118PathwayBendroflumethiazide Action PathwayBendroflumethiazide (also known as bendrofluazide (BAN) or Aprinox) is an organic compound that used for diuretic. It can inhibit the solute carrier family 12 member 3 (also known as sodium-chloride symporter) in the nephron to prevent water reabsorption. Solute carrier family 12 member 3 is also used for sodium reabsorption that count for 5% of total amount. Solute carrier family 12 member 3 transports chloride and sodium from lumen to epithelial cell, and sodium/potassium ATPases facilitate the export of sodium to basolateral interstitium to provide sodium gradient that will increase the osmolarity in interstitium, which lead to establishment of osmotic gradient for water reabsorption. Drug ActionPW000329TopPathwayVisualizationContext34510001800#000099PathwayVisualization124118Bendroflumethiazide PathwayBendroflumethiazide (also known as bendrofluazide (BAN) or Aprinox) is an organic compound that used for diuretic. It can inhibit the solute carrier family 12 member 3 (also known as sodium-chloride symporter) in the nephron to prevent water reabsorption. Solute carrier family 12 member 3 is also used for sodium reabsorption that count for 5% of total amount. Solute carrier family 12 member 3 transports chloride and sodium from lumen to epithelial cell, and sodium/potassium ATPases facilitate the export of sodium to basolateral interstitium to provide sodium gradient that will increase the osmolarity in interstitium, which lead to establishment of osmotic gradient for water reabsorption. Drug1284Bendroflumethiazide inhibition of Solute carrier family 12 member 3InhibitorySubPathway4158947Compound15416543ProteinComplex1421510653443Brater DC: Pharmacology of diuretics. Am J Med Sci. 2000 Jan;319(1):38-50.118Pathway2161092541Davies DL, Wilson GM: Diuretics: mechanism of action and clinical application. Drugs. 1975;9(3):178-226.118Pathway1CellCL:00000001Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman11Extracellular SpaceGO:00056151CytosolGO:000582910Cell MembraneGO:000588638Apical cell membraneGO:001632456Basal Cell MembraneGO:00099256KidneyBTO:000067171815111PW_BS0000152111PW_BS00000214101PW_BS000014230381PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS00002483265611PW_BS0005488947BendroflumethiazideHMDB0014580Bendroflumethiazide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810)As a diuretic, bendroflumethiazide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Thiazides like bendroflumethiazide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. The antihypertensive mechanism of bendroflumethiazide is less well understood although it may be mediated through its action on carbonic anhydrases in the smooth muscle or through its action on the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel, also found in the smooth muscle.73-48-3C07758231530132225DB00436NS(=O)(=O)C1=CC2=C(NC(CC3=CC=CC=C3)NS2(=O)=O)C=C1C(F)(F)FC15H14F3N3O4S2InChI=1S/C15H14F3N3O4S2/c16-15(17,18)10-7-11-13(8-12(10)26(19,22)23)27(24,25)21-14(20-11)6-9-4-2-1-3-5-9/h1-5,7-8,14,20-21H,6H2,(H2,19,22,23)HDWIHXWEUNVBIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N3-benzyl-1,1-dioxo-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1λ⁶,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide421.415421.037781946-3.293bendroflumethiazide00Bendroflumethazide;Bendroflumethiazidum [inn-latin];Bendroflumetiazida [inn-spanish];Bendrofumethiazide;Bendrofluazide;Benzhydroflumethiazide;Benzydroflumethiazide;Benzylhydroflumethiazide;Bhft;+--3-benzyl-3,4-dihydro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-2h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide;6-trifluoromethyl-3-benzyl-7-sulfamyl-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide;Bendroflumethiazidum;BendroflumetiazidaPW_C008947Bendrof259615259722245Solute carrier family 12 member 3P55017Electrically silent transporter system. Mediates sodium and chloride reabsorptionHMDBP03099SLC12A316q13U4412812584141363642303206Solute carrier family 22 member 6Q4U2R8Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of endogenous dicarboxylic acid (glutarate, ketoglutarate, etc). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of p- aminohippurate (PAH), ochratoxin (OTA), acyclovir (ACV), 3'-azido- 3-'deoxythymidine (AZT), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro- phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), hippurate (HA), indoleacetate (IA), indoxyl sulfate (IS) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2- furanpropionate (CMPF), cidofovir, adefovir, 9-(2- phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine (PMEG), 9-(2- phosphonylmethoxyethyl) diaminopurine (PMEDAP) and edaravone sulfate. PAH uptake is inhibited by p- chloromercuribenzenesulphonate (PCMBS), diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), sulindac, diclofenac, carprofen, glutarate and okadaic acid. PAH uptake is inhibited by benzothiazolylcysteine (BTC), S-chlorotrifluoroethylcysteine (CTFC), cysteine S-conjugates S-dichlorovinylcysteine (DCVC), furosemide, steviol, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), calcium ionophore A23187, benzylpenicillin, furosemide, indomethacin, bumetamide, losartan, probenecid, phenol red, urate, and alpha-ketoglutarateHMDBP07986SLC22A611q12.3AF1040381845414140131308140150832543Solute carrier family 12 member 31PW_P0005435752245206514541Solute carrier family 22 member 61PW_P000541573320689PW_T00008910289471Compound215Right565412013-08-21T10:21:54-06:002013-08-21T10:21:54-06:00145035894715157false69563010regular200190503689472157false137563010regular200190100828947157false69517510regular200190201722451476false11552358subunitregular15070201832061476false11456908subunitregular15070184154312414201020171842541124201120187636M895 270 C923 271 1020 270 1155 270 148false18falsetrueM 910 240 L 910 225 L 910 2107637M1155 270 C1125 270 877 320 847 320 5true187638M1375 725 C1345 725 1325 725 1295 725 83false187639M895 725 C925 725 1115 725 1145 725 83false18trueM 847.9903810567666 592.5 L 835 600 L 847.9903810567666 607.5false15981M795 365 C795 392 795 606 795 630 83false18trueM 802.5 377.9903810567666 L 795 365 L 787.5 377.9903810567666false1498912431350367638Left31450357639Right7618425631428412414true69728516regular29550357636Left4518417637Right4810082155159812427120201.01.00282924008291513806000.40.40222457825830151380650.40.40222457825277M1231 218 C1231 168 1281 118 1331 118 C1405 118 1501 118 1575 118 C1625 118 1675 168 1675 218 C1675 255 1675 303 1675 340 C1675 390 1625 440 1575 440 C1501 440 1405 440 1331 440 C1281 440 1231 390 1231 340 C1231 303 1231 255 1231 218 1true6444.0322.0278M1217 677 C1217 627 1267 577 1317 577 C1395 577 1495 577 1573 577 C1623 577 1673 627 1673 677 C1673 708 1673 747 1673 778 C1673 828 1623 878 1573 878 C1495 878 1395 878 1317 878 C1267 878 1217 828 1217 778 C1217 747 1217 708 1217 677 1true6456.0301.073815Distal Convoluted Tubule63075201.01.01601573915Proximal Convoluted Tubule630850201.01.01601576015Lumen945850201.01.01601576115Lumen93570201.01.016015111135204343321767968394142493640345589598651731494394113342940447168659752517329343941135409CenterPathwayVisualizationContext47545314131#000099PathwayVisualization90336Kidney FunctionKidneys are regulatory organs involved in removing wastes from the blood, hormone production, nutrient reabsorption, and regulating electrolyte concentrations, acid-base balance, extracellular fluid volume, and blood pressure. The early proximal tubule is where glucose, amino acids, sodium, chlorine, phosphate, bicarbonate, and water are reabsorbed. Only water is reabsorbed in the thin descending loop of Henle, while sodium, chlorine and potassium are reabsorbed in the thick ascending loop of Henle. Sodium and chlorine are also reabsorbed in the early distal convoluted tubule. Finally, sodium and water are reabsorbed in the collecting tubules. Blood pressure is regulated by the hormones angiotensin II and aldosterone, which increases sodium chloride reabsorption. This results in an expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment, thus increasing blood pressure.Physiological1301356SubPathway44716Bound23448583ProteinComplex14449545ProteinComplex1433655825318757Mount DB: Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Nov 7;9(11):1974-86. doi: 10.2215/CJN.04480413. Epub 2014 Oct 15.336Pathway33655911473623Giebisch G: Renal potassium channels: function, regulation, and structure. Kidney Int. 2001 Aug;60(2):436-45. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.060002436.x.336Pathway33656124855283Subramanya AR, Ellison DH: Distal convoluted tubule. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Dec 5;9(12):2147-63. doi: 10.2215/CJN.05920613. Epub 2014 May 22.336Pathway1CellCL:00000007Epithelial CellCL:00000663NeuronCL:00005404Cardiomyocyte CL:000074612AstrocyteCL:00001278Beta cellCL:00006395HepatocyteCL:000018214Parietal CellCL:00001621Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress51Picea sitchensis3332EukaryoteSitka spruce10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia425Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel15NucleusGO:000563411Extracellular SpaceGO:00056151CytosolGO:00058295CytoplasmGO:000573731Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562035ChloroplastGO:00095074PeroxisomeGO:00057773Mitochondrial MatrixGO:00057592MitochondrionGO:00057396LysosomeGO:000576434Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032510Cell MembraneGO:000588616Lysosomal LumenGO:00432027Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:000578918Melanosome MembraneGO:003316213Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:000578325Golgi ApparatusGO:000579414Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574112Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574320Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578821SynapseGO:004520236MembraneGO:001602053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016840PeriplasmGO:004259738Apical cell membraneGO:001632456Basal Cell MembraneGO:000992537Basolateral cell membraneGO:00163238Blood VesselBTO:000110274111LiverBTO:00007597296KidneyBTO:000067171825IntestineBTO:000064824BrainBTO:000014289163Sympathetic Nervous SystemBTO:000183218PancreasBTO:000098828StomachBTO:0001307155264Adrenal MedullaBTO:00000497187Nervous SystemBTO:000148411HeartBTO:00005627310231511PW_BS00002315111PW_BS0000152111PW_BS0000025181PW_BS0000518511PW_BS00000829111PW_BS000029711PW_BS0000071901118PW_BS0000241141112PW_BS000114409115PW_BS0001151371117PW_BS0001377906111PW_BS0005248346111PW_BS000549781611PW_BS00052260251PW_BS000060612517PW_BS000061711113PW_BS00007172513PW_BS0000727413PW_BS000074105113PW_BS000105107313PW_BS00010710813PW_BS0001081873118PW_BS000024188118PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS000024315123PW_BS00002435325127PW_BS000028326812PW_BS0000283522512PW_BS0000281321121PW_BS000132436255PW_BS0001154372557PW_BS00011541685PW_BS000115124151PW_BS00012447225177PW_BS000115452817PW_BS0001154712517PW_BS0001151181171PW_BS00011846114PW_BS000046788241113PW_BS00052459724112PW_BS000336193513PW_BS0000196618518PW_BS0000661471241PW_BS000147151141PW_BS0001511601181PW_BS0001601985181PW_BS00002430635511PW_BS0000242253541PW_BS0000241115121PW_BS000111122551PW_BS0001221355171PW_BS0001352975101PW_BS0000242991101PW_BS000024205561PW_BS000024388161PW_BS0001125411PW_BS0000053344121PW_BS000028408451PW_BS0001153744171PW_BS0000534824101PW_BS000115502461PW_BS0001154311PW_BS0000043211PW_BS0000037028511PW_BS000070103331PW_BS0001031203171PW_BS0001201333121PW_BS0001331553241PW_BS0001551613181PW_BS0001611783211PW_BS000178222341PW_BS000024224241PW_BS0000241122121PW_BS0001123683601PW_BS000028406351PW_BS000115407251PW_BS0001151192171PW_BS0001194793101PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS000115501361PW_BS000115206261PW_BS0000249611PW_BS000009101531PW_BS000101117131PW_BS0001172273441PW_BS0000242811251PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS0000241136121PW_BS000113126651PW_BS0001264436171PW_BS00011514101PW_BS00001413121PW_BS0000132811611PW_BS000028101711PW_BS000010204111PW_BS000020331811PW_BS000033181311PW_BS000018311511PW_BS00003149711PW_BS000049541315PW_BS000054432511PW_BS0000432441011PW_BS000024221411PW_BS000022171211PW_BS0000173612011PW_BS0000363772113PW_BS00003793252011PW_BS00009327151PW_BS000027971521PW_BS000097100521PW_BS000100943PW_BS000094110231PW_BS0001101231751PW_BS0001231251351PW_BS00012512711651PW_BS00012713013121PW_BS00013012915121PW_BS0001296131PW_BS000006140103PW_BS00014014315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS000146951721PW_BS0000951572241PW_BS0001571632181PW_BS00016315924PW_BS00015911PW_BS00000116611PW_BS0001661802211PW_BS00018015284PW_BS000152207661PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS0000242137181PW_BS00002421425181PW_BS0000242156181PW_BS0000242164181PW_BS00002421013181PW_BS00002421217181PW_BS00002417018PW_BS000170226441PW_BS00002416212181PW_BS000162261115PW_BS0000262771218PW_BS0000241644PW_BS0001642851041PW_BS0000242863641PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS00002465111PW_BS0000652905491PW_BS0000242916491PW_BS0000242924491PW_BS00002429817101PW_BS00002430013101PW_BS0000243016101PW_BS000024302116101PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS00002429341PW_BS000024253541PW_BS00002413412121PW_BS0001343317121PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS0000283331212PW_BS0000281151012PW_BS0001153361121PW_BS000028337116121PW_BS00002834141121PW_BS00002834318121PW_BS00002834713125PW_BS00002832914121PW_BS00002835625121PW_BS000028360410121PW_BS0000283702601PW_BS000028228361PW_BS000024383751PW_BS0001003841251PW_BS000100390761PW_BS0001123911261PW_BS0001123987171PW_BS000113232403PW_BS000024412125PW_BS000115405105PW_BS0001154151851PW_BS0001154141551PW_BS0001154251355PW_BS000115429151PW_BS00011512112171PW_BS0001214192551PW_BS00011543441051PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS0001004461217PW_BS0001153761017PW_BS00005344717171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS000136448116171PW_BS00011545118171PW_BS00011545015171PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS0001154641171PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS000115469410171PW_BS00011539914171PW_BS0001134831110PW_BS0001154781010PW_BS00011548718101PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS0001154957101PW_BS00011548414101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS000115208116PW_BS000024209106PW_BS0000245041861PW_BS0001155072561PW_BS00011551541061PW_BS0001153891461PW_BS0001123951361PW_BS0001135131761PW_BS000115185321PW_BS000024230381PW_BS000024731013PW_BS00007375251017PW_BS0000756816561PW_BS0005107946151PW_BS00053483265611PW_BS0005487772837114PW_BS0005217826381PW_BS00052283163811PW_BS000548229371PW_BS000024787241013PW_BS000524451014PW_BS000045801111PW_BS0000806361PW_BS00006316PW_B00001638672ProteinComplex13926Compound126442326AldosteroneHMDB0000037Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.52-39-1C017802475842527584ALDOSTERONE24774738[H][C@@]12CC[C@H](C(=O)CO)[C@]1(C[C@H](O)[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])CCC2=CC(=O)CC[C@]12C)C=OC21H28O5InChI=1S/C21H28O5/c1-20-7-6-13(24)8-12(20)2-3-14-15-4-5-16(18(26)10-22)21(15,11-23)9-17(25)19(14)20/h8,11,14-17,19,22,25H,2-7,9-10H2,1H3/t14-,15-,16+,17-,19+,20-,21+/m0/s1PQSUYGKTWSAVDQ-ZVIOFETBSA-N(1S,2R,10S,11S,14S,15R,17S)-17-hydroxy-14-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-2-methyl-5-oxotetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-ene-15-carbaldehyde360.444360.193674006-3.392(1S,2R,10S,11S,14S,15R,17S)-17-hydroxy-14-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-2-methyl-5-oxotetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-ene-15-carbaldehyde00FDB021883(+)-aldosterone;(11b)-11,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-en-18-al;(11beta)-11,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-en-18-al;11,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al;11-hydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10-methyl-3-oxo-1,2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-13-carbaldehyde;11b,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-en-18-al;11beta,21-dihydroxy-3,20-diketo-4-pregnen-18-al;11beta,21-dihydroxy-3,20-diketopregn-4-ene-18-al;11beta,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-en-18-al;11beta,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,18,20-trione;18-formyl-11beta,21-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione;18-oxocorticosterone;Aldocorten;Aldocortene;Aldocortin;Aldosterone;Aldosteronum;D-aldosterone;Electrocortin;Elektrocortin;Reichstein x;Delta-aldosteronePW_C000026Aldostr217482654232962778961111121800122124352135140745781374Chloride ionHMDB0000492Under standard conditions, chlorine exists as a diatomic molecule. Chlorine is a highly toxic, pale yellow-green gas that has a specific strong smell. In nature, chlorine is most abundant as a chloride ion. Physiologically, this it. exists as an ion in the body. The chloride ion is an essential anion that the body needs for many critical functions. It also helps keep the body's acid-base balance. The amount of chloride in the blood is carefully controlled by the kidneys. Chloride ions have important physiological roles. For instance, in the central nervous system, the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of GABA relies on the entry of Cl- into specific neurons. Also, the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger biological transport protein relies on the chloride ion to increase the blood's capacity of carbon dioxide, in the form of the bicarbonate ion. Chloride-transporting proteins (CLC) play fundamental roles in many tissues in the plasma membrane as well as in intracellular membranes. CLC proteins form a gene family that comprises nine members in mammals, at least four of which are involved in human genetic diseases. GABA(A) receptors are pentameric complexes that function as ligand-gated chloride ion channels. WNK kinases are a family of serine-threonine kinases that have been shown to play an essential role in the regulation of electrolyte homeostasis, and they are found in diverse epithelia throughout the body that are involved in chloride ion flux. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by alterations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) gene that result in deranged sodium and chloride ion transport channels. (PMID: 17539703, 17729441, 17562499, 15300163) (For a complete review see Evans, Richard B. Chlorine: state of the art. Lung (2005), 183(3), 151-167. PMID: 16078037).16887-00-6C0069831217996CPD-4521306[Cl-]ClInChI=1S/ClH/h1H/p-1VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-Mchloride35.45334.9688527070chloride-1-1FDB006557Bertholite;Chloor;Chlor;Chlore;Chloride;Chloride ion;Chlorine;Chlorine gas;Cl;Cl2;Diatomic chlorine;Dichlorine;Molecular chlorine;Chloride(1-);Chlorine anion;Cl(-)PW_C000374Cl209115209222958513149833162934377728219078909114122371409124925137140684790140685834140686781458SodiumHMDB0000588Sodium ions are necessary for regulation of blood and body fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and certain metabolic functions. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Sodium is needed by animals, which maintain high concentrations in their blood and extracellular fluids, but the ion is not needed by plants. The human requirement for sodium in the diet is less than 500 mg per day, which is typically less than a tenth as much as many diets "seasoned to taste." Most people consume far more sodium than is physiologically needed. For certain people with salt-sensitive blood pressure, this extra intake may cause a negative effect on health.17341-25-2C0133092329101899[Na+]NaInChI=1S/Na/q+1FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-Nsodium(1+) ion22.989822.9897696750sodium(1+) ion11FDB003523Sodium;Sodium ion;Na(+);Na+PW_C000458Na+20931520942272460272561315771315872318574361551460785860105586110758621087149187715018842337318423383157823935378243326782493527904713212238943612239043712263541612263612412494247212494645212496047112520911814068279014068383414069646140740788140741597457PotassiumHMDB0000586Potassium is an essential electrolyte. Potassium balance is crucial for regulating the excitability of nerves and muscles and so critical for regulating contractility of cardiac muscle. Although the most important changes seen in the presence of deranged potassium are cardiac, smooth muscle is also affected with increasing muscle weakness, a feature of both hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Potassium (K+) is a positively charged electrolyte, cation, which is present throughout the body in both intracellular and extracellular fluids. The majority of body potassium, >90%, are intracellular. It moves freely from intracellular fluid (ICF) to extracellular fluid (ECF) and vice versa when adenosine triphosphate increases the permeability of the cell membrane. It is mainly replaced inside or outside the cells by another cation, sodium (Na+). The movement of potassium into or out of the cells is linked to certain body hormones and also to certain physiological states. Standard laboratory tests measure ECF potassium. Potassium enters the body rapidly during food ingestion. Insulin is produced when a meal is eaten; this causes the temporary movement of potassium from ECF to ICF. Over the ensuing hours, the kidneys excrete the ingested potassium and homeostasis is returned. In the critically ill patient, suffering from hyperkalaemia, this mechanism can be manipulated beneficially by administering high concentration (50%) intravenous glucose. Insulin can be added to the glucose, but glucose alone will stimulate insulin production and cause movement of potassium from ECF to ICF. The stimulation of alpha receptors causes increased movement of potassium from ICF to ECF. A noradrenaline infusion can elevate serum potassium levels. An adrenaline infusion, or elevated adrenaline levels, can lower serum potassium levels. Metabolic acidosis causes a rise in extracellular potassium levels. In this situation, excess of hydrogen ions (H+) are exchanged for intracellular potassium ions, probably as a result of the cellular response to a falling blood pH. Metabolic alkalosis causes the opposite effect, with potassium moving into the cells. (PMID: 17883675).24203-36-9C0023881329103K%2b791DB01345[K+]KInChI=1S/K/q+1NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-Npotassium(1+) ion39.098338.9637068610potassium(1+) ion11FDB003521K+;Kalium;Potassium;Potassium (k+);Potassium (ion);Potassium cation;Potassium ion;Potassium ion (k+);Potassium ion (k1+);Potassium ion(+);Potassium ion(1+);Potassium monocation;Potassium(+);Potassium(1+);Potassium(1+) ion;Potassium(i) cation;K(+)PW_C000457K+5738931191926220951530336631617231627136135136146159211475952151690216011810198152223067702322577115132776101117824132678246353120484122121198124123105135123768118124944452124949472125860297125965299127322205127421388140680834140681790140687781200UreaHMDB0000294Urea is a highly soluble organic compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea is formed in a cyclic pathway known simply as the urea cycle. In this cycle, amino groups donated by ammonia and L-aspartate are converted to urea. Urea is essentially a waste product; it has no physiological function. It is dissolved in blood (in humans in a concentration of 2.5 - 7.5 mmol/liter) and excreted by the kidney in the urine. In addition, a small amount of urea is excreted (along with sodium chloride and water) in human sweat.57-13-6C00086117616199UREA1143DB03904NC(N)=OCH4N2OInChI=1S/CH4N2O/c2-1(3)4/h(H4,2,3,4)XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-Nurea60.055360.032362760.842urea00FDB012174Arf;Alphadrate;B-i-k;Bromisovalum;Bubber shet;Calmurid;Calmurid hc;Carbaderm;Carbamide;Carbamide resin;Carbonyl diamide;Carbonyl diamine;Carbonyldiamide;Carbonyldiamine;Carmol;Helicosol;Hyanit;Isourea;Keratinamin;Keratinamin kowa;Mocovina;Onychomal;Panafil;Ure;Urea;Ureaphil;Ureophil;Beta-i-k;E927b;H2nc(o)nh2;Harnstoff;Karbamid;Ur;UreePW_C000200Urea4728750526071526082575610811879198426303157749311177801334120400122120587408123043135123215374125727482127210502463Hydrogen carbonateHMDB0000595Bicarbonate, or hydrogen carbonate, is a simple single carbon molecule that plays surprisingly important roles in diverse biological processes. Among these are photosynthesis, the Krebs cycle, whole-body and cellular pH regulation, and volume regulation. Since bicarbonate is charged it is not permeable to lipid bilayers. Mammalian membranes thus contain bicarbonate transport proteins to facilitate the specific transmembrane movement of HCO3(-). Bicarbonate ion is an anion that consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement, with a hydrogen atom attached to one of the oxygens. The bicarbonate ion carries a negative one formal charge and is the conjugate base of carbonic acid, H2CO3. The carbonate radical is an elusive and strong one-electron oxidant. Bicarbonate in equilibrium with carbon dioxide constitutes the main physiological buffer. The bicarbonate-carbon dioxide pair stimulates the oxidation, peroxidation and nitration of several biological targets. The demonstration that the carbonate radical existed as an independent species in aqueous solutions at physiological pH and temperature renewed the interest in the pathophysiological roles of this radical and related species. The carbonate radical has been proposed to be a key mediator of the oxidative damage resulting from peroxynitrite production, xanthine oxidase turnover and superoxide dismutase1 peroxidase activity. The carbonate radical has also been proposed to be responsible for the stimulatory effects of the bicarbonate-carbon dioxide pair on oxidations mediated by hydrogen peroxide/transition metal ions. The ultimate precursor of the carbonate radical anion being bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, peroxymonocarbonate or complexes of transition metal ions with bicarbonate-derived species remains a matter of debate. The carbonate radical mediates some of the pathogenic effects of peroxynitrite. The carbonate radical as the oxidant produced from superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1, SOD1) peroxidase activity. Peroxymonocarbonate is a biological oxidant, whose existence is in equilibrium with hydrogen peroxide and bicarbonate. (PMID: 17505962, 17215880).71-52-3C0028876917544HCO3749OC(O)=OCH2O3InChI=1S/CH2O3/c2-1(3)4/h(H2,2,3,4)BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-Ncarbonic acid62.024862.000393930.572carbonic acid0-1FDB022134Bicarbonate;Bicarbonate (hco3-);Bicarbonate anion;Bicarbonate ion;Bicarbonate ion (hco31-);Bicarbonate ions;Carbonate;Carbonate (hco31-);Carbonate ion (hco31-);Carbonic acid;Hydrocarbonate(1-);Hydrogen carbonate;Hydrogen carbonate (hco3-);Hydrogen carbonate anion;Hydrogen carbonate ion;Hydrogen carbonate ion (hco3-);Hydrogencarbonate;Hydrogentrioxocarbonate;Monohydrogen carbonate;[co2(oh)](-);Acid carbonate;Hco3(-);Hydrogen carbonic acid;Acid carbonic acid;Bicarbonic acid;Bicarbonic acid ionPW_C000463HCO32241687823933239722613153145705391103544512055711336049155611016164941787482222909222477959112786301327876211180029368119993406121209407121436122121557124123779119123994135124115118125372479126059297126360299126541481126914501127511205127922388128114206448L-CysteineHMDB0000574Cysteine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino acid that is found in most proteins, although only in small quantities. Cysteine is unique amongst the twenty natural amino acids as it contains a thiol group. Thiol groups can undergo oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions; when cysteine is oxidized it can form cystine, which is two cysteine residues joined by a disulfide bond. This reaction is reversible since the reduction of this disulphide bond regenerates two cysteine molecules. The disulphide bonds of cystine are crucial to defining the structures of many proteins. Cysteine is often involved in electron-transfer reactions, and help the enzyme catalyze its reaction. Cysteine is also part of the antioxidant glutathione. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is a form of cysteine where an acetyl group is attached to cysteine's nitrogen atom and is sold as a dietary supplement. Cysteine is named after cystine, which comes from the Greek word kustis meaning bladder (cystine was first isolated from kidney stones). Oxidation of cysteine can produce a disulfide bond with another thiol and further oxidation can produce sulphfinic or sulfonic acids. The cysteine thiol group is also a nucleophile and can undergo addition and substitution reactions. Thiol groups become much more reactive when they are ionized, and cysteine residues in proteins have pKa values close to neutrality, so they are often in their reactive thiolate form in the cell. The thiol group also has a high affinity for heavy metals and proteins containing cysteine will bind metals such as mercury, lead, and cadmium tightly. Due to this ability to undergo redox reactions, cysteine has antioxidant properties. Cysteine is an important source of sulfur in human metabolism, and although it is classified as a non-essential amino acid, cysteine may be essential for infants, the elderly, and individuals with certain metabolic disease or who suffer from malabsorption syndromes. Cysteine may at some point be recognized as an essential or conditionally essential amino acid (Wikipedia). Cysteine is important in energy metabolism. As cystine, it is a structural component of many tissues and hormones. Cysteine has clinical uses ranging from baldness to psoriasis to preventing smoker's hack. In some cases, oral cysteine therapy has proved excellent for treatment of asthmatics, enabling them to stop theophylline and other medications. Cysteine also enhances the effect of topically applied silver, tin, and zinc salts in preventing dental cavities. In the future, cysteine may play a role in the treatment of cobalt toxicity, diabetes, psychosis, cancer, and seizures (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/).52-90-4C00097586217561CYS5653DB00151N[C@@H](CS)C(O)=OC3H7NO2SInChI=1S/C3H7NO2S/c4-2(1-7)3(5)6/h2,7H,1,4H2,(H,5,6)/t2-/m0/s1XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N(2R)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid121.158121.019749163-0.723L-cysteine00DBMET00503FDB012678(+)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid;(2r)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate;(2r)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid;(2r)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoate;(2r)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid;(r)-(+)-cysteine;(r)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate;(r)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid;(r)-2-amino-3-mercapto-propanoate;(r)-2-amino-3-mercapto-propanoic acid;(r)-cysteine;2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate;2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid;2-amino-3-mercaptopropionate;2-amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid;3-mercapto-l-alanine;Acetylcysteine;B-mercaptoalanine;Carbocysteine;Cisteina;Cisteinum;Cystein;Cysteine;Cysteinum;Free cysteine;Half-cystine;L cysteine;L-(+)-cysteine;L-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate;L-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid;L-2-amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid;L-cystein;L-cysteine;Polycysteine;Thioserine;Alpha-amino-beta-thiolpropionic acid;Beta-mercaptoalanine;C;Cys;E920;L-zystein;(2r)-2-amino-3-sulphanylpropanoate;(2r)-2-amino-3-sulphanylpropanoic acid;L-2-amino-3-mercaptopropionatePW_C000448Cys1748186722864928701557671015801108675611767591077078188749622475941608256227826022512012281122691514265131543730322777781117779511377796132807041351201251221201311241205801261228631181232104431254912971254982991270292051270353881420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O558949109513941513162144811352615624286521069120770338231883821094311377491465541590432018242532222678602727462778172805293143703164723634614598364727374941935030275156751959752141005227945236103529710553191115343113535511254021105470123548312554921265507127553413055371145541129559113556081185622108569165759140577810158411435853146587710758909559101475940151603215560591576087161612316361331596215162181666477178650718066001526713117684018868881607162205718120771932067211211722821372382147243215729519873502167388210740121274672227492224750019075881708201225823722684141629265261185027711922164120112811221328512250286122642871232724912520227126326512693290127052911271529213007298130193001302530113037302132612231332729415340308423273154269531843691322769142937701925377102132771311337721513477378331773973327747133377516115775363347762833677722337777593417781634377982347780713297823535278242353782703567911336080014368800393708059122880656119938303839479438411055739011063939111584439811987923211991512211996340612000840712004640812011312412036541212043040512043840912060641512079441412115842512124042912135112112138141912160743412211838212238443612275312012279737412280444312301244612306437612307213712313144712314213612316244812323145112338445012373046012381046412394045512416546912467039912493847112494547212530529712535347912538648112542448212548029912568248312570747812574548712605449012623849512627348412676448012689650112696350212701738812717720812719920912722750412750650712757651512783638912808239512817651314067479014067583414075518532Organic AnionCompoundPW_EC00003225696ChEBIOA39Organic CationCompoundPW_EC00003925697ChEBIOC5L-Amino acidCompound105CompoundPW_EC00000515705ChEBILAA50Large Neutral Amino AcidsCompound105CompoundPW_EC00005033709ChEBILNAA51Imino acidsCompoundPW_EC00005126271ChEBIIA2245Solute carrier family 12 member 3P55017Electrically silent transporter system. Mediates sodium and chloride reabsorptionHMDBP03099SLC12A316q13U4412812584141363642301294Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1P05023This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.
HMDBP01387ATP1A11p21AL13637613.6.3.92645143167733637613928755069271362996811397927941402358321409237771423Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2P50993This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.
HMDBP01534ATP1A21q23.2J0509613.6.3.92646143168733638613929755070271363016811397937941402398321409207771316Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3P13637This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.
HMDBP01416ATP1A319q13.31M3745513.6.3.92647143169733639613930755071271363006811397947941402378321409217772269Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4Q13733This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients. Plays a role in sperm motility.
HMDBP03142ATP1A41q23.2AF31064613.6.3.92648143170733640613931755072271363026811397957941401383081402388321409197771154Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1P05026This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The beta subunit regulates, through assembly of alpha/beta heterodimers, the number of sodium pumps transported to the plasma membraneHMDBP01228ATP1B11q24X1716112649143171733641613932755073271363036811397967941401438321409177771150Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2P14415This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The exact function of the beta-2 subunit is not knownHMDBP01224ATP1B217p13.1CH47110812650143172733642613933755074271363046811397977941402348321409187771126Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3P54709This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The exact function of the beta-3 subunit is not knownHMDBP01199ATP1B33q23AF00589412651143173733643613934755075271363056811397987941402298321409157775708ATPase, (Na+)/K+ transporting, beta 4 polypeptideB7ZKV8BC143404126521431747336446139357550762784562281363066811397997941401538321409167772684Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gammaP54710May be involved in forming the receptor site for cardiac glycoside binding or may modulate the transport function of the sodium ATPaseHMDBP07463FXYD211q23U50743126531431757336456139367550772784572281363076811398007941402368321409227771411373083402Chloride channel protein ClC-KaP51800Voltage-gated chloride channel. Chloride channels have several functions including the regulation of cell volume; membrane potential stabilization, signal transduction and transepithelial transport. May be important in urinary concentrating mechanismsHMDBP08182CLCNKA1p36AK298285184582281363096811401518322199Solute carrier family 12 member 1Q13621Electrically silent transporter system. Mediates sodium and chloride reabsorption. Plays a vital role in the regulation of ionic balance and cell volumeHMDBP03028SLC12A115q15-q21.1EF559316126291484602281363082301401477821401488313206Solute carrier family 22 member 6Q4U2R8Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of endogenous dicarboxylic acid (glutarate, ketoglutarate, etc). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of p- aminohippurate (PAH), ochratoxin (OTA), acyclovir (ACV), 3'-azido- 3-'deoxythymidine (AZT), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro- phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), hippurate (HA), indoleacetate (IA), indoxyl sulfate (IS) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2- furanpropionate (CMPF), cidofovir, adefovir, 9-(2- phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine (PMEG), 9-(2- phosphonylmethoxyethyl) diaminopurine (PMEDAP) and edaravone sulfate. PAH uptake is inhibited by p- chloromercuribenzenesulphonate (PCMBS), diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), sulindac, diclofenac, carprofen, glutarate and okadaic acid. PAH uptake is inhibited by benzothiazolylcysteine (BTC), S-chlorotrifluoroethylcysteine (CTFC), cysteine S-conjugates S-dichlorovinylcysteine (DCVC), furosemide, steviol, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), calcium ionophore A23187, benzylpenicillin, furosemide, indomethacin, bumetamide, losartan, probenecid, phenol red, urate, and alpha-ketoglutarateHMDBP07986SLC22A611q12.3AF10403818454141401313081401508322227Solute carrier family 12 member 6Q9UHW9Mediates electroneutral potassium-chloride cotransport. May be activated by cell swelling. May contribute to cell volume homeostasis in single cellsHMDBP03070SLC12A615q13AF314941184612291363106812409Solute carrier family 22 member 2O15244Mediates tubular uptake of organic compounds from circulation. Mediates the influx of agmatine, dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), serotonin, choline, famotidine, ranitidine, histamin, creatinine, amantadine, memantine, acriflavine, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)-styryl]-N-methylpyridinium ASP, amiloride, metformin, N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Cisplatin may develop a nephrotoxic action. Transport of creatinine is inhibited by fluoroquinolones such as DX-619 and LVFX. This transporter is a major determinant of the anticancer activity of oxaliplatin and may contribute to antitumor specificityHMDBP04308SLC22A26q26AJ251885184622281866Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit alphaP37088Sodium permeable non-voltage-sensitive ion channel inhibited by the diuretic amiloride. Mediates the electrodiffusion of the luminal sodium (and water, which follows osmotically) through the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Controls the reabsorption of sodium in kidney, colon, lung and sweat glands. Also plays a role in taste perceptionHMDBP02267SCNN1A12p13AC00605712636141362972301397877941410078314301Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit betaP51168Sodium permeable non-voltage-sensitive ion channel inhibited by the diuretic amiloride. Mediates the electrodiffusion of the luminal sodium (and water, which follows osmotically) through the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Controls the reabsorption of sodium in kidney, colon, lung and sweat glands. Also plays a role in taste perceptionHMDBP09092SCNN1B16p12.2-p12.1AF26022612637141362962301397887941410058314302Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit deltaP51172Sodium permeable non-voltage-sensitive ion channel inhibited by the diuretic amiloride. Mediates the electrodiffusion of the luminal sodium (and water, which follows osmotically) through the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Controls the reabsorption of sodium in kidney, colon, lung and sweat glands. Also plays a role in taste perceptionHMDBP09093SCNN1D1p36.3-p36.2BC03675212638141362952301397897941401413081401458312161Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit gammaP51170Sodium permeable non-voltage-sensitive ion channel inhibited by the diuretic amiloride. Mediates the electrodiffusion of the luminal sodium (and water, which follows osmotically) through the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Controls the reabsorption of sodium in kidney, colon, lung and sweat glands. Also plays a role in taste perceptionHMDBP02930SCNN1G16p12AF356500126391484642301397907941410068312241Excitatory amino acid transporter 3P43005Transports L-glutamate and also L- and D-aspartate. Essential for terminating the postsynaptic action of glutamate by rapidly removing released glutamate from the synaptic cleft. Acts as a symport by cotransporting sodium. Negatively regulated by ARL6IP5HMDBP03094SLC1A19p24AF03798211405577872278Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Q01650Sodium-independent, high-affinity transport of large neutral amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, arginine and tryptophan, when associated with SLC3A2/4F2hc. Involved in cellular amino acid uptake. Acts as an amino acid exchanger. Involved in the transport of L-DOPA across the blood- brain barrier, and that of thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) across the cell membrane in tissues such as placenta. Plays a role in neuronal cell proliferation (neurogenesis) in brain. Involved in the uptake of methylmercury (MeHg) when administered as the L-cysteine or D,L-homocysteine complexes, and hence plays a role in metal ion homeostasis and toxicity. Involved in the cellular activity of small molecular weight nitrosothiols, via the stereoselective transport of L- nitrosocysteine (L-CNSO) across the transmembrane. May play an important role in high-grade gliomas. Mediates blood-to-retina L- leucine transport across the inner blood-retinal barrier which in turn may play a key role in maintaining large neutral amino acids as well as neurotransmitters in the neural retina. Acts as the major transporter of tyrosine in fibroblastsHMDBP03158SLC7A516q24.3M80244122384F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chainP08195Required for the function of light chain amino-acid transporters. Involved in sodium-independent, high-affinity transport of large neutral amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, arginine and tryptophan. Involved in guiding and targeting of LAT1 and LAT2 to the plasma membrane. When associated with SLC7A6 or SLC7A7 acts as an arginine/glutamine exchanger, following an antiport mechanism for amino acid transport, influencing arginine release in exchange for extracellular amino acids. Plays a role in nitric oxide synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via transport of L-arginine. Required for normal and neoplastic cell growth. When associated with SLC7A5/LAT1, is also involved in the transport of L-DOPA across the blood-brain barrier, and that of thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) across the cell membrane in tissues such as placenta. Involved in the uptake of methylmercury (MeHg) when administered as the L-cysteine or D,L-homocysteine complexes, and hence plays a role in metal ion homeostasis and toxicity. When associated with SLC7A5 or SLC7A8, involved in the cellular activity of small molecular weight nitrosothiols, via the stereoselective transport of L- nitrosocysteine (L-CNSO) across the transmembrane. Together with ICAM1, regulates the transport activity LAT2 in polarized intestinal cells, by generating and delivering intracellular signals. When associated with SLC7A5, plays an important role in transporting L-leucine from the circulating blood to the retina across the inner blood-retinal barrierHMDBP03090SLC3A211q13BC00300013207Sodium- and chloride-dependent transporter XTRP3Q9NP91Mediates the calcium-dependent uptake of imino acids such as L-proline, N-methyl-L-proline and pipecolate as well as N- methylated amino acidsHMDBP07987SLC6A203p21.3AF075260184652302261Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 4Q969I6Sodium-dependent amino acid transporter. Mediates electrogenic symport of neutral amino acids and sodium ions. Has a broad specificity, with a preference for Ala, followed by His, Cys, Asn, Ser, Gly, Val, Thr, Gln and Met. May mediate sodium- independent transport of cationic amino acids, such as Arg and Lys. Amino acid uptake is pH-dependent, with low transport activities at pH 6.5, intermediate at pH 7.0 and highest between pH 7.5 and 8.5HMDBP03128SLC38A412q13AF19383618450142234Y+L amino acid transporter 1Q9UM01Involved in the sodium-independent uptake of dibasic amino acids and sodium-dependent uptake of some neutral amino acids. Requires co-expression with SLC3A2/4F2hc to mediate the uptake of arginine, leucine and glutamine. Plays a role in nitric oxide synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via transport of L-arginine. Involved in the transport of L- arginine in monocytesHMDBP03080SLC7A714q11.2AF092032184662294307Y+L amino acid transporter 2Q92536Involved in the sodium-independent uptake of dibasic amino acids and sodium-dependent uptake of some neutral amino acids. Requires co-expression with SLC3A2/4F2hc to mediate the uptake of arginine, leucine and glutamine. Also acts as an arginine/glutamine exchanger, following an antiport mechanism for amino acid transport, influencing arginine release in exchange for extracellular amino acids. Plays a role in nitric oxide synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via transport of L-arginine. Involved in the transport of L-arginine in monocytes. Reduces uptake of ornithine in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cellsHMDBP09098SLC7A616q22.1CH471092184672292032Mineralocorticoid receptorP08235Receptor for both mineralocorticoids (MC) such as aldosterone and glucocorticoids (GC) such as corticosterone or cortisol. Binds to mineralocorticoid response elements (MRE) and transactivates target genes. The effect of MC is to increase ion and water transport and thus raise extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure and lower potassium levelsHMDBP02638NR3C24q31.1AC09388112655231397427811397437941621Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBATQ07837Involved in the high-affinity, sodium-independent transport of cystine and neutral and dibasic amino acids (system B(0,+)-like activity). May function as an activator of SLC7A9 and be involved in the high-affinity reabsorption of cystine in the kidney tubuleHMDBP01812SLC3A12p16.3BC093626184682281625B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1P82251Involved in the high-affinity, sodium-independent transport of cystine and neutral and dibasic amino acids (system b(0,+)-like activity). Thought to be responsible for the high- affinity reabsorption of cystine in the kidney tubuleHMDBP01816SLC7A919q13.1AF421180184692301973Urea transporter 2Q15849Specialized low-affinity vasopressin-regulated urea transporter. Mediates rapid transepithelial urea transport across the inner medullary collecting duct and plays a major role in the urinary concentrating mechanism.
HMDBP02521SLC14A218q12.1-q21.1X96969184702301362926811413028321413037821918Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2Q9UHI5Sodium-independent, high-affinity transport of small and large neutral amino acids such as alanine, serine, threonine, cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, arginine and tryptophan, when associated with SLC3A2/4F2hc. Acts as an amino acid exchanger. Has higher affinity for L-phenylalanine than LAT1 but lower affinity for glutamine and serine. L-alanine is transported at physiological concentrations. Plays a role in basolateral (re)absorption of neutral amino acids. Involved in the uptake of methylmercury (MeHg) when administered as the L-cysteine or D,L-homocysteine complexes, and hence plays a role in metal ion homeostasis and toxicity. Involved in the cellular activity of small molecular weight nitrosothiols, via the stereoselective transport of L-nitrosocysteine (L-CNSO) across the transmembrane. Plays an essential role in the reabsorption of neutral amino acids from the epithelial cells to the bloodstream in the kidneyHMDBP02392SLC7A814q11.2AK31346514860Aquaporin-1P29972Forms a water-specific channel that provides the plasma membranes of red cells and kidney proximal tubules with high permeability to water, thereby permitting water to move in the direction of an osmotic gradientHMDBP10782AQP17p14AC004691184591413629023013637568123809ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 1P48048
In the kidney, probably plays a major role in potassium homeostasis. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium. This channel is activated by internal ATP and can be blocked by external barium.
KCNJ112136Aquaporin-2P41181Forms a water-specific channel that provides the plasma membranes of renal collecting duct with high permeability to water, thereby permitting water to move in the direction of an osmotic gradientHMDBP02881AQP212q12-q13AF14709311362982301401403081401427821402278311402308322004Aquaporin-3Q92482Water channel required to promote glycerol permeability and water transport across cell membranes. Acts as a glycerol transporter in skin and plays an important role in regulating SC (stratum corneum) and epidermal glycerol content. Involved in skin hydration, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. Provides kidney medullary collecting duct with high permeability to water, thereby permitting water to move in the direction of an osmotic gradient. Slightly permeable to urea and may function as a water and urea exit mechanism in antidiuresis in collecting duct cells. It may play an important role in gastrointestinal tract water transport and in glycerol metabolismHMDBP02583AQP39p13AJ493597184632291362916811401468323411Chloride intracellular channel protein 2O15247Can insert into membranes and form chloride ion channels. Channel activity depends on the pH. Membrane insertion seems to be redox-regulated and may occur only under oxydizing conditions. Modulates the activity of RYR2 and inhibits calcium influxHMDBP08191CLIC2AK29278511361606594295Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaQ14524This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) channel isoform. This channel is responsible for the initial upstroke of the action potential in the electrocardiogramHMDBP09086SCN5A3p21BC144621134841434935235224584982283222Beta-2-syntrophinQ13425Adapter protein that binds to and probably organizes the subcellular localization of a variety of membrane proteins. May link various receptors to the actin cytoskeleton and the dystrophin glycoprotein complex. May play a role in the regulation of secretory granules via its interaction with PTPRNHMDBP08002SNTB216q22.1AF24338513485143494523523451590Beta-1-syntrophinQ13884Adapter protein that binds to and probably organizes the subcellular localization of a variety of membrane proteins. May link various receptors to the actin cytoskeleton and the dystrophin glycoprotein complexHMDBP01766SNTB18q23-q24AK29265513486143495523524453221Alpha-1-syntrophinQ13424Adapter protein that binds to and probably organizes the subcellular localization of a variety of membrane proteins. May link various receptors to the actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix via the dystrophin glycoprotein complex. Plays an important role in synapse formation and in the organization of UTRN and acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular synapse. Binds to phosphatidylinositol 4,5- biphosphateHMDBP08001SNTA120q11.2U405711348714349652352545672Active Mineralocorticoid receptor1PW_P00067274620322264323543Solute carrier family 12 member 31PW_P0005435752245206514545Sodium/potassium ATPase1PW_P000545577129457814235791316580226958111545821150583112658457085852684207814547Chloride channel protein ClC-Ka1PW_P0005475873402208514558Solute carrier family 12 member 11PW_P0005585992199214214541Solute carrier family 22 member 61PW_P0005415733206577Solute carrier family 12 member 61PW_P0005776182227221514580Solute carrier family 22 member 21PW_P0005806212409224414583Epithelial Sodium Channel1PW_P0005836241866625430162643026272161224714662Excitatory amino acid transporter 31PW_P0006627322241258014666SLC3A2/4F2hc Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 11PW_P00066673722787382238667Sodium- and chloride-dependent transporter XTRP31PW_P0006677393207258514668Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 41PW_P0006687402261258714669SLC3A2/4F2hc Y+L amino acid transporter 11PW_P00066974122347422238259114670SLC3A2/4F2hc Y+L amino acid transporter 21PW_P00067074343077442238259314720Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT/B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 11PW_P000720813162181416251061Urea transporter 21PW_P001061120819731665SLC3A2/4F2hc Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 21PW_P00066573519187362238548Aquaporin-11PW_P000548588486020881415145ROMK1PW_P01514525197238091581Aquaporin-21PW_P0005816222136224514582Aquaporin-31PW_P0005826232004224614767Chloride intracellular channel protein 21PW_P00076786434111687Voltage-gated sodium channel (INa)1PW_P000687775429577632227771590778322152PW_T000052573741Compound152Right584581Compound152Right225432013-08-08T11:47:05-06:002013-08-08T11:47:05-06:001453PW_T000053594583Compound215Right604572Compound215Left235452013-08-08T13:59:27-06:002013-08-08T13:59:27-06:0054PW_T000054613741Compound215Right245472013-08-08T14:38:58-06:002013-09-05T20:30:46-06:00141147672013-09-05T20:30:46-06:002013-09-05T20:30:46-06:001458PW_T000058654581Compound152Right664571Compound152Right673742Compound152Right285582013-08-09T13:54:42-06:002013-08-09T13:54:42-06:0056PW_T00005663321ElementCollection215Right275412013-08-09T12:25:02-06:002013-08-09T12:25:02-06:0059PW_T000059683741Compound215Right694571Compound215Right295772013-08-12T14:07:25-06:002013-08-12T14:07:25-06:0060PW_T00006070391ElementCollection215Right305802013-08-13T09:24:05-06:002013-08-13T09:24:05-06:0062PW_T000062724581Compound152Right335832013-08-13T10:38:44-06:002013-08-26T13:11:37-06:0014926872013-08-26T13:11:37-06:002013-08-27T09:30:58-06:004583PW_T0000839551ElementCollection152Right964581Compound152Right476622013-08-21T09:24:30-06:002013-08-21T09:24:30-06:001484PW_T00008497501ElementCollection215Right506652013-08-21T10:04:50-06:002013-08-21T10:04:50-06:0014516662013-08-21T10:04:50-06:002013-08-21T10:04:50-06:0014101PW_T000101114511ElementCollection152Right1154581Compound152Right1163741Compound152Right686672013-08-21T10:24:44-06:002013-08-21T10:24:44-06:0014103PW_T00010311951ElementCollection215Right1204581Compound215Right716682013-08-21T10:36:41-06:002013-08-21T10:36:41-06:0014746692013-08-21T10:52:30-06:002013-08-21T10:52:30-06:0014756702013-08-21T10:52:30-06:002013-08-21T10:52:30-06:0014104PW_T00010412151ElementCollection215Right1224581Compound215Right726692013-08-21T10:51:31-06:002013-08-21T10:51:31-06:0014736702013-08-21T10:51:31-06:002013-08-21T10:51:31-06:0014106PW_T0001061242001Compound215Right18810612013-09-26T22:08:09-06:002013-09-26T22:08:09-06:0014107PW_T0001071254631Compound152Right108PW_T0001081264631Compound215Right127PW_T0001271494481Compound152Right987202013-08-30T10:17:08-06:002013-08-30T10:17:08-06:0014105PW_T0001051232001Compound152Right18710612013-09-26T22:05:34-06:002013-09-26T22:05:34-06:001455PW_T0000556214201Compound280Right255482013-08-08T14:49:15-06:002019-04-17T11:44:51-06:00681315812013-08-13T10:06:19-06:002019-04-17T11:44:51-06:00681325822013-08-13T10:06:19-06:002019-04-17T11:44:51-06:0068113687PW_T013687Active140994571Compound834790Right4764151452021-06-01T13:42:34-06:002021-06-01T13:42:34-06:006310362PW_T0103621073214201Compound802Right15315482019-04-17T11:44:03-06:002019-04-17T11:44:03-06:0023015325812019-04-17T11:44:03-06:002019-04-17T11:44:03-06:0023015335822019-04-17T11:44:03-06:002019-04-17T11:44:03-06:002301162390151147757118817758511426233false785405510regular10010038563741550false2795189010regular78783857374250false3310188510regular787838584581558false2795200010regular78783859458258false3310199010regular787838604581558false3880199010regular78783861457257false3310170510regular787838624571557false3875170510regular78783895374250false3475157510regular787838963741550false3820157510regular787839704581558false1750249010regular78783971458258false2145248010regular787839724571557false1750269010regular78783973457257false2145271010regular787839743741550false1750259010regular78783975374250false2145259010regular78783978374250false2350285510regular787839793741550false2678285510regular7878405745823true10010010regular10010040584581558false2785248010regular78784059457257false2785278010regular787840604571557false2250277510regular78784061374250false2350295010regular787840623741550false2678295010regular78784063457257false2350304810regular787840644571557false2678304810regular787841414581558false277081010regular78784142458258false326381010regular78784143458258false337081010regular787841444581558false387881010regular78784145457257false3390109310regular787841464571557false3883109310regular787850154581558false76190010regular78785016458258false116190010regular787850194581558false760111010regular78785020458258false1160111010regular787850213741550false760119510regular78785022374250false1160119510regular78785023458258false132582010regular787850244581558false179582510regular78785029458258false1325102010regular787850304581558false1796102010regular78785032458258false1326122010regular787850334581558false1796121010regular787850462008343false3255117010regular100100504920023true10010010regular1001005050200153true10010010regular1001005057463153false750141010regular100110505846323true10010010regular100110507746323true10010010regular1001105078463153false1785141010regular1001105090463153false2900129510regular100110509146323true10010010regular100110509246323true10010010regular1001105093463153false3725129510regular1001105725448153false750153010regular100100572644823false1190153010regular1001008967200153false2745116510regular10010031341221420249false1278202410regular7878313412514208049false675202410regular7878313412845783457false2111290010regular7878313412945779057fa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1929 C2903 1929 2965 1975 2995 1975 83false185664M3310 1924 C3255 1917 3175 1975 3145 1975 83false18trueM 557.0096189432334 277.5 L 570 270 L 557.0096189432334 262.5false5665M2873 2039 C2903 2039 2965 1975 2995 1975 83false185666M3310 2029 C3213 2039 3167 1957 3145 1975 83false18trueM 557.0096189432334 277.5 L 570 270 L 557.0096189432334 262.5false5667M3388 1744 C3433 1745 3815 1743 3875 1744 83false18trueM 729.9468550441649 127.26155629629604 L 715 126 L 721.3808877211858 139.57513432307834false5668M3860 1860 C3883 1876 3851 1727 3875 1744 83true18trueM 1189.9468550441647 166.26155629629605 L 1175 165 L 1181.380887721186 178.57513432307834false5669M3860 1920 C3883 1936 1362 328 1386 345 83true18trueM 1290.0644009829866 303.6115180941069 L 1305 305 L 1298.7346610946918 291.37115087758207false5670M3388 2029 C3441 2029 3792 2028 3880 2029 83false18trueM 842.2866858634759 227.86486630444702 L 850 215 L 835.0020418957963 214.75250716262397false5715M3553 1614 C3616 1615 3569 1615 3610 1615 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