188065413580865158096525381841519383238394900271085962231105593901156873981199744061200701221202473821207024071209814081211811241212654291213194191219241251220864051224084221227591201229213991233071191235463741238354641238894551244771361246373761249783751254472971255984841256694791257774811259214821259472991259734951260004901262434781265534911267533001271253891271645011273805021274073881274515071278042091281255081283473952943Nicotinate D-ribonucleosideHMDB0006809Nicotinate D-ribonucleoside is involved in the nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism pathways. Nicotinate D-ribonucleoside can be reversibly converted to nicotinate and nicotinate D-ribonucleoside by purine-nucleoside phosphorylase [EC:2.4.2.1] and 5'-nucleotidase [EC:3.1.3.5], respectively.C0584116123427748141636OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)[N+]1=CC(=CC=C1)C(O)=OC11H14NO6InChI=1S/C11H13NO6/c13-5-7-8(14)9(15)10(18-7)12-3-1-2-6(4-12)11(16)17/h1-4,7-10,13-15H,5H2/p+1/t7-,8-,9-,10-/m1/s1PUEDDPCUCPRQNY-ZYUZMQFOSA-O3-carboxy-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1λ⁵-pyridin-1-ylium256.232256.082112185-1.744nicotinic acid riboside10FDB024094D-ribosylnicotinate;Nicotinate riboside;Nicotinic acid ribose;Nicotinic acid riboside;Ribosylnicotinate;Nicotinate d-ribonucleoside;Nicotinic acid d-ribonucleosidePW_C002943Ribosyl23772783971321219651241245181181277223881034Adenosine diphosphateHMDB0001341Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases.58-64-0C00008602216761ADP5800NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H15N5O10P2InChI=1S/C10H15N5O10P2/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(24-10)1-23-27(21,22)25-26(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-KQYNXXCUSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid427.2011427.029414749-2.126adenosine-diphosphate0-2FDB021817Adp;Adenosindiphosphorsaeure;Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenosine diphosphate;Adenosine pyrophosphate;Adenosine-5'-diphosphate;Adenosine-5-diphosphate;Adenosine-diphosphate;5'-adenylphosphoric acid;Adenosine 5'-diphosphate;H3adp;5'-adenylphosphate;Adenosine 5'-diphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-diphosphoric acidPW_C001034Adp234134841522482138015963159783106114151821901492104182113102161582408592435272728472736462855293165723635614400234476314770915036265157752089752171005315111534911253921035446120554412955721335624108574111757641015849143585614658781075899147592615160501556111161623116664951786700946841188687216071592057187206720821072262137231211730019873032167391217741021874331637483222818722511851277119051701201328112180285132622231532930842328315423983134262232242696318770292537708713277216134773063297747233377663336780393327804335078170128782153517824435378414335784951157870533178849130789203348003036880622118806511358067611994827124113283388116204109119944122119994406120156407120318382120366412121248429121394123121399433121472408121899383121976410122064125122085405122405422122445435122973399123013446123818464123953447123958468124030374124452398124529444124615136124636376124947472124975375125012470125334297125373479125492299125517481125645484126125485126219300126235495126242478126550491126597499126915501127733516127780395127797390127803209128122508128168517128313389414Adenosine triphosphateHMDB0000538Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).56-65-5C00002595715422ATP5742DB00171NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H16N5O13P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid507.181506.995745159-2.057adenosine triphosphate0-3FDB0218135'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acidPW_C000414Atp922146082661641422478137333279959343997632105182112102146492156142160582405592434272726462812293029663163723616613617514399234474314768914864545032895035265155752059752151005250104529110153131115346112539010354061175430118544312055421295556132556913356031355621108584614358541465876107589714759241516048155610916162301666493178683918868701606976199715720571842067209210722521372292117298198730221673902177408218743216374812227499190818622511847277119031701201028112039164121782851257822612691290132642231532730842326315426213224269431877028253772181347723332977468333776323367803733278041350781681287821435178240353784113357849411578850130788653317891933480028368800461848067411985629194826124113234941132823881162801091199141221199924061201544071202453821203624121212464291213921231213974331214714081219744101220651251220793831220834051224024221224444351229193991230094461238164641239514471239564681240293741245274441246161361246303981246343761249434721249723751250114701253042971253714791253922991255154811255954841261234851262203001262344951262404781265474911265964991269135011271233891277315161277813951277963901278012091281195081281675171086NiacinamideHMDB0001406Niacinamide or vitamin B3 is an important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. Niacinamide is used to increase the effect of radiation therapy on tumor cells. Niacin (nicotinic acid) and niacinamide, while both labeled as vitamin B3 also have different applications. Niacinamide is useful in arthritis and early-onset type I diabetes while niacin is an effective reducer of high cholesterol levels.98-92-0C0015393617154NIACINAMIDE911DB02701NC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1C6H6N2OInChI=1S/C6H6N2O/c7-6(9)5-2-1-3-8-4-5/h1-4H,(H2,7,9)DFPAKSUCGFBDDF-UHFFFAOYSA-Npyridine-3-carboxamide122.1246122.048012824-0.391nicotinamide00FDB0124853-carbamoylpyridine;3-pyridinecarboxamide;3-pyridinecarboxylic acid amide;Acid amide;Amid kyseliny nikotinove;Amide pp;Aminicotin;Amixicotyn;Amnicotin;Austrovit pp;Benicot;Delonin amide;Dipegyl;Dipigyl;Endobion;Factor pp;Hansamid;Inovitan pp;Mediatric;Nam;Nandervit-n;Niacevit;Niacinamide;Niamide;Niavit pp;Nicamide;Nicamina;Nicamindon;Nicasir;Nicobion;Nicofort;Nicogen;Nicomidol;Nicosan 2;Nicosylamide;Nicota;Nicotamide;Nicotilamide;Nicotililamido;Nicotinamida;Nicotinamide;Nicotinamidum;Nicotine acid amide;Nicotine amide;Nicotinic acid amide;Nicotinic amide;Nicotinsaureamid;Nicotol;Nicotylamide;Nicotylamidum;Nicovel;Nicovit;Nicovitina;Nicovitol;Nicozymin;Nictoamide;Niko-tamin;Nikotinamid;Nikotinsaeureamid;Niocinamide;Niozymin;Pp-faktor;Papulex;Pelmin;Pelmine;Pelonin amide;Propamine a;Pyridine-3-carboxylic acid amide;Savacotyl;Vi-nicotyl;Vi-noctyl;Vitamin b3;Vitamin pp;Witamina pp;B-pyridinecarboxamide;Beta-pyridinecarboxamide;M-(aminocarbonyl)pyridine;Nicotinate amidePW_C001086Nam233227838213211165671219411241244941181277003881146Ribose 1-phosphateHMDB0001489Ribose 1-phosphate is an intermediate in the metabolism of Pyrimidine and the metabolism of Nicotinate and nicotinamide. It is a substrate for Uridine phosphorylase 2, Phosphoglucomutase, Purine nucleoside phosphorylase and Uridine phosphorylase 1. Ribose 1-phosphate can be formed from guanosine through the action of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Ribose 1-phosphate can also act as a ribose donor in the synthesis of xanthosine as catalyzed by the same enzyme (purine nucleoside phosphorylase). The presence of guanase, which irreversibly converts guanine to xanthine, affects the overall process of guanosine transformation. As a result of this purine pathway, guanosine is converted into xanthosine, thus overcoming the lack of guanosine deaminase in mammals. The activated ribose moiety in Ribose 1-phosphate which stems from the catabolism of purine nucleosides can be transferred to uracil and, in the presence of ATP, used for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides; therefore, purine nucleosides can act as ribose donors for the salvage of pyrimidine bases. (PMID: 9133638).14075-00-4C0062043923616300RIBOSE-1P388373DB03101OC[C@H]1O[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1OC5H11O8PInChI=1S/C5H11O8P/c6-1-2-3(7)4(8)5(12-2)13-14(9,10)11/h2-8H,1H2,(H2,9,10,11)/t2-,3-,4-,5-/m1/s1YXJDFQJKERBOBM-TXICZTDVSA-N{[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid230.1098230.01915384-0.825ribose 1-phosphate0-2FDB0226501-o-phosphono-d-ribofuranose;D-ribofuranose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate);D-ribofuranose 1-phosphate;D-ribose-1-phosphate;D-ribose-1p;Ribofuranose 1-phosphate;Ribose 1-phosphate;A-d-ribofuranose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate);A-d-ribose 1-phosphate;Alpha-d-ribofuranose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate);Alpha-d-ribofuranose 1-phosphate;Alpha-d-ribose 1-phosphate;D-ribose 1-phosphate;D-ribose 1-phosphoric acid;Ribose 1-phosphoric acidPW_C001146DR117702181881178319877175132786761111218641221219681241244171351245211181263442991277253881145Nicotinic acidHMDB0001488Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. The designation vitamin B3 also includes the amide form, nicotinamide or niacinamide. Severe lack of niacin causes the deficiency disease pellagra, whereas a mild deficiency slows down the metabolism decreasing cold tolerance. The recommended daily allowance of niacin is 2-12 mg a day for children, 14 mg a day for women, 16 mg a day for men, and 18 mg a day for pregnant or breast-feeding women. It is found in various animal and plant tissues and has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. The liver can synthesize niacin from the essential amino acid tryptophan (see below), but the synthesis is extremely slow and requires vitamin B6; 60 mg of tryptophan are required to make one milligram of niacin. Bacteria in the gut may also perform the conversion but are inefficient.59-67-6C0025393815940NIACINE913DB00627OC(=O)C1=CN=CC=C1C6H5NO2InChI=1S/C6H5NO2/c8-6(9)5-2-1-3-7-4-5/h1-4H,(H,8,9)PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-Npyridine-3-carboxylic acid123.1094123.032028409-0.171niacin0-1FDB0010143-carboxylpyridine;3-carboxypyridine;3-pyridinecarboxylate;3-pyridinecarboxylic acid;3-pyridylcarboxylate;3-pyridylcarboxylic acid;Akotin;Apelagrin;Daskil;Efacin;Enduracin;Linic;Niac;Niacin;Niacine;Niacor;Nicacid;Nicamin;Nicangin;Nico-span;Nicobid;Nicocap;Nicodelmine;Nicolar;Niconacid;Nicosan 3;Nicotinate;Nicotinic acid;Nicotinipca;Nicyl;Nyclin;Pellagrin;Pelonin;Slo-niacin;Wampocap;Acide nicotinique;Acido nicotinico;Acidum nicotinicum;Anti-pellagra vitamin;Beta-pyridinecarboxylic acid;M-pyridinecarboxylic acid;Nikotinsaeure;P.p. factor;Pellagra preventive factor;Pp factor;Pyridine-beta-carboxylic acid;Vitamin b3;B-pyridinecarboxylate;B-pyridinecarboxylic acid;Beta-pyridinecarboxylate;β-pyridinecarboxylate;β-pyridinecarboxylic acid;M-pyridinecarboxylate;Pyridine-b-carboxylate;Pyridine-b-carboxylic acid;Pyridine-beta-carboxylate;Pyridine-β-carboxylate;Pyridine-β-carboxylic acidPW_C001145Niac2380278398132121967124124520118127724388915Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotideHMDB0001179Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, (NAADP), is a Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger synthesized in response to extracellular stimuli. NAADP binds to and opens Ca2+ channels on intracellular organelles, thereby increasing the intracellular Ca2+ concentration which, in turn, modulates a variety of cellular processes. Structurally, it is a dinucleotide that only differs from the house-keeping enzyme cofactor, NADP by a hydroxyl group (replacing the nicotinamide amino group) and yet this minor modification converts it into the most potent Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger yet described.6450-77-7C0085716549118304DEAMIDO-NAD145043NC1=C2N=CN([C@@H]3O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]4O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]4O)[N+]4=CC=CC(=C4)C(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)C2=NC=N1C21H27N6O15P2InChI=1S/C21H26N6O15P2/c22-17-12-18(24-7-23-17)27(8-25-12)20-16(31)14(29)11(41-20)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(28)15(30)19(40-10)26-3-1-2-9(4-26)21(32)33/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,19-20,28-31H,5-6H2,(H4-,22,23,24,32,33,34,35,36,37)/p+1/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,19-,20-/m1/s1SENPVEZBRZQVST-HISDBWNOSA-O1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carboxy-1λ⁵-pyridin-1-ylium665.4178665.100962248-2.578deamido-NAD(+)1-2FDB022469Deamido-nad+;Deamidonicotinamide adenine dinucleoetide;Deamino-nad+;Naad;Naadp;Naadn;Nicotinate adenine dinucleotide;Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide;Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Deamido-nadPW_C000915Naad2366248718581910842665315780061117839413280687135120167122121960124124513118125527297127062205127717388721NADHMDB0000902NAD (or Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be converted to ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it by cellular respiration. (wikipedia). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed).53-84-9C00003589315846NAD5682NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H28N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H27N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,5-6H2,(H5-,22,23,24,25,33,34,35,36,37)/p+1/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-O1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1λ⁵-pyridin-1-ylium664.433664.116946663-2.5981-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1λ⁵-pyridin-1-ylium1-1FDB0223093-carbamoyl-1-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide;Co-i;Codehydrase i;Codehydrogenase i;Coenzyme i;Cozymase;Cozymase i;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidized;Endopride;Nad trihydrate;Nad-oxidized;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized;Nicotinamide dinucleotide;Nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide;Oxidized diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Pyridine nucleotide diphosphate;[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl {[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxyphosphoryl) hydrogen phosphate;[adenylate-32-p]-nad;Beta-diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Beta-nad;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide trihydrate;Dpn;Nad;Nad+;Nadide;B-nad;β-nadPW_C000721NAD1404150335386511011142113443127351466542229492779172835293107948071848131848192849026496031516795523810353341115360112546912354821255590135561011856961005738108582714159121475942151602415560721576076161638516469178677211768901607012188709716371742057197206740519874592228241226835922590852241181921612322249130062981301830013256223424043224261931577104132771201337720913477370331776503367766733477702332777091307791511377983347784063568000636880690119938251241105523881127501661128539411992912211995240612017140712083441912098440812115942512124212612125942912181738312261438412274212012313044712314113612341945512354937412373146012381244312382946412437039812518712112531929712534247912553048112580629912582549012592448212651549512676548012688550112727850712738350212808939012836039112842839532Adenosine monophosphateHMDB0000045Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.61-19-8C00020608316027AMP5858DB00131NC1=C2N=CN([C@@H]3O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)C2=NC=N1C10H14N5O7PInChI=1S/C10H14N5O7P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(22-10)1-21-23(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1UDMBCSSLTHHNCD-KQYNXXCUSA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}phosphonic acid347.2212347.063084339-2.025adenylate0-2DBMET00485FDB0218065'-amp;5'-adenosine monophosphate;5'-adenylate;5'-adenylic acid;Amp;Adenosine 5'-monophosphate;Adenosine 5'-phosphate;Adenosine 5'-phosphorate;Adenosine 5'-phosphoric acid;Adenosine phosphate;Adenosine-5'-monophosphorate;Adenosine-5'-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-5-monophosphorate;Adenosine-5-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-monophosphate;Adenosine-phosphate;Adenovite;Adenylate;Adenylic acid;Cardiomone;Lycedan;Muscle adenylate;Muscle adenylic acid;My-b-den;My-beta-den;Phosaden;Phosphaden;Phosphentaside;5'-o-phosphonoadenosine;Adenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate);Adenosine monophosphate;Adenosine-5'p;Adenosini phosphas;Ado5'p;Fosfato de adenosina;Pa;Pado;Phosphate d'adenosine;5'-adenosine monophosphoric acid;Adenosine phosphoric acid;Adenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphoric acid);Adenosine 5'-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-monophosphate;Phosphoric acid d'adenosinePW_C000032Pa112344628270167343288122118914457254867545033895251104540811754231035432118545712055581325583133577910157951086977199707218811789198118681611198815112003222125802261263631126942901333122542266342646315772343297732511178392334788091157932011280399180684135809007119916122120016124120031406120246382120888405121954408122920399123464376124507374125306297125394299125409479125596484126853205126934388126949501127124389127311209127711502500L-GlutamineHMDB0000641Glutamine (Gln) is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. Its side chain is an amide; it is formed by replacing a side-chain hydroxyl of glutamic acid with an amine functional group. glutamine is found in foods high in proteins, such as fish, red meat, beans, and dairy products. glutamine is a supplement that is used in weightlifting, bodybuilding, endurance and other sports, as well as by those who suffer from muscular cramps or pain particularly elderly people. The main use of glutamine within the diet of either group is as a means of replenishing the body's stores of amino acids that have been used during exercise or everyday activities. Studies which are looking into problems with excessive consumption of glutamine thus far have proved inconclusive. However, normal supplementation is healthy mainly because glutamine is supposed to be supplemented after prolonged periods of exercise (for example, a workout or exercise in which amino acids are required for use) and replenishes amino acid stores; this being the main reason glutamine is recommended during fasting or for people who suffer from physical trauma, immune deficiencies, or cancer. There is a significant body of evidence that links glutamine-enriched diets with intestinal effects; aiding maintenance of gut barrier function, intestinal cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as generally reducing septic morbidity and the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. The reason for such "cleansing" properties is thought to stem from the fact that the intestinal extraction rate of glutamine is higher than that for other amino acids, and is therefore thought to be the most viable option when attempting to alleviate conditions relating to the gastrointestinal tract. These conditions were discovered after comparing plasma concentration within the gut between glutamine-enriched and non glutamine-enriched diets. However, even though glutamine is thought to have "cleansing" properties and effects, it is unknown to what extent glutamine has clinical benefits, due to the varied concentrations of glutamine in varieties of food. It is also known that glutamine has various effects in reducing healing time after operations. Hospital waiting times after abdominal surgery are reduced by providing parenteral nutrition regimens containing amounts of glutamine to patients. Clinical trials have revealed that patients on supplementation regimes containing glutamine have improved nitrogen balances, generation of cysteinyl-leukotrienes from polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes and improved lymphocyte recovery and intestinal permeability (in postoperative patients) - in comparison to those who had no glutamine within their dietary regime; all without any side-effects. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/glutamine).56-85-9C00064596118050GLN5746DB00130N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(O)=OC5H10N2O3InChI=1S/C5H10N2O3/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H2,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N(2S)-2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid146.1445146.069142196-0.173L-glutamine00FDB012164(2s)-2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoate;(2s)-2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid;(2s)-2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoate;(2s)-2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid;(s)-2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoate;(s)-2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid;2-aminoglutaramic acid;Cebrogen;Glavamin;Glumin;Glutamic acid 5-amide;Glutamic acid amide;Glutamine;L-(+)-glutamine;L-2-aminoglutaramic acid;L-2-aminoglutaramidic acid;L-glutamic acid 5-amide;L-glutamic acid gamma-amide;L-glutamid;L-glutamide;L-glutamin;L-glutamine;L-glutaminsaeure-5-amid;Levoglutamid;Levoglutamida;Levoglutamide;Levoglutamidum;Levoglutamina;Polyglutamine;Stimulina;Gamma-glutamine;Q;Glutamate 5-amide;Glutamate amidePW_C000500Glumin618443427012302115565810756591086068157684616668473839022511793198126922904235231842353315770162537729611177333133783951327916411479264116806521351132079411620710912003812212034840612121940912196112412299812012378913712451411812541629712566847912635929912681248312695620512716350112771838812841120895L-Glutamic acidHMDB0000148Glutamic acid (Glu), also referred to as glutamate (the anion), is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is not among the essential amino acids. Glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serves as metabolic fuel or other functional roles in the body. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: * Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. * Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimer's disease. glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid).56-86-0C000253303216015GLT30572DB00142N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=OC5H9NO4InChI=1S/C5H9NO4/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N(2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid147.1293147.053157781-0.263L-glutamic acid0-1FDB012535(2s)-2-aminopentanedioate;(2s)-2-aminopentanedioic acid;(s)-(+)-glutamate;(s)-(+)-glutamic acid;(s)-2-aminopentanedioate;(s)-2-aminopentanedioic acid;(s)-glutamate;(s)-glutamic acid;1-amino-propane-1,3-dicarboxylate;1-amino-propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid;1-aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylate;1-aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid;2-aminoglutarate;2-aminoglutaric acid;2-aminopentanedioate;2-aminopentanedioic acid;Aciglut;Aminoglutarate;Aminoglutaric acid;E;Glt;Glu;Glusate;Glut;Glutacid;Glutamicol;Glutamidex;Glutaminate;Glutaminic acid;Glutaminol;Glutaton;L-(+)-glutamate;L-(+)-glutamic acid;L-glu;L-glutamate;L-glutaminate;L-glutaminic acid;L-a-aminoglutarate;L-a-aminoglutaric acid;L-alpha-aminoglutarate;L-alpha-aminoglutaric acid;A-aminoglutarate;A-aminoglutaric acid;A-glutamate;A-glutamic acid;Alpha-aminoglutarate;Alpha-aminoglutaric acid;Alpha-glutamate;Alpha-glutamic acid;Acide glutamique;Acido glutamico;Acidum glutamicum;Glutamate;Glutamic acid;L-glutaminsaeurePW_C000095Glt162443658119113841641496991105421448501456261462545323111534411354151175439118556513256311075632108585910560061476071157619194653185683818768441887092727093717165205718220775142247518151820822583732201179219811855161120042221262131126832891269729042348315423493184284532077020253773321337752511277971346779773277798134778291345806491351200231241200401221200864071203474061206921261208164181211474231211534241211574251228331191229971201232994431234014541237194581237254591237294601254012991254182971254574811256674791257693011258024891269413881269952061271625011272575061144NADHHMDB0001487NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). It forms NADP with the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.(Dorland, 27th ed).58-68-4C0000443915316908NADH388299DB00157NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H29N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H29N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,33)(H,34,35)(H,36,37)(H2,22,24,25)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BOPGDPNILDQYTO-NNYOXOHSSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy})phosphinic acid665.441665.124771695-2.358NADH0-2FDB0226491,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dpnh;Dihydrocodehydrogenase i;Dihydrocozymase;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide;Enada;Nadh;Nadh2;Reduced codehydrogenase i;Reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Reduced nicotinamide adenine diphosphate;Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide;B-dpnh;B-nadh;Beta-dpnh;Beta-nadh;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced);Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidePW_C001144NADH14341533490864810111521275514695422304927811728362931099480618481218482128490464959315169955240103533211153581125466123547912555931355698100573710858291415915147594515160271556079161638716472178677111768931607011188709916371722057195206746222282442268360225908622411809198118212161232024913003298130153001325522342403322426183157710713277123133772081347737133177651336776683347770033277707130779171137798634780009368806911199382212411054938811285494115838118119955406120172407120378122120986408121162425121244126121693429121818383122616384122745120123127447123138136123551374123734460123814443124242464124371398125189121125345479125531481125762297125808299125926482126516495126767480126888501127385502128090390128362391128429395104705Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate5502-96-5C1305158344076072NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)[N+]2=CC(=CC=C2)C(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OP(O)(O)=OC21H28N6O18P3InChI=1S/C21H27N6O18P3/c22-17-12-18(24-7-23-17)27(8-25-12)20-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(29)11(43-20)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(28)15(30)19(42-10)26-3-1-2-9(4-26)21(31)32/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,19-20,28-30H,5-6H2,(H6-,22,23,24,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39)/p+1/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,19-,20-/m1/s1QOTXBMGJKFVZRD-HISDBWNOSA-O745.4745.0667455-2.34PW_C104705921S-AdenosylmethionineHMDB0001185S-Adenosylmethionine (CAS: 29908-03-0), also known as SAM or AdoMet, is a physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in the treatment of chronic liver disease (From Merck, 11th ed). S-Adenosylmethionine is a natural substance present in the cells of the body. It plays a crucial biochemical role by donating a one-carbon methyl group in a process called transmethylation. S-Adenosylmethionine, formed from the reaction of L-methionine and adenosine triphosphate catalyzed by the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, is the methyl-group donor in the biosynthesis of both DNA and RNA nucleic acids, phospholipids, proteins, epinephrine, melatonin, creatine, and other molecules.485-80-3C000192476216515414S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE31983DB00118C[S+](CC[C@H](N)C(O)=O)C[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2NC15H23N6O5SInChI=1S/C15H22N6O5S/c1-27(3-2-7(16)15(24)25)4-8-10(22)11(23)14(26-8)21-6-20-9-12(17)18-5-19-13(9)21/h5-8,10-11,14,22-23H,2-4,16H2,1H3,(H2-,17,18,19,24,25)/p+1/t7-,8+,10+,11+,14+,27?/m0/s1MEFKEPWMEQBLKI-AIRLBKTGSA-O[(3S)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl]({[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl})methylsulfanium399.445399.145063566-2.565SAMe11FDB022473(3s)-5'-[(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)methylsulfonio]-5'-deoxyadenosine;2-s-adenosyl-l-methionine;5'-deoxyadenosine-5'-l-methionine disulfate ditosylate;Active methionine;Ademetionine;Adenosylmethionine;Adomet;Donamet;L-s-adenosylmethionine;S-(5'-adenosyl)-l-methionine;S-(5'-deoxyadenosin-5'-yl)-l-methionine;S-adenosyl methionine;S-adenosyl-l-methionine disulfate tosylate;S-adenosyl-l-methionine;S-adenosyl-methionine;S-adenosylmethionine;5'-deoxyadenosine-5'-l-methionine disulphate ditosylate;S-adenosyl-l-methionine disulphate tosylate;(3s)-5'-[(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)methylsulfonio]-5'-deoxyadenosine, inner salt;[1-(adenin-9-yl)-1,5-dideoxy-beta-d-ribofuranos-5-yl][(3s)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl](methyl)sulfonium;Acylcarnitine;Sam;SamePW_C000921Sam519863330704201220318802720662468110502350560413571361637540210754421376321608266151923519511874198120312221235822515293249153451815363309768972937689916476984224774881117773133877772341780991327830335178335346791551127996136180861229483038294833386113286389113288397115543399115546401120393122120537413120939407121052124122282435123171449123505119123616118124836470125859297125879481126304299126447499127321205127340206127595388128017517749S-AdenosylhomocysteineHMDB0000939S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) is formed by the demethylation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. S-Adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy or SAH) is also the immediate precursor of all of the homocysteine produced in the body. The reaction is catalyzed by S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and is reversible with the equilibrium favoring formation of SAH. In vivo, the reaction is driven in the direction of homocysteine formation by the action of the enzyme adenosine deaminase which converts the second product of the S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase reaction, adenosine, to inosine. Except for methyl transfer from betaine and from methylcobalamin in the methionine synthase reaction, SAH is the product of all methylation reactions that involve S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. Methylation is significant in epigenetic regulation of protein expression via DNA and histone methylation. The inhibition of these SAM-mediated processes by SAH is a proven mechanism for metabolic alteration. Because the conversion of SAH to homocysteine is reversible, with the equilibrium favoring the formation of SAH, increases in plasma homocysteine are accompanied by an elevation of SAH in most cases. Disturbances in the transmethylation pathway indicated by abnormal SAH, SAM, or their ratio have been reported in many neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia, depression, and Parkinson's disease (PMID: 18065573, 17892439). Therefore, when present in sufficiently high levels, S-adenosylhomocysteine can act as an immunotoxin and a metabotoxin. An immunotoxin disrupts, limits the function, or destroys immune cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine are associated with S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase deficiency and adenosine deaminase deficiency. S-Adenosylhomocysteine forms when there are elevated levels of homocysteine and adenosine. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine is a potent inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation reactions. It is toxic to immature lymphocytes and can lead to immunosuppression (PMID: 221926).979-92-0C000212524622216680ADENOSYL-HOMO-CYS388301N[C@@H](CCSC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2N)C(O)=OC14H20N6O5SInChI=1S/C14H20N6O5S/c15-6(14(23)24)1-2-26-3-7-9(21)10(22)13(25-7)20-5-19-8-11(16)17-4-18-12(8)20/h4-7,9-10,13,21-22H,1-3,15H2,(H,23,24)(H2,16,17,18)/t6-,7+,9+,10+,13+/m0/s1ZJUKTBDSGOFHSH-WFMPWKQPSA-N(2S)-2-amino-4-({[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl}sulfanyl)butanoic acid384.411384.12158847-1.975S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine00DBMET00514FDB022327(s)-5'-(s)-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine;2-s-adenosyl-l-homocysteine;5'-deoxy-s-adenosyl-l-homocysteine;5'-s-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thio-l-adenosine;Adenosyl-l-homocysteine;Adenosyl-homo-cys;Adenosylhomo-cys;Adenosylhomocysteine;Adohcy;Formycinylhomocysteine;L-5'-s-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thior-adenosine;L-s-adenosyl-homocysteine;L-s-adenosylhomocysteine;S-(5'-adenosyl)-l-homocysteine;S-(5'-deoxyadenosin-5'-yl)-l-homocysteine;S-(5'-deoxyadenosine-5')-l-homocysteine;S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine;S-adenosyl-homocysteine;Sah;(2s)-2-amino-4-({[(2s,3s,4r,5r)-5-(6-amino-9h-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl}sulfanyl)butanoic acid;S-[1-(adenin-9-yl)-1,5-dideoxy-beta-d-ribofuranos-5-yl]-l-homocysteine;S-adenosylhomocysteinePW_C000749Sah52085751863530705201221318822720672468310502550560713671371637542210754621376341608268151923719511875198123592251529424915364309774891117761113077733338777733417809813278305351783373467915611279962361808632294831382948343861132873891132893971155443991155474011203941221204861251205394131209404071210531241222844351230371351231734491235061191236171181248384701258804811263032991264494991273412061275963881280195175511-MethylnicotinamideHMDB00006991-Methylnicotinamide is a metabolite of nicotinamide and is produced primarily in the liver. It has anti-inflammatory properties (PMID 16197374). It is a product of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase [EC 2.1.1.1] in the pathway of nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism (KEGG). 1-Methylnicotinamide may be an endogenous activator of prostacyclin production and thus may regulate thrombotic as well as inflammatory processes in the cardiovascular system (PMID: 17641676).3106-60-3C0291845716797CPD-396444C[N+]1=CC=CC(=C1)C(N)=OC7H9N2OInChI=1S/C7H8N2O/c1-9-4-2-3-6(5-9)7(8)10/h2-5H,1H3,(H-,8,10)/p+1LDHMAVIPBRSVRG-UHFFFAOYSA-O3-carbamoyl-1-methylpyridin-1-ium137.1592137.07148792-2.3811-methylnicotinamide11FDB0221881-methyl-3-carbamoylpyridinium;1-methyl-3-carbamoylpyridinium cation;1-methylnicotinamide;3-amido-n-methylpyridinium: 1-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;3-carbamoyl-1-methyl-pyridinium;I-methyl nicotinamide;N'-methylnicotinamide;N'methylnicotinamide;N-1-methylnicotinamide;N-methyl-3-carbamidopyridinium;N-methyl-3-carbamoylpyridinium ion;N1-methylnicotinamide;Trigonellinamide;1-methylnicotinamide cation;3-(aminocarbonyl)-1-methylpyridinium;N(1)-methylnicotinamidePW_C000551Trigone23332783831321219421241244951181277013881065OxygenHMDB0001377Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131).7782-44-7C0000797715379CPD-6641952O=OO2InChI=1S/O2/c1-2MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-Noxidanone31.998831.9898292440singlet oxygen00FDB022589Dioxygen;Molecular oxygen;O2;Oxygen;Oxygen molecule;[oo];Dioxygene;Disauerstoff;E 948;E-948;E948PW_C001065Oxygen959110524516500185058549146252863836491067431688207541576347693383621375492016242531222803294260424747135467123548012554931265508127580910859731476129159700618870321637050160731921375332107560212839515111816216118641981188321511894211120572251206316412247286122792261232524912706291127162921300429813016300130263011303830213260223422761742657315769102937704429477214134773501117736313077377331773953327749711377512115775373347762633677723337777361127774712977756341778051147781213378070329781511327838134578805343791113601200474081203831221204264051205424071205534141205944091206014061208834151210451241211043831216054341216564291221173821225734181226893841227983741228224431230271351230603761231284471231391361231634481231761191231874501232191371232261201234594511236091181236693981241634691242144641246693991251454541252751211254254821257064781257314831257372971257404791258844811261002991262724841265224951267214891268254801269645021269862071271982091272142081272192051272225011273055041273452061275573881275745151278353891280813951280953901283125061284323912086N1-Methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamideHMDB0004193N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2PY) is one of the end products of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) degradation. Increased serum 2PY concentrations are observed in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients, which along with the deterioration of kidney function and its toxic properties (significant inhibition of PARP-1), suggests that 2PY is an uremic toxin. (PMID 12694300).701-44-0C05842696982741062899CN1C=C(C=CC1=O)C(N)=OC7H8N2O2InChI=1S/C7H8N2O2/c1-9-4-5(7(8)11)2-3-6(9)10/h2-4H,1H3,(H2,8,11)JLQSXXWTCJPCBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide152.1506152.05857751-0.5711-methyl-6-oxopyridine-3-carboxamide00FDB0233301-methyl-5-carboxylamide-2-pyridone;N'-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide;N'methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide;N(1)-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide;N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamidePW_C002086N2P5C23382783841321219431241244961181277023881783Hydrogen peroxideHMDB0003125Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colourless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. It is a weak acid. It has strong oxidizing properties and is therefore a powerful bleaching agent that is mostly used for bleaching paper, but has also found use as a disinfectant and as an oxidizer. Hydrogen peroxide in the form of carbamide peroxide is widely used for tooth whitening (bleaching), both in professionally- and in self-administered products. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a well-documented component of living cells. It plays important roles in host defense and oxidative biosynthetic reactions. In addition there is growing evidence that at low levels, H2O2 also functions as a signaling agent, particularly in higher organisms. H2O2 has increasingly been viewed as an important cellular signaling agent in its own right, capable of modulating both contractile and growth-promoting pathways with more far-reaching effects. Due to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the skin of patients with the depigmentation disorder vitiligo, the human epidermis cannot have the normal capacity for autocrine synthesis, transport and degradation of acetylcholine as well as the muscarinic (m1-m5) and nicotinic signal transduction in keratinocytes and melanocytes. Accumulating evidence suggests that hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) plays an important role in cancer development. Experimental data have shown that cancer cells produce high amounts of H(2)O(2). An increase in the cellular levels of H(2)O(2) has been linked to several key alterations in cancer, including DNA alterations, cell proliferation, apoptosis resistance, metastasis, angiogenesis and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activation. (PMID: 17150302, 17335854, 16677071, 16607324, 16514169).7722-84-1C0002778416240HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE763OOH2O2InChI=1S/H2O2/c1-2/h1-2HMHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-Nperoxol34.014734.0054793082hydrogen peroxide00FDB014562Adeka super el;Albone;Albone 35;Albone ds;Anti-keim 50;Asepticper;Baquashock;Cix;Clarigel gold;Crestal whitestrips;Crystacide;Dentasept;Deslime lp;Hioxyl;Hipox;Hybrite;Hydrogen dioxide;Hydrogen peroxide;Inhibine;Lase peroxide;Lensan a;Magic bleaching;Metrokur;Mirasept;Nite white excel 2;Odosat d;Opalescence xtra;Oxigenal;Oxydol;Oxyfull;Oxysept;Oxysept i;Pegasyl;Perhydrol;Perone;Peroxaan;Peroxclean;Quasar brite;Select bleach;Superoxol;T-stuff;Whiteness hp;Whitespeed;Xtra white;[oh(oh)];Dihydrogen dioxide;H2o2;HoohPW_C001783Cix9891135188855114627287551512433169121749512534223818104749134752315495126550212355101275810108600514770381638396151118172161188621512461226127092911271929213028301130352981304030213405222426583157702222577047294770792937750011377540334775981157772033277725337778061147781011177819326780733297815213278598112120050408120102122120463405120595409120609416120954407121047124122120382122801374122814443122839135123097376123157447123165448123220137123234452123520119123611118124672399125428482125469297125709478125732483125748488125895481126103299126275484126967502126978207127006205127201209127215208127230505127356206127601388127838389405582Fe-2SHMDB0061344Bis(λ²-iron(2+) ion) disulfane tetrasulfanide belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as transition metal sulfides. These are inorganic compounds containing a sulfur atom of an oxidation state of -2, in which the heaviest atom bonded to the oxygen is a transition metal.S[Fe]1(S)S[Fe](S)(S)S1Fe2H4S6InChI=1S/2Fe.4H2S.2S/h;;4*1H2;;/q2*+2;;;;;;/p-4TUVRTRPESCSNGS-UHFFFAOYSA-Jcyclodiferrathiane-2,2,4,4-tetrathiol308.112307.7336085344cyclodiferrathiane-2,2,4,4-tetrathiol00PW_C0405582Fe-2S37422401284257174389346265475431482994837285056454971265512127704616013030301130423027771511377727337783771347838613279207112117811133121586407121795124122567384122664406123152443123167448124144119124346118125140121125239120126189299126715480126796479127680388128306391128394501964FADHMDB0001248FAD, also known as flavitan or adeflavin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). FAD has been found in human liver and muscle tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as feces and blood. Within the cell, FAD is primarily located in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisome. FAD exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the risedronate action pathway, the ibandronate action pathway, the valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation pathway, and the pyrimidine metabolism pathway. FAD is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the oncogenic action OF L-2-hydroxyglutarate in hydroxygluaricaciduria pathway, gaba-transaminase deficiency, 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria/succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, and the saccharopinuria/hyperlysinemia II pathway. FAD is a condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972).146-14-5C0001664397516238FAD559059DB03147CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)N1C=NC3=C1N=CN=C3N)C1=NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=N2C27H33N9O15P2InChI=1S/C27H33N9O15P2/c1-10-3-12-13(4-11(10)2)35(24-18(32-12)25(42)34-27(43)33-24)5-14(37)19(39)15(38)6-48-52(44,45)51-53(46,47)49-7-16-20(40)21(41)26(50-16)36-9-31-17-22(28)29-8-30-23(17)36/h3-4,8-9,14-16,19-21,26,37-41H,5-7H2,1-2H3,(H,44,45)(H,46,47)(H2,28,29,30)(H,34,42,43)/t14-,15+,16+,19-,20+,21+,26+/m0/s1VWWQXMAJTJZDQX-UYBVJOGSSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]({[(2R,3S,4S)-5-{7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-2H,3H,4H,10H-benzo[g]pteridin-10-yl}-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl]oxy})phosphinic acid785.5497785.157134455-2.279flavine-adenine dinucleotide0-3FDB0225111h-purin-6-amine flavin dinucleotide;1h-purin-6-amine flavine dinucleotide;Adenine-flavin dinucleotide;Adenine-flavine dinucleotide;Adenine-riboflavin dinuceotide;Adenine-riboflavin dinucleotide;Adenine-riboflavine dinucleotide;Fad;Flamitajin b;Flanin f;Flavin adenine dinucleotide;Flavin adenine dinucleotide oxidized;Flavin-adenine dinucleotide;Flavine adenosine diphosphate;Flavine-adenine dinucleotide;Flavitan;Flaziren;Isoalloxazine-adenine dinucleotide;Riboflavin 5'-adenosine diphosphate;Riboflavin-adenine dinucleotide;Riboflavine-adenine dinucleotide;AdeflavinPW_C000964FAD99911451868192321642531762828825188402118814148942161229162249213358253622372326460236468831474113475810488165268103528510253351115496126551112756131186030155605415660821616116162639016475178649917966661077039163717520573212137465222748722390762241181821611887215118992111229622512328249124431511251922712595226127102911272029213029301130413024362331877080293771261337715213477501113775071127751811577541334776151327772633778054329783753457893033179222336792723588001236880034369807141191199584061199993841200514081201074071204324051204531221204901241212784291212984181214173821214893831227481201227761211228023741228234431230663761230871351231664481238494641238684541239763991240473981253484791253784801254294821254744811256972971259794891261072991262774841268915011269203911269685021269872071270112061273102091274325061276023881278403892087N1-Methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamideHMDB0004194N1-Methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide (4PY ) is a normal human metabolite (one of the end products of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) degradation). 4PY concentration in serum is elevated in non-dialyzed chronic renal failure (CRF) patients when compared with controls. (PMID 12694300).769-49-3C0584344081027838389671CN1C=CC(=O)C(=C1)C(N)=OC7H8N2O2InChI=1S/C7H8N2O2/c1-9-3-2-6(10)5(4-9)7(8)11/h2-4H,1H3,(H2,8,11)KTLRWTOPTKGYQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N1-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide152.1506152.05857751-0.1211-methyl-4-oxopyridine-3-carboxamide00FDB0233311-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide;1-methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide;3-(aminocarbonyl)-1-methyl-4(1h)-pyridone;5-aminocarbonyl-1-methyl-4(1h)-pyridone;N'-methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide;N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide;N1-methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide;1,4-dihydro-1-methyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide;1-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-3-pyridinecarboxamide;1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboximidePW_C0020871M4P3C233927838713212194412412449711812770338810225UnknownUnknown216476178650417913554316113554816213602263313602363513602463613605663913605718013605864013655063413655117713655268913655368813657169122891Putative L-aspartate dehydrogenaseQ5FW48
Specifically catalyzes the NAD or NADP-dependent dehydrogenation of L-aspartate to iminoaspartate.
aspdh1331.4.1.2113679263422892Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating]Q6AZR1
Involved in the catabolism of quinolinic acid (QA).
qprt212.4.2.1913679563422893Cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidaseQ6DKB0
May have a critical role in the maintenance of a constant composition of intracellular purine/pyrimidine nucleotides in cooperation with other nucleotidases. Preferentially hydrolyzes inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) and other purine nucleotides (By similarity).
nt5c2213.1.3.513679764013679917722894MGC83711 proteinQ6NRL9nmrk12113680063422895Purine nucleoside phosphorylaseA0A1L8HPU5
The purine nucleoside phosphorylases catalyze the phosphorolytic breakdown of the N-glycosidic bond in the beta-(deoxy)ribonucleoside molecules, with the formation of the corresponding free purine bases and pentose-1-phosphate.
pnp212.4.2.113680263422896Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferaseQ6NRZ2nampt212.4.2.1213680469113680563913680863422897Nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferaseA1L2U2nmnat1212.7.7.1, 2.7.7.1813680963422898Uncharacterized proteinA0A1L8G8V9enpp32113681163422900Glutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetaseA0A1L8GIT4nadsyn1216.3.5.113681563422901NAD kinase 2, mitochondrialA0A1L8HRR3
Mitochondrial NAD(+) kinase that phosphorylates NAD(+) to yield NADP(+). Can use both ATP or inorganic polyphosphate as the phosphoryl donor.
nadk2212.7.1.2313681718022902Uncharacterized proteinA0A1L8HRN5XELAEV_18010984mg2113681963413682118022903LOC100036901 proteinA1L2N4cd382113682463422904Uncharacterized proteinA0A1L8FLR7XELAEV_18035533mg2113682663422905Uncharacterized proteinA0A1L8EWW1XELAEV_18044928mg2113682863422899Uncharacterized proteinA0A1L8HR39nudt122113681363413252Quinolinate synthase21PW_P013252230951022513679463413251Aspartate dehydrogenase21PW_P013251230942289113679363413253Quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase21PW_P01325323096228926136796634132545'-nucleotidase21PW_P0132542309722893123642313679864013257Nicotinate riboside kinase21PW_P013257231002289413680163413255Purine-nucleoside phosphorylase21PW_P013255230982289513680363413256Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase21PW_P0132562309922896213680669113680763913258Nicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase21PW_P013258231012289713681063413259Nucleotide diphosphatase21PW_P013259231022289813681263413261NAD+ synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)21PW_P013261231042290013681663413263NAD+ kinase21PW_P0132632310622901213681818013262NAD+ transhydrogenase21PW_P013262231052290213682018013264Ribosylnicotinamide kinase21PW_P013264231072289413682263413265Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase21PW_P01326523108228962136823639132662'-phospho-cyclic-ADP-ribose transferase21PW_P013266231092290313682563413267Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase21PW_P013267231102290413682763413268Aldehyde oxidase21PW_P0132682311122905123740558123896413682963413260NAD+ diphosphatase21PW_P0132602310322899136814634179900falsePW_R179900Right6790428841Compoundfalse67904311341Compoundfalse6790441561Compoundfalse67904514202Compoundfalse67904611041Compoundfalse16976213252 2.5.1.72179899PW_R179899Right6790371231Compoundfalse6790381431Compoundfalse6790398841Compoundfalse6790401461Compoundfalse679041400341Compoundfalse169761132511.4.1.21179901falsePW_R179901Right6790471561Compoundfalse6790481901Compoundfalse679049400831Compoundfalse6790501701Compoundfalse67905113161Compoundfalse16976313253 2.4.2.19179913falsePW_R179913Right6791061541Compoundfalse67910714201Compoundfalse6791086811Compoundfalse67910911041Compoundfalse16977713254179902falsePW_R179902Right679052400831Compoundfalse67905314201Compoundfalse67905429431Compoundfalse67905511041Compoundfalse169764132543.1.3.5179905PW_R179905Left679070400831Compoundfalse67907110341Compoundfalse67907229431Compoundfalse6790734141Compoundfalse16976713257179915falsePW_R179915Right6791146811Compoundfalse67911511041Compoundfalse67911610861Compoundfalse67911711461Compoundfalse16977913255179903falsePW_R179903Both67905629431Compoundfalse67905711041Compoundfalse67905811451Compoundfalse67905911461Compoundfalse679060400341Compoundfalse169765132552.4.2.1179904PW_R179904Both679061400831Compoundfalse6790621701Compoundfalse67906310341Compoundfalse67906411041Compoundfalse67906511451Compoundfalse6790661901Compoundfalse6790674141Compoundfalse67906814201Compoundfalse679069400341Compoundfalse169766132566.3.4.21179906falsePW_R179906Both6790744141Compoundfalse679075400831Compoundfalse6790761701Compoundfalse6790779151Compoundfalse169768132582.7.7.1,2.7.7.18179911falsePW_R179911Both6790981701Compoundfalse6790997211Compoundfalse6791004141Compoundfalse6791011541Compoundfalse16977413258179912falsePW_R179912Right6791027211Compoundfalse67910314201Compoundfalse679104321Compoundfalse6791051541Compoundfalse1697751325916977613260179907falsePW_R179907Right6790789151Compoundfalse67907914201Compoundfalse679080321Compoundfalse679081400831Compoundfalse1697691325916977013260179908falsePW_R179908Right6790824141Compoundfalse6790839151Compoundfalse6790845001Compoundfalse67908514201Compoundfalse679086321Compoundfalse6790871701Compoundfalse6790887211Compoundfalse679089951Compoundfalse169771132616.3.5.1179910falsePW_R179910Right6790944141Compoundfalse6790957211Compoundfalse67909610341Compoundfalse6790971431Compoundfalse169773132632.7.1.23179909falsePW_R179909Both6790907211Compoundfalse6790911461Compoundfalse6790921431Compoundfalse67909311441Compoundfalse16977213262179914falsePW_R179914Right6791104141Compoundfalse6791116811Compoundfalse67911210341Compoundfalse6791131541Compoundfalse16977813264179916falsePW_R179916Both67911810861Compoundfalse6791191901Compoundfalse6791201541Compoundfalse6791211701Compoundfalse169780132652.4.2.12179917falsePW_R179917Right6791221431Compoundfalse67912311451Compoundfalse67912410861Compoundfalse6791251047051Compoundfalse169781132662.4.99.20179918falsePW_R179918Right6791269211Compoundfalse67912710861Compoundfalse679128400341Compoundfalse6791297491Compoundfalse6791305511Compoundfalse16978213267179919falsePW_R179919Right6791315511Compoundfalse67913210651Compoundfalse67913314201Compoundfalse67913420861Compoundfalse67913517831Compoundfalse679136400341Compoundfalse16978313268179920falsePW_R179920Right6791375511Compoundfalse67913810651Compoundfalse67913914201Compoundfalse67914020871Compoundfalse67914117831Compoundfalse679142400341Compoundfalse1697841326826854618846343false81768610regular100110268546211346343false85756610regular10011026854631566343false126768810regular1001102685464142063449false122358310regular78782685465110463446false122082610regular444326854661236343false39268810regular100110268546714363461false46763310regular5030268546814663462false77263310regular503026854694003463455false77381810regular787826854701906343false137256810regular1001102685471400836343false185268210regular100120268547217063445false174578110regular63432685473131663452false174358410regular787826854741546893false2704160310regular1001102685475142064049false2535151510regular787826854766816393false2109160210regular1001102685477110464046false2247152910regular444326854784236409false2364160610regular100252685479142017749false193359910regular7878268548029431773false231768410regular1001102685481110417746false224562110regular444326854824231779false207769010regular100252685483103463443false196249210regular5030268548441463442false224249410regular50302685485110463446false2047152910regular4443268548610866393false1579160610regular100100268548711466343false1704149610regular1001102685488110463446false244082610regular4443268548911456393false278269110regular100100268549011466343false271757310regular10011026854914003463455false271880810regular7878268549217063445false216532610regular63432685493103463443false218723910regular50302685494110463446false218546410regular444326854951906343false251220110regular100110268549641463442false252733010regular50302685497142063449false252844510regular787826854984003463455false251354310regular7878268549941463442false169785210regular5030268550017063445false1687103010regular634326855019156893false1850109210regular100120268550217063445false2507126510regular6343268550372163959false2720113710regular5030268550441463442false2519145810regular50302685505142063449false2917123310regular787826855063263444false2934145810regular50302685507142063449false2062102810regular787826855083263444false207785210regular5030268550941463442false2220109410regular503026855105006343false219596410regular100100268551114206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