60PathwayMalate-Aspartate ShuttleThe malate-aspartate shuttle system, also called the malate shuttle, is an essential system used by mitochondria, that allows electrons to move across the impermeable membrane between the cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix. The electrons are created during glycolysis, and are needed for oxidative phosphorylation. The malate-aspartate shuttle is needed as the inner membrane is not permeable to NADH or NAD+, but is permeable to the ions that attach to malate. When the malate gets inside the membrane,the energy inside of malate is taken out by creating NADH from NAD+, which regenerates oxaloacetate. NADH can then transfer electrons to the electron transport chain.
MetabolicPW000030CenterPathwayVisualizationContext3019503500#000099PathwayVisualization4060Malate-Aspartate ShuttleThe malate-aspartate shuttle system, also called the malate shuttle, is an essential system used by mitochondria, that allows electrons to move across the impermeable membrane between the cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix. The electrons are created during glycolysis, and are needed for oxidative phosphorylation. The malate-aspartate shuttle is needed as the inner membrane is not permeable to NADH or NAD+, but is permeable to the ions that attach to malate. When the malate gets inside the membrane,the energy inside of malate is taken out by creating NADH from NAD+, which regenerates oxaloacetate. NADH can then transfer electrons to the electron transport chain.
Metabolic1244348SubPathway3681144Compound424576SubPathway3691144Compound8322Lehninger, A.L. Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th ed.) (2005). New York: W.H Freeman.60Pathway323Salway, J.G. Metabolism at a glance (3rd ed.) (2004). Alden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub.60Pathway27962718603266Lu M, Zhou L, Stanley WC, Cabrera ME, Saidel GM, Yu X: Role of the malate-aspartate shuttle on the metabolic response to myocardial ischemia. J Theor Biol. 2008 Sep 21;254(2):466-75. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.05.033. Epub 2008 Jul 7.60Pathway1CellCL:00000006MyocyteCL:00001875HepatocyteCL:00001823NeuronCL:000054012AstrocyteCL:00001272Platelet CL:00002334CardiomyocyteCL:00007468Beta cellCL:00006391Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia45Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote202Spathaspora passalidarum340170EukaryoteSpathaspora passalidarum62Acinetobacter baylyi (strain ATCC 33305 / BD413 / ADP1)62977Prokaryote3Mitochondrial MatrixGO:00057596LysosomeGO:00057644PeroxisomeGO:00057772MitochondrionGO:000573924Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:00057581CytosolGO:00058295CytoplasmGO:000573735ChloroplastGO:000950731Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562040PeriplasmGO:004259713Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:000578310Cell MembraneGO:000588611Extracellular SpaceGO:00056157Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:000578919Sarcoplasmic ReticulumGO:001652925Golgi ApparatusGO:000579414Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574112Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574316Lysosomal LumenGO:004320236MembraneGO:001602053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032532Inner MembraneGO:00702581LiverBTO:00007597299MuscleBTO:00008871411824BrainBTO:000014289163Sympathetic Nervous SystemBTO:00018324Adrenal MedullaBTO:00000497182Endothelium BTO:00003935cardiocyteBTO:000153918PancreasBTO:00009888Blood VesselBTO:000110274116KidneyBTO:000067171828StomachBTO:0001307155264311PW_BS0000049611PW_BS0000095411PW_BS0000053211PW_BS000003422411PW_BS0000422111PW_BS0000028511PW_BS000008103331PW_BS0001031203171PW_BS0001201333121PW_BS0001331553241PW_BS0001551613181PW_BS0001611783211PW_BS000178222341PW_BS000024224241PW_BS000024151141PW_BS00015122014PW_BS0000242253541PW_BS000024117131PW_BS0001171601181PW_BS0001602916491PW_BS0000242924491PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS0000241321121PW_BS0001321136121PW_BS0001133344121PW_BS0000281122121PW_BS0001121115121PW_BS00011134524121PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS0000281355171PW_BS000135406351PW_BS000115408451PW_BS000115126651PW_BS000126122551PW_BS000122124151PW_BS0001244182451PW_BS000115407251PW_BS0001153744171PW_BS0000534436171PW_BS0001151181171PW_BS00011845424171PW_BS0001151192171PW_BS0001194793101PW_BS0001154824101PW_BS0001153016101PW_BS0000242975101PW_BS00002448924101PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS000024501361PW_BS000115502461PW_BS000115207661PW_BS000024205561PW_BS0000245062461PW_BS000115388161PW_BS000112107313PW_BS00010710813PW_BS000108188118PW_BS0000241985181PW_BS0000242905491PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS000024315123PW_BS000024232403PW_BS000024181311PW_BS000018311511PW_BS000031509516PW_BS000050261115PW_BS000026541315PW_BS0000541471241PW_BS0001471572241PW_BS00015785241011PW_BS0000852892491PW_BS000024253541PW_BS00002412915121PW_BS00012934695126PW_BS00002832711125PW_BS00002834713125PW_BS000028943PW_BS0000944141551PW_BS0001154239556PW_BS0001154241155PW_BS0001154251355PW_BS00011545015171PW_BS00011545895176PW_BS00011545911175PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS000115206261PW_BS00002411PW_BS00000114101PW_BS000014105113PW_BS0001051873118PW_BS00002472513PW_BS000072711113PW_BS0000713201123PW_BS0000248424111PW_BS00008459724112PW_BS000336193513PW_BS000019204111PW_BS000020101711PW_BS00001049711PW_BS00004921217181PW_BS0000242137181PW_BS00002429341PW_BS00002434141121PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS0000283317121PW_BS000028711PW_BS0000071231751PW_BS000123383751PW_BS00010044717171PW_BS0001153987171PW_BS00011329817101PW_BS0000244957101PW_BS0001155131761PW_BS000115390761PW_BS00011216212PW_BS00001615111PW_BS000015215114PW_BS0000213551914PW_BS00003546114PW_BS000046471914PW_BS000047432511PW_BS0000435811411PW_BS000058171211PW_BS00001729111PW_BS0000296618518PW_BS0000662811611PW_BS000028101531PW_BS0001012111018PW_BS0000241901118PW_BS00002421013181PW_BS0000241644PW_BS0001642851041PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS0000241151012PW_BS00011535625121PW_BS00002813013121PW_BS0001301141112PW_BS0001147413PW_BS000074228361PW_BS0000245181PW_BS000051405105PW_BS0001154192551PW_BS0001151251351PW_BS000125409115PW_BS0001153761017PW_BS00005345525171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS0001361371117PW_BS0001374781010PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS000115209106PW_BS0000245072561PW_BS0001157906111PW_BS0005248346111PW_BS0005496131PW_BS000006951721PW_BS000095100521PW_BS00010014117191PW_BS0001411632181PW_BS000163226441PW_BS0000242164181PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS00002430013101PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS00002413412121PW_BS0001343361121PW_BS00002816611PW_BS000166429151PW_BS0001153841251PW_BS0001004641171PW_BS00011512112171PW_BS00012148012101PW_BS0001153911261PW_BS0001123951361PW_BS000113185321PW_BS000024221411PW_BS0000227028511PW_BS00007015924PW_BS00015915284PW_BS000152219314PW_BS00002417018PW_BS00017016212181PW_BS0001621951318PW_BS0000242811251PW_BS0000242863641PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS0000243125231PW_BS000024310312PW_BS00002430412PW_BS000024109323PW_BS0001094831110PW_BS000115208116PW_BS00002488231202PW_BS00055288312021PW_BS000552167311PW_BS000167168321PW_BS000168788241113PW_BS00052496212415PW_BS0005645511215PW_BS00005517283621PW_BS000706148Oxalacetic acidHMDB0000223Oxaloacetic acid, also known as oxosuccinic acid or oxalacetic acid, is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid appearing as an intermediate of the citric acid cycle. In vivo, oxaloacetate (the ionized form of oxaloacetic acid) is formed by the oxidation of L-malate, catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase, and reacts with Acetyl-CoA to form citrate, catalyzed by citrate synthase.(wikipedia) A class of ketodicarboxylic acids derived from oxalic acid. Oxaloacetic acid is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle and is converted to aspartic acidD by a transamination reaction.328-42-7C0003697030744OXALACETIC_ACID945OC(=O)CC(=O)C(O)=OC4H4O5InChI=1S/C4H4O5/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h1H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)KHPXUQMNIQBQEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N132.0716132.005873238FDB0014792-ketosuccinate;2-ketosuccinic acid;2-oxobutanedioate;2-oxobutanedioic acid;2-oxosuccinate;2-oxosuccinic acid;Ketosuccinate;Ketosuccinic acid;Oaa;Oxalacetate;Oxaloacetate;Oxaloacetic acid;Oxaloethanoate;Oxaloethanoic acid;Oxosuccinate;Oxosuccinic acid;A-ketosuccinate;A-ketosuccinic acid;Alpha-ketosuccinate;Alpha-ketosuccinic acid;3-carboxy-3-oxopropanoic acid;Keto-succinic acid;Oxalacetic acid;Oxobutanedioic acid;3-carboxy-3-oxopropanoate;Keto-succinate;OxobutanedioatePW_C000148Oaa25496911151099311094211132168885371103544812055741336033155608816164781787468222751322475171518372220837822511744117118911601270729112717292437923227750813277533113775383347795811278009111782903458001536880700135119964406120048408120062126120180122120419124120815418121207407122799374122813443123055118123400454123777119125354479125426482125439301125537297125801489125807299126897501126965502126977207127070205127256506127261388123L-Aspartic acidHMDB0000191Aspartic acid (Asp, D), also known as aspartate, the name of its anion, is one of the 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. As its name indicates, aspartic acid is the carboxylic acid analog of asparagine. As a neurotransmitter, aspartic acid may provide resistance to fatigue and thus lead to endurance, although the evidence to support this idea is not strong (Wikipedia). Aspartic acid is a nonessential amino acid that is made from glutamic acid by enzymes using vitamin B6. The amino acid has important roles in the urea cycle and DNA metabolism. Aspartic acid is a major excitatory neurotransmitter, which is sometimes found to be increased in epileptic and stroke patients. It is decreased in depressed patients and in patients with brain atrophy. Aspartic acid supplements are being evaluated. Five grams can raise blood levels. Magnesium and zinc may be natural inhibitors of some of the actions of aspartic acid. Aspartic acid, with the amino acid phenylalanine, is a part of a new natural sweetener, aspartame. This sweetener is an advance in artificial sweeteners, and is probably safe in normal doses to all except phenylketonurics. The jury is still out on the long-term effects it has on many brain neurohormones. Aspartic acid may be a significant immunostimulant of the thymus and can protect against some of the damaging effects of radiation. Many claims have been made for the special value of administering aspartic acid in the form of potassium and magnesium salts. Since aspartic acid is relatively nontoxic, studies are now in progress to elucidate its pharmacological and therapeutic roles (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids).56-84-8C000494436744517053L-ASPARTATE5745DB00128N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=OC4H7NO4InChI=1S/C4H7NO4/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2H,1,5H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t2-/m0/s1CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N133.1027133.037507717FDB012567Asp;(+)-aspartate;(+)-aspartic acid;(2s)-aspartate;(2s)-aspartic acid;(l)-aspartate;(l)-aspartic acid;(r)-2-aminosuccinate;(s)-(+)-aspartate;(s)-(+)-aspartic acid;(s)-2-aminosuccinate;(s)-2-aminosuccinic acid;(s)-aminobutanedioate;(s)-aminobutanedioic acid;(s)-aspartate;(s)-aspartic acid;(s)-amino-butanedioate;(s)-amino-butanedioic acid;2-amino-3-methylsuccinate;2-amino-3-methylsuccinic acid;2-aminosuccinate;2-aminosuccinic acid;Aminosuccinate;Asparagate;Asparagic acid;Asparaginate;Asparaginic acid;Asparatate;Aspartate;H-asp-oh;L-(+)-aspartate;L-(+)-aspartic acid;L-aminosuccinate;L-aminosuccinic acid;L-asparagate;L-asparagic acid;L-asparaginate;L-asparaginic acid;L-aspartate;Alpha-aminosuccinate;Alpha-aminosuccinic acid;(s)-2-aminobutanedioic acid;Aspartic acid;D;L-asparaginsaeure;(s)-2-aminobutanedioatePW_C000123Asp48893911013110341104421994256631075664108685118875701608185225118021981268629012704291423633184236431577323111775101327753211378288133782893457930711280699135119878232119881117120037122120421124120809406120813418123057118123394120123398454125415297125795479125799489126955205127250501127254506127555388134Oxoglutaric acidHMDB0000208Oxoglutaric acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutarate, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, AKG, or 2-oxoglutaric acid, is classified as a gamma-keto acid or a gamma-keto acid derivative. gamma-Keto acids are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the C4 carbon atom. alpha-Ketoglutarate is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic. alpha-Ketoglutarate is a key molecule in the TCA cycle, playing a fundamental role in determining the overall rate of this important metabolic process (PMID: 26759695). In the TCA cycle, AKG is decarboxylated to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide by AKG dehydrogenase, which functions as a key control point of the TCA cycle. Additionally, AKG can be generated from isocitrate by oxidative decarboxylation catalyzed by the enzyme known as isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). In addition to these routes of production, AKG can be produced from glutamate by oxidative deamination via glutamate dehydrogenase, and as a product of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transamination reactions (mediated by branched-chain amino acid transaminases) in which glutamate is a common amino donor. AKG is a nitrogen scavenger and a source of glutamate and glutamine that stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein degradation in muscles. In particular, AKG can decrease protein catabolism and increase protein synthesis to enhance bone tissue formation in skeletal muscles (PMID: 26759695). Interestingly, enteric feeding of AKG supplements can significantly increase circulating plasma levels of hormones such as insulin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (PMID: 26759695). It has recently been shown that AKG can extend the lifespan of adult C. elegans by inhibiting ATP synthase and TOR (PMID: 24828042). In combination with molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate is required for the hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline in the production of type I collagen. A recent study has shown that alpha-ketoglutarate promotes TH1 differentiation along with the depletion of glutamine thereby favouring Treg (regulatory T-cell) differentiation (PMID: 26420908). alpha-Ketoglutarate has been found to be associated with fumarase deficiency, 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex deficiency, and D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, which are all inborn errors of metabolism (PMID: 8338207).328-50-7C0002651309152-KETOGLUTARATE50DB02926OC(=O)CCC(=O)C(O)=OC5H6O5InChI=1S/C5H6O5/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)KPGXRSRHYNQIFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N146.0981146.021523302FDB0033612-ketoglutarate;2-ketoglutaric acid;2-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate;2-oxo-1,5-pentanedioic acid;2-oxoglutarate;2-oxoglutaric acid;2-oxopentanedioate;2-oxopentanedioic acid;Oxoglutarate;Alpha-ketoglutaric acid;Oxoglutaric acid;A-ketoglutarate;A-ketoglutaric acid;Alpha-ketoglutarate;α-ketoglutarate;α-ketoglutaric acidPW_C000134AKG152423141414684991867331110842126351447501455261467545375103541411754381185564132600814760361556069157609216164821786530857471222751522475191518209225837422011863198126812897705425377135133774811117752311277746129779673457797034677976327779843477842533480018368806941351131629411997240612002212412008440712017412212055241412081441812098940812114642312115242412116042512275712012283111912318645012339945412355437412371845812372445912373246012535747912540029912545548112553329712580048912592948212690050112694038812699320612706620512725550612738850295L-Glutamic acidHMDB0000148Glutamic acid (Glu), also referred to as glutamate (the anion), is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is not among the essential amino acids. Glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serves as metabolic fuel or other functional roles in the body. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: * Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. * Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimer's disease. glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid).56-86-0C000253303216015GLT30572DB00142N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=OC5H9NO4InChI=1S/C5H9NO4/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N147.1293147.053157781FDB012535(2s)-2-aminopentanedioate;(2s)-2-aminopentanedioic acid;(s)-(+)-glutamate;(s)-(+)-glutamic acid;(s)-2-aminopentanedioate;(s)-2-aminopentanedioic acid;(s)-glutamate;(s)-glutamic acid;1-amino-propane-1,3-dicarboxylate;1-amino-propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid;1-aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylate;1-aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid;2-aminoglutarate;2-aminoglutaric acid;2-aminopentanedioate;2-aminopentanedioic acid;Aciglut;Aminoglutarate;Aminoglutaric acid;E;Glt;Glu;Glusate;Glut;Glutacid;Glutamicol;Glutamidex;Glutaminate;Glutaminic acid;Glutaminol;Glutaton;L-(+)-glutamate;L-(+)-glutamic acid;L-glu;L-glutamate;L-glutaminate;L-glutaminic acid;L-a-aminoglutarate;L-a-aminoglutaric acid;L-alpha-aminoglutarate;L-alpha-aminoglutaric acid;A-aminoglutarate;A-aminoglutaric acid;A-glutamate;A-glutamic acid;Alpha-aminoglutarate;Alpha-aminoglutaric acid;Alpha-glutamate;Alpha-glutamic acid;Acide glutamique;Acido glutamico;Acidum glutamicum;Glutamate;Glutamic acid;L-glutaminsaeurePW_C000095Glu16244365811911384164149699110542144850145626146254532311153441135415117543911855651325631107563210858591056006147607115761919465318568381876844188709272709371716520571822077514224751815182082258373220117921981185516112004222126213112683289126972904234831542349318428453207702025377332133775251127797134677977327779813477829134580649135120023124120040122120086407120347406120692126120816418121147423121153424121157425122833119122997120123299443123401454123719458123725459123729460125401299125418297125457481125667479125769301125802489126941388126995206127162501127257506140738841407395971148Pyridoxal 5'-phosphateHMDB0001491This is the active form of vitamin B6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (pyridoxamine). -- Pubchem; Pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate) is a cofactor of many enzymatic reactions. It is the active form of vitamin B6 which comprises three natural organic compounds, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine. -- Wikipedia.54-47-7C00018105118405PYRIDOXAL_PHOSPHATE1022DB00114CC1=NC=C(COP(O)(O)=O)C(C=O)=C1OC8H10NO6PInChI=1S/C8H10NO6P/c1-5-8(11)7(3-10)6(2-9-5)4-15-16(12,13)14/h2-3,11H,4H2,1H3,(H2,12,13,14)NGVDGCNFYWLIFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N247.1419247.024573569FDB021820Apolon b6;Biosechs;Codecarboxylase;Coenzyme b6;Hairoxal;Hexermin-p;Hi-pyridoxin;Hiadelon;Himitan;Pal-p;Plp;Phosphopyridoxal;Phosphopyridoxal coenzyme;Pidopidon;Piodel;Pydoxal;Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate;Pyridoxal 5-phosphate;Pyridoxal p;Pyridoxal phosphate;Pyridoxal-p;Pyridoxyl phosphate;Pyromijin;Sechvitan;Vitahexin-p;Vitazechs;3-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-[(phosphonooxy)methyl]-4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde;3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde 5-phosphate;Phosphoric acid mono-(4-formyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl) ester;Pyridoxal 5-monophosphoric acid ester;Pyridoxal 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate);Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate;Pyridoxal 5'-phosphoric acid;3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde 5-phosphoric acid;Phosphate mono-(4-formyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl) ester;Pyridoxal 5-monophosphate ester;Pyridoxal 5'-(dihydrogen phosphoric acid);Pyridoxal 5-phosphoric acid;Pyridoxal phosphoric acid;Pyridoxal-5'-phosphoric acidPW_C001148Pyr-5'P18232445351812214011969620111042145050145826212010215049532511154161175421103544111854551205567132558113365338570181607167205721621272222131185816112175151126233112628181268428912689290770172537703722577041293770522247752611277764341779733467797932778292345788553327886233180696135986307119912122120024124120029406120087407120817418121149423121155424122069123122076383122834119123402454123721458123727459124620447124627398125302297125402299125407479125458481125803489126224298126231495126942388126947501126996206127258506127786513127793390353CalciumHMDB0000464Calcium is essential for the normal growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, and calcium requirements must be met throughout life. Requirements are greatest during periods of growth, such as childhood, during pregnancy and when breast-feeding. Long-term calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased risk of fractures. Adults need between 1,000 and 1,300 mg of calcium in their daily diet. Calcium is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, and is the most common metal in many animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Calcium combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. A deficit can affect bone and tooth formation, while overretention can cause kidney stones. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well-known source of calcium. However, some individuals are allergic to dairy products and even more people, particularly those of non-European descent, are lactose-intolerant, leaving them unable to consume dairy products. Fortunately, many other good sources of calcium exist. These include: seaweeds such as kelp, wakame and hijiki; nuts and seeds (like almonds and sesame); beans; amaranth; collard greens; okra; rutabaga; broccoli; kale; and fortified products such as orange juice and soy milk. Calcium has also been found to assist in the production of lymphatic fluids.14127-61-8C0007627129108CA%2b2266DB01373[Ca++]CaInChI=1S/Ca/q+2BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N40.07839.962591155FDB003513Ca;Calcium element;Ca(2+);Ca2+;Calcium ion;Calcium, doubly charged positive ionPW_C000353Ca2+27616303855314601294115993219973510463116346116447147849149142155243211658213817279618293793159713160723942294186664782104822285340111578010171792057232211725816072811901177421311837198118422101219816412215285152881511535030869336177389331776001157815413278266356785263457872413078908114804137480589228818265112022012212046540512104912412130041812137741912185038312192312512237040912289513512309937612361311812387045412393645512440339812447613612492413712557129712571147812598148912600929912605049012653349512720320912743450612746038812750250712810539014067679014067783414069550592Malic acidHMDB0000744Malic acid is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid that plays a role in many sour or tart foods. In its ionised form it is malate, an intermediate of the TCA cycle along with fumarate. It can also be formed from pyruvate as one of the anaplerotic reactions.6915-15-7C007115256650MAL510OC(CC(O)=O)C(O)=OC4H6O5InChI=1S/C4H6O5/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2,5H,1H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N134.0874134.021523302FDB0081142-hydroxybutanedioate;2-hydroxybutanedioic acid;2-hydroxyethane-1,2-dicarboxylate;2-hydroxyethane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid;2-hydroxysuccinate;2-hydroxysuccinic acid;Dl-malate;Dl-malic acid;Deoxytetrarate;Deoxytetraric acid;Hydroxybutanedioate;Hydroxybutanedioic acid;Hydroxysuccinate;Hydroxysuccinic acid;Musashi-no-ringosan;Pomalus acid;R,s-malate;R,s-malic acid;R,smalate;R,smalic acid;A-hydroxysuccinate;A-hydroxysuccinic acid;Alpha-hydroxysuccinate;Alpha-hydroxysuccinic acid;Aepfelsaeure;Apple acid;E296;H2mal;α-hydroxysuccinate;α-hydroxysuccinic acidPW_C000592Malate1106411074211122779543457795713378294132120811406120819124120822418123396120123404118123407454125797479125805299125812489127252501127260388127264506721NADHMDB0000902NAD (or Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be converted to ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it by cellular respiration. (wikipedia). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed).53-84-9C00003589315846NAD5682NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H27N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H27N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,5-6H2,(H5-,22,23,24,25,33,34,35,36,37)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-N663.4251663.109121631FDB0223093-carbamoyl-1-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide;Co-i;Codehydrase i;Codehydrogenase i;Coenzyme i;Cozymase;Cozymase i;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidized;Endopride;Nad trihydrate;Nad-oxidized;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized;Nicotinamide dinucleotide;Nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide;Oxidized diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Pyridine nucleotide diphosphate;[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl {[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxyphosphoryl) hydrogen phosphate;[adenylate-32-p]-nad;Beta-diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Beta-nad;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide trihydrate;Dpn;Nad;Nad+;Nadide;B-nad;β-nadPW_C000721NAD140415033538651101114211344312735146654222949277917283529310794807184813184819284902649603151679552381035334111536011254691235482125559013556101185696100573810858271415912147594215160241556072157607616163851646917867721176890160701218870971637174205719720674051987459222824122683592259085224118192161232224913006298130183001325622342404322426193157710413277120133772091347737033177650336776673347770233277709130779151137798334778406356800063688069011993825124110552388112750166112853941199291221199524061201714071208344191209844081211594251212421261212594291218173831226143841227421201231304471231411361234194551235493741237314601238124431238294641243703981251871211253192971253424791255304811258062991258254901259244821265154951267654801268855011272785071273835021280893901283603911284283951407571851144NADHHMDB0001487NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). It forms NADP with the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.(Dorland, 27th ed).58-68-4C0000443915316908NADH388299DB00157NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H29N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H29N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,33)(H,34,35)(H,36,37)(H2,22,24,25)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BOPGDPNILDQYTO-NNYOXOHSSA-N665.441665.124771695FDB0226491,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dpnh;Dihydrocodehydrogenase i;Dihydrocozymase;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide;Enada;Nadh;Nadh2;Reduced codehydrogenase i;Reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Reduced nicotinamide adenine diphosphate;Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide;B-dpnh;B-nadh;Beta-dpnh;Beta-nadh;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced);Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidePW_C001144NADH1434153349086481011152127551469542230492781172836293109948061848121848212849046495931516995524010353321115358112546612354791255593135569810057371085829141591514759451516027155607916163871647217867711176893160701118870991637172205719520674622228244226836022590862241180919811821216123202491300329813015300132552234240332242618315771071327712313377208134773713317765133677668334777003327770713077917113779863478000936880691119938221241105493881128549411583811811995540612017240712037812212098640812116242512124412612169342912181838312261638412274512012312744712313813612355137412373446012381444312424246412437139812518912112534547912553148112576229712580829912592648212651649512676748012688850112738550212809039012836239112842939514075918540034Hydrogen IonHMDB0059597Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [WikiPedia])C000801038153781010[H+]HInChI=1S/p+1GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N1.00791.007825032H+;H(+);Hydrogen cation;Hydron;ProtonPW_C040034H+21546708753157883184831116214632614645422314927801742502242544245471045761846947052411035327111535311256261085639107569910057201055742117596314760371556070157609316161301596232166648317866011526692101684318869101877100163716820571912067453219745422074722227525213753221075582127572160759017081952258218151824322684131628420224913919591552491191516412015281121812851224628612266287125212271325722313325294153303084232931542354318424013224240531242454320769122937713613377210134773723317780411477955132779903277799134778379345799291308001936880387310803883048072211993823124948233831105503881128559411328039011553739811553911811585633611620510911997340612019340712054912212059340912117042412117142512256941812261538412268712512275812012318313512321813712374245912374346012514145412518812112527313612535947912555048112573048312573629712580929912651749512671748912676648012682330012690250112721320812830850612836139112843039514069288214069388314069916714070716814071514140742788140743597140760185278Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrialP00505Catalyzes the irreversible transamination of the L-tryptophan metabolite L-kynurenine to form kynurenic acid (KA). Plays a key role in amino acid metabolism. Important for metabolite exchange between mitochondria and cytosol. Facilitates cellular uptake of long-chain free fatty acids.
HMDBP00284GOT216q21BC00052512.6.1.1; 2.6.1.7110231111424169448768141829962142139542270Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein Aralar1O75746Catalyzes the calcium-dependent exchange of cytoplasmic glutamate with mitochondrial aspartate across the mitochondrial inner membrane. May have a function in the urea cycle.
HMDBP03143SLC25A122q24AC068039184451714182755803Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrialP40926HMDBP00858MDH27cen-q22AK29077911.1.1.37265411003111721418315414995017281050Mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate/malate carrier proteinQ02978Catalyzes the transport of 2-oxoglutarate across the inner mitochondrial membrane in an electroneutral exchange for malate or other dicarboxylic acids, and plays an important role in several metabolic processes, including the malate-aspartate shuttle, the oxoglutarate/isocitrate shuttle, in gluconeogenesis from lactate, and in nitrogen metabolism.
HMDBP01116SLC25A1117p13.3AF070548184461714182855304Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial1PW_P000304323278213411481305Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein Aralar11PW_P00030532422701135353168Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial1PW_P0000688280322644306Mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate/malate carrier protein1PW_P0003063251050178falsePW_R000078Both3031231Compoundfalse3041341Compoundfalse3051481Compoundtrue306951Compoundfalse372304388falsePW_R000388Both15975921Compoundfalse15987211Compoundtrue15991481Compoundfalse160011441Compoundtrue3351400341Compoundtrue373681.1.1.3731PW_T000031311231Compound442Right32951Compound442Left73052013-07-09T11:27:41-06:002013-07-09T11:27:41-06:001732PW_T000032331341Compound442Left345921Compound442Right83062013-07-09T13:45:43-06:002013-07-09T13:45:43-06:001733PW_T000033355921Compound242Right353062013-08-15T15:58:25-06:002013-08-15T15:58:25-06:0034PW_T000034361481Compound422Right1792148481false58587510regular2001901795123481false760135010regular2001901796134481false970117510regular200190179795481false97091510regular2001901798114839false810110520regular1003517991234281false1930135010regular2001901800954281false174086010regular20019018013539false1405139010regular100251802592481false106566410regular2001901803721459false97066910regular503018041144460false71566710regular5030180540034455false59172310regular787818065924281false191565910regular20019018071344281false1740114910regular20019018081484281false211086010regular20019018091148429false1980108220regular100351810592281false240565910regular2001901811148281false283585510regular2001901812721259false264065910regular503018131144260false289065710regular5030181440034255false299671310regular787868527836false78011158subunitregular1608068622701776false137514108subunitregular1507068780346false7907198subunitregular1608068810501776false13757248subunitregular15070689278426false195010928subunitregular1608069080326false27157158subunitregular1608063830440367868526617982593Cofactor6393054067968626718012598Cofactor6406840468068764130640681688642304404268268926818092612Cofactor643684026836902589M860 1350 C860 1320 860 1225 860 1195 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false2590M970 1270 C943 1270 860 1225 860 1195 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false2591M785 970 C812 970 860 1085 860 1115 5false18falsefalse2592M970 1010 C942 1010 860 1085 860 1115 5false18falsefalse2593M350 250 L350 300 L400 250 z10true182594M960 1445 C990 1445 1345 1445 1375 1445 83false182595M1930 1445 C1900 1445 1555 1445 1525 1445 83false18trueM 1747.0096189432334 1782.5 L 1760 1775 L 1747.0096189432334 1767.5false2596M1170 1010 C1306 1010 1243 1445 1375 1445 83false18trueM 922.9903810567666 1402.5 L 910 1410 L 922.9903810567666 1417.5falsefalsefalse2597M1740 955 C1604 955 1680 1445 1525 1445 83false18falsefalse2598M350 250 L350 300 L400 250 z10true182599M1065 759 C1035 759 980 759 950 759 5false18falsefalse2600M995 699 C995 726 980 759 950 759 5false18falsefalse2601M685 875 C685 847 760 759 790 759 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false2602M740 697 C740 721 760 759 790 759 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false2603M669 762 C699 762 760 759 790 759 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false2604M1265 759 C1295 759 1345 759 1375 759 83false18trueM 1037.9903810567666 1266.5 L 1025 1274 L 1037.9903810567666 1281.5false2605M1915 754 C1885 754 1555 759 1525 759 83false182606M1170 1270 C1312 1270 1247 759 1375 759 83false182607M1740 1244 C1605 1244 1649 759 1525 759 83false18trueM 1652.0096189432334 1626.5 L 1665 1619 L 1652.0096189432334 1611.5falsetrueM 1337.9903810567666 671.5 L 1325 679 L 1337.9903810567666 686.5false2608M2030 1350 C2030 1320 2030 1202 2030 1172 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false2609M1940 1244 C1972 1244 2030 1202 2030 1172 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false2610M2110 955 C2081 955 2030 1062 2030 1092 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false2611M1940 955 C1973 955 2030 1062 2030 1092 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false2612M350 250 L350 300 L400 250 z10true182613M2405 754 C2375 754 1946 1357 1970 1374 5true182614M2115 754 C2145 754 2371 754 2405 754 83false18trueM 1707.9903810567666 1266.5 L 1695 1274 L 1707.9903810567666 1281.5false2615M2310 955 C2340 955 2351 1493 2375 1510 5true182616M2835 950 C2776 950 2353 955 2310 955 83false18trueM 3082.5 1337.9903810567666 L 3075 1325 L 3067.5 1337.9903810567666false2617M2605 754 C2648 754 2676 755 2715 755 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false2618M2665 689 C2665 719 2685 755 2715 755 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false2619M2935 855 C2935 820 2913 755 2875 755 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false2620M2915 687 C2915 717 2905 755 2875 755 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false2621M2996 752 C2966 752 2905 755 2875 755 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false7516M715 682 C685 682 587 682 557 682 5false18trueM 355.4903810567666 594.5 L 342.5 602 L 355.4903810567666 609.5false7521M2940 672 C2970 672 3057 672 3087 672 5false18trueM 2672.9903810567666 584.5 L 2660 592 L 2672.9903810567666 599.5false52540784194317952589Left194417962590Left194517922591Right194617972592Right500372638526403884194718022599Left194818032600Left194917922601Right195018042602Right195118052603Right501373640527407842195217992608Left195318072609Left195418082610Right195518002611Right502372642528403882195618102617Left195718122618Left195818112619Right195918132620Right196018142621Right50337364353314010517952594Left10617992595Right10717972596Left10818002597Right5639754324010918022604Left11018062605Right11117962606Left11218072607Right6641855334011318102613Left11418062614Right56344011518082615Left11618112616Right2812444014false40764716regular26318047516Left2822454014false308763716regular26418137521Right85137052450.80.8021490240187152266511451.91.90314327267479832285715691.61.6-18023280360120M353 656 C353 606 403 556 453 556 C725 556 1078 556 1350 556 C1400 556 1450 606 1450 656 C1450 912 1450 1246 1450 1502 C1450 1552 1400 1602 1350 1602 C1078 1602 725 1602 453 1602 C403 1602 353 1552 353 1502 C353 1246 353 912 353 656 84true61097.01046.0121M272 586 C272 536 322 486 372 486 C938 486 1675 486 2241 486 C2291 486 2341 536 2341 586 C2341 890 2341 1284 2341 1588 C2341 1638 2291 1688 2241 1688 C1675 1688 938 1688 372 1688 C322 1688 272 1638 272 1588 C272 1284 272 890 272 586 84true62069.01202.0122M124 225 C124 175 174 125 224 125 C1149 125 2352 125 3277 125 C3327 125 3377 175 3377 225 C3377 680 3377 1271 3377 1726 C3377 1776 3327 1826 3277 1826 C2352 1826 1149 1826 224 1826 C174 1826 124 1776 124 1726 C124 1271 124 680 124 225 1true63253.01701.0124235Mitochondrion780235201.01.020015125235Mitochondrial matrix535580201.01.02001512615Mitochondrial Intermembrane space1605585201.31.316015127235Cytosol2675290201.61.620015887235Intracellular Space1280225201.31.32001542888313248460236617004#FFEBEB421181240