359PathwayExcitatory Neural Signalling Through 5-HTR 7 and SerotoninThe 5-HT7 receptor is primarily found in the CNS, GI tract, and blood vessels. Serotonin is the primary ligand of the 5-HT7 receptor, which activates G(s) proteins associated with the receptor and leads to the activation of adenylyl cyclase and production of the secondary messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP activates protein kinase A, phosphorylating downstream effectors that lead to specific cellular responses which mediate physiological functions such as thermoregulation, circadian rhythm, learning and memory, sleep, and potentially mood. ProteinPW000443TopPathwayVisualizationContext45925003100#000099PathwayVisualization343359Excitatory Neural Signalling Through 5-HTR 7 and SerotoninThe 5-HT7 receptor is primarily found in the CNS, GI tract, and blood vessels. Serotonin is the primary ligand of the 5-HT7 receptor, which activates G(s) proteins associated with the receptor and leads to the activation of adenylyl cyclase and production of the secondary messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP activates protein kinase A, phosphorylating downstream effectors that lead to specific cellular responses which mediate physiological functions such as thermoregulation, circadian rhythm, learning and memory, sleep, and potentially mood. Protein1651Excitatory NeurotransmissionSubPathway1085922ProteinComplex22803378226867Bard JA, Zgombick J, Adham N, Vaysse P, Branchek TA, Weinshank RL: Cloning of a novel human serotonin receptor (5-HT7) positively linked to adenylate cyclase. J Biol Chem. 1993 Nov 5;268(31):23422-6.359Pathway28033815559250Hedlund PB, Sutcliffe JG: Functional, molecular and pharmacological advances in 5-HT7 receptor research. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Sep;25(9):481-6. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2004.07.002.359Pathway280339Krauss, G. Biochemistry of signal transduction and regulation. (3rd ed.) (2003) Weinheim; New York : Wiley-VCH359Pathway2803408397408Ruat M, Traiffort E, Leurs R, Tardivel-Lacombe J, Diaz J, Arrang JM, Schwartz JC: Molecular cloning, characterization, and localization of a high-affinity serotonin receptor (5-HT7) activating cAMP formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Sep 15;90(18):8547-51. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.18.8547.359Pathway28034110664612Vanhoenacker P, Haegeman G, Leysen JE: 5-HT7 receptors: current knowledge and future prospects. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2000 Feb;21(2):70-7.359Pathway1CellCL:00000003NeuronCL:00005402Platelet CL:00002335HepatocyteCL:00001824Cardiomyocyte CL:00007468Beta cellCL:00006397Epithelial CellCL:00000661Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia45Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote51Picea sitchensis3332EukaryoteSitka spruce29Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c)559292EukaryoteBaker's yeast56Andro6666Eukaryote5CytoplasmGO:00057373Mitochondrial MatrixGO:00057591CytosolGO:000582910Cell MembraneGO:000588635ChloroplastGO:000950714Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:00057412MitochondrionGO:000573915NucleusGO:00056344PeroxisomeGO:000577713Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:00057837Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:000578927Peroxisome MembraneGO:000577831Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562011Extracellular SpaceGO:000561512Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574332Inner MembraneGO:007025825Golgi apparatusGO:000579426Golgi apparatus membraneGO:000013919sarcoplasmic reticulumGO:001652934Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032524BrainBTO:000014289162Endothelium BTO:00003931LiverBTO:00007597297Nervous SystemBTO:000148418PancreasBTO:000098825IntestineBTO:00006488Blood VesselBTO:000110274115cardiocyteBTO:000153932Adrenal CortexBTO:00000454Adrenal MedullaBTO:00000497188511PW_BS0000084311PW_BS0000042111PW_BS00000214101PW_BS000014731013PW_BS00007385241011PW_BS000085103331PW_BS0001031553241PW_BS0001551613181PW_BS0001611783211PW_BS000178222341PW_BS0000241151012PW_BS0001151985181PW_BS000024151141PW_BS0001512905491PW_BS00002411PW_BS0000012253541PW_BS0000241333121PW_BS0001331115121PW_BS0001111321121PW_BS0001323683601PW_BS0000283081011PW_BS0000241644PW_BS000164253541PW_BS000024406351PW_BS000115122551PW_BS000122124151PW_BS0001241203171PW_BS0001201355171PW_BS0001351181171PW_BS0001184793101PW_BS0001152975101PW_BS0000242991101PW_BS000024501361PW_BS000115205561PW_BS000024388161PW_BS0001122111018PW_BS000024405105PW_BS0001153761017PW_BS00005316212PW_BS000016221411PW_BS00002213121PW_BS0000133211515PW_BS0000325411PW_BS000005397113PW_BS0000393211PW_BS000003181311PW_BS000018101711PW_BS00001049711PW_BS0000495811411PW_BS000058592711PW_BS00005927151PW_BS00002746114PW_BS00004629111PW_BS0000296618518PW_BS00006672513PW_BS000072612517PW_BS0000615181PW_BS000051231511PW_BS000023311511PW_BS000031918511PW_BS000091541315PW_BS000054892PW_BS000089261115PW_BS000026711PW_BS000007971521PW_BS000097100521PW_BS0001001041431PW_BS000104101531PW_BS0001011122121PW_BS000112117131PW_BS00011712915121PW_BS00012910813PW_BS00010814315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS000146107313PW_BS0001071471241PW_BS00014716611PW_BS000166188118PW_BS0000241601181PW_BS00016019914181PW_BS000024206261PW_BS00002421013181PW_BS0000242137181PW_BS0000242164181PW_BS0000242171518PW_BS00002421815181PW_BS0000241632181PW_BS0001631901118PW_BS0000242771218PW_BS00002417018PW_BS0001702811251PW_BS0000242851041PW_BS000024226441PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS000024315123PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS00002413412121PW_BS00013432914121PW_BS0000283331212PW_BS0000283361121PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS000028350114121PW_BS00002812815121PW_BS0001283511512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS00002833527121PW_BS00002813013121PW_BS0001303317121PW_BS0000283344121PW_BS000028184121PW_BS0000241192171PW_BS000119943PW_BS000094109323PW_BS000109407251PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS000100412125PW_BS000115429151PW_BS0001151231751PW_BS00012343311451PW_BS000115408451PW_BS0001154101551PW_BS0001151251351PW_BS000125383751PW_BS0001004222751PW_BS000115435155PW_BS00011539914171PW_BS0001134461217PW_BS0001154641171PW_BS00011544717171PW_BS000115468114171PW_BS0001153744171PW_BS00005344415171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS0001363987171PW_BS00011347225177PW_BS00011537527171PW_BS0000534701517PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS00011548414101PW_BS00011548515101PW_BS00011530013101PW_BS0000244957101PW_BS0001154781010PW_BS00011549127101PW_BS0001154991510PW_BS0001153891461PW_BS0001125161561PW_BS0001153951361PW_BS000113390761PW_BS000112209106PW_BS0000245082761PW_BS000115517156PW_BS000115215114PW_BS0000212491341PW_BS0000242881441PW_BS00002430635511PW_BS000024171211PW_BS000017372102PW_BS0000283841251PW_BS0001003911261PW_BS00011212112171PW_BS000121432511PW_BS000043562611PW_BS00005621425181PW_BS00002435625121PW_BS00002815111PW_BS0000154192551PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS0001154824101PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS000115502461PW_BS0001155072561PW_BS000115471914PW_BS0000476131PW_BS00000621217181PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS000024241529PW_BS00002425715291PW_BS00002430412PW_BS00002429341PW_BS00002429817101PW_BS0000245131761PW_BS0001157413PW_BS000074711113PW_BS000071801111PW_BS000080599856PW_BS000501608321PW_BS0005016651818PW_BS0005082441011PW_BS000024204111PW_BS000020986Guanosine triphosphateHMDB0001273Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is a guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. GTP functions as a carrier of phosphates and pyrophosphates involved in channeling chemical energy into specific biosynthetic pathways. GTP activates the signal transducing G proteins which are involved in various cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and activation of several intracellular kinase cascades. Proliferation and apoptosis are regulated in part by the hydrolysis of GTP by small GTPases Ras and Rho. Another type of small GTPase, Rab, plays a role in the docking and fusion of vesicles and may also be involved in vesicle formation. In addition to its role in signal transduction, GTP also serves as an energy-rich precursor of mononucleotide units in the enzymatic biosynthesis of DNA and RNA.86-01-1C00044683015996GTP6569NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1C10H16N5O14P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O14P3/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(27-9)1-26-31(22,23)29-32(24,25)28-30(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H,24,25)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1XKMLYUALXHKNFT-UUOKFMHZSA-N({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid523.1804522.990659781-1.708triphosphate, guanosine0-3FDB0225275'-gtp;Gtg;Gtp;Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate);Guanosine 5'-triphosphate;Guanosine 5'-triphosphorate;Guanosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Guanosine triphosphate;Guanosine mono(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) (ester);H4gtp;Guanosine-5'-triphosphatePW_C000986GTP81824041939240911441537350068553841036043155610316164901787478222117531151176919811981151127252906932717696222577144133775441117795113280025368800883088012116489113253119985406120066122121204124122768120122818135123774118125365479125443297126480299126907501126982205128051388936Guanosine diphosphateHMDB0001201Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GDP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine. GDP is the product of GTP dephosphorylation by GTPases, e.g. the G-proteins that are involved in signal transduction.146-91-8C00035897717552GDP-4-DEHYDRO-6-DEOXY-D-MANNOSE8630NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1C10H15N5O11P2InChI=1S/C10H15N5O11P2/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(25-9)1-24-28(22,23)26-27(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1QGWNDRXFNXRZMB-UUOKFMHZSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-3H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid443.2005443.024329371-2.007{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-3H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxyphosphonic acid0-3FDB0224875'-gdp;Gdp;Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate);Guanosine 5'-diphosphate;Guanosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Guanosine mono(trihydrogen diphosphate);Guanosine pyrophosphate;Guanosine-5'-diphosphate;Guanosine-diphosphate;Ppg;Guanosine diphosphate;Guanosine 5'-diphosphoric acidPW_C000936GDP83823841762142391241547350078553821036041155610116164881787476222117541151177121111823198127272901339515169322177142133775461117795213280023368800803088012216489115253119983406120068122121205124121847405122766120122820135123775118124400376125363479125445297126905501126984205414Adenosine triphosphateHMDB0000538Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).56-65-5C00002595715422ATP5742DB00171NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H16N5O13P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid507.181506.995745159-2.057adenosine triphosphate0-3FDB0218135'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acidPW_C000414ATP9221460826616414224781373332799593439976321051821121021464921561421605824055924342727264628122930296631637236166136175143992344743147689148645450328950352651557520597521510052501045291101531311153461125390103540611754301185443120554212955561325569133560313556211085846143585414658761075897147592415160481556109161623016664931786839188687016069761997157205718420672092107225213722921172981987302216739021774082187432163748122274991908186225118472771190317012010281120391641217828512578226126912901326422315327308423263154262132242694318770282537721813477233329774683337763233678037332780413507816812878214351782403537841133578494115788501307886533178919334800283688004618480674119856291948261241132349411328238811628010911991412211999240612015440712024538212036241212124642912139212312139743312147140812197441012206512512207938312208340512240242212244443512291939912300944612381646412395144712395646812402937412452744412461613612463039812463437612494347212497237512501147012530429712537147912539229912551548112559548412612348512622030012623449512624047812654749112659649912691350112712338912773151612778139512779639012780120912811950812816751741cAMPHMDB0000058cAMP or cyclic AMP is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase.60-92-4C00575607617489CAMP5851DB02527NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@@H]2COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2[C@H]1OC10H12N5O6PInChI=1S/C10H12N5O6P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-6(16)7-4(20-10)1-19-22(17,18)21-7/h2-4,6-7,10,16H,1H2,(H,17,18)(H2,11,12,13)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-KQYNXXCUSA-N(4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-6-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxy-hexahydro-2lambda5-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-2-one329.2059329.052519653-1.963(4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-6-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxy-tetrahydro-4H-2lambda5-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-2-one0-1FDB001497Cyclic AMP;3'5'-cyclic amp;6-(6-amino-9h-purin-9-yl)tetrahydro-4h-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2,7-diol 2-oxide;Acrasin;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate;Adenosine 3,5'-cyclic monophosphorate;Adenosine 3,5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid;Adenosine cyclic monophosphate;Adenosine cyclic-monophosphate;Adenosine-cyclic-phosphate;Adenosine-cyclic-phosphoric-acid;Cyclic 3',5'-amp;Cyclic 3',5'-adenylate;Cyclic 3',5'-adenylic acid;Cyclic amp;Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-phosphate;Camp;Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate;Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate;Cyclic adenylic acid;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphoric acid;Adenosine 3',5'-phosphoric acid;Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphoric acid;Cyclic adenylatePW_C000041cAMP2671647529353910002119168417414118301987870911180044184121904122124457135170PyrophosphateHMDB0000250The anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphate anion is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells. This hydrolysis is called pyrophosphorolysis. The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74-, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and rapidly hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate. Pyrophosphate is an osteotoxin (arrests bone development) and an arthritogen (promotes arthritis). It is also a metabotoxin (an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health affects at chronically high levels). Chronically high levels of pyrophosphate are associated with hypophosphatasia. Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase or phosphoethanolaminuria) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease. Hypophosphatasia is associated with a molecular defect in the gene encoding tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is an enzyme that is tethered to the outer surface of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. TNSALP hydrolyzes several substances, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), a major form of vitamin B6. When TSNALP is low, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulates outside of cells and inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite, one of the main components of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults. Vitamin B6 must be dephosphorylated by TNSALP before it can cross the cell membrane. Vitamin B6 deficiency in the brain impairs synthesis of neurotransmitters which can cause seizures. In some cases, a build-up of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints can cause pseudogout.14000-31-8C0001364410218361PPI559142DB04160[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=OO7P2InChI=1S/H4O7P2/c1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6)/p-4XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J(phosphonooxy)phosphonic acid173.9433173.9119253784pyrophosphoric acid0-3FDB021918(4-)diphosphoric acid ion;(p2o74-)diphosphate;Diphosphate;Diphosphoric acid;Ppi;Pyrometaphosphate;Pyrophosphate;Pyrophosphate tetraanion;Pyrophosphate(4-) ion;[o3popo3](4-);Diphosphat;P2o7(4-);Pyrophosphat;Pyrophosphate ion;Phosphonato phosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid ionPW_C000170Ppi122354638429237353288222121731620492410592815294175144868545034895252104529410154091175424103543311854581205548111555913255841335606135565510858791076239166697819970731887134163727216073121987318213827515182832101186916112002222120411641231522512323249125122881257922612695290152193061537518347601742561315426973187723532977317128776353367841633578928331791531127995013479958130800473728041717085630194786384948141259481938298678223110634391113270395113275389115527136115532399119934122120017124120032406120330410120936407121261429121341121121486383122407422122985444123502119123831464124044398124977375125324297125395299125410479125597484125656485125876481126552491126869205126935388126950501127337206128124508423MagnesiumHMDB0000547Magnesium salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilatation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide; the undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base, and is commonly used as an antacid.22537-22-0C003058881842013-HYDROXY-MAGNESIUM-PROTOPORP865DB01378[Mg++]MgInChI=1S/Mg/q+2JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-Nmagnesium(2+) ion24.30523.9850418980magnesium(2+) ion22FDB003518Magnesium;Magnesium ions;Magnesium ion;Magnesium, doubly charged positive ion;Magnesium, ion (mg(2+));Mg(2+);Mg2+PW_C000423Mg2+868227426816476272726811581918883229363998339922111674614834915294317641421241024115929422331262933737454031477491486954497456525310453291115356112537610359061475934151603815560941616250166648417865941646881160697919971702057194206722721372332117250214731021673131987473222117631321184321012312225123242491251328812581226127292901527528515337308771371337723632977937336783933347841733578489115785223317853635678574130800203688004518480048372806231188065413580865158096525381841519383238394900271085962231105593901156873981199744061200701221202473821207024071209814081211811241212654291213194191219241251220864051224084221227591201229213991233071191235463741238354641238894551244771361246373761249783751254472971255984841256694791257774811259214821259472991259734951260004901262434781265534911267533001271253891271645011273805021274073881274515071278042091281255081283473951104PhosphateHMDB0001429Phosphate is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry, biogeochemistry and ecology. Phosphate (Pi) is an essential component of life. In biological systems, phosphorus is found as a free phosphate ion in solution and is called inorganic phosphate, to distinguish it from phosphates bound in various phosphate esters. Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted Pi and at physiological (neutral) pH primarily consists of a mixture of HPO<sup>2-</sup><sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sup>-</sup><sub>4</sub> ions. phosphates are most commonly found in the form of adenosine phosphates, (AMP, ADP and ATP) and in DNA and RNA and can be released by the hydrolysis of ATP or ADP. Similar reactions exist for the other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. Phosphoanhydride bonds in ADP and ATP, or other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates, contain high amounts of energy which give them their vital role in all living organisms. Phosphate must be actively transported into cells against its electrochemical gradient. In vertebrates, two unrelated families of Na+-dependent Pi transporters carry out this task. Remarkably, the two families transport different Pi species: whereas type II Na+/Pi cotransporters (SCL34) prefer divalent HPO4(2), type III Na+/Pi cotransporters (SLC20) transport monovalent H2PO4. The SCL34 family comprises both electrogenic and electroneutral members that are expressed in various epithelia and other polarized cells. Through regulated activity in apical membranes of the gut and kidney, they maintain body Pi homeostasis, and in salivary and mammary glands, liver, and testes they play a role in modulating the Pi content of luminal fluids. Phosphate levels in the blood play an important role in hormone signaling and in bone homeostasis. In classical endocrine regulation, low serum phosphate induces the renal production of the seco-steroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3).This active metabolite of vitamin D acts to restore circulating mineral (i.e. phosphate and calcium) levels by increasing absorption in the intestine, reabsorption in the kidney, and mobilization of calcium and phosphate from bone. Thus, chronic renal failure is associated with hyperparathyroidism, which in turn contributes to osteomalacia (softening of the bones). Another complication of chronic renal failure is hyperphosphatemia (low levels of phosphate in the blood). Hyperphosphatemia (excess levels of phosphate in the blood) is a prevalent condition in kidney dialysis patients and is associated with increased risk of mortality. Hypophosphatemia (hungry bone syndrome) has been associated to postoperative electrolyte aberrations and after parathyroidectomy. (PMID: 17581921, 11169009, 11039261, 9159312, 17625581)Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) has recently been recognized as a key mediator of phosphate homeostasis, its most notable effect being promotion of phosphate excretion. FGF-23 was discovered to be involved in diseases such as autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, X-linked hypophosphatemia, and tumor-induced osteomalacia in which phosphate wasting was coupled to inappropriately low levels of 1,25(OH)2D3. FGF-23 is regulated by dietary phosphate in humans. In particular it was found that phosphate restriction decreased FGF-23, and phosphate loading increased FGF-23.14265-44-2C00009106118367CPD-85871032[O-]P([O-])([O-])=OO4PInChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-3NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-Kphosphoric acid94.971494.953423phosphoric acid0-2DBMET00532FDB022617Nfb orthophosphate;O-phosphoric acid;Ortho-phosphate;Orthophosphate (po43-);Orthophosphate(3-);Phosphate;Phosphate (po43-);Phosphate anion(3-);Phosphate ion (po43-);Phosphate ion(3-);Phosphate trianion;Phosphate(3-);Phosphoric acid ion(3-);Pi;[po4](3-);Orthophosphate;Phosphate ion;Po4(3-);Phosphoric acid;Orthophosphoric acid;Phosphoric acid ionPW_C001104Pi2448488145818188312980317631417674925001027294727374631292931667236366138512342492244753150312751587520797521610053171115351112538110354471205543129557313356051355625108569365848143585514659111475941151604015561001616294107648717866911016714117684218868891607161205718920672122117306198738921074022127436163747522281962258258227101182411013425711748132117611151177321311904170119271641201428112728290132632233481917422553044235031542435318436923227701825377194293772171347794033677966130780483327805732978245353786693318002236889279308938313839479638411055839011064039111323594115845398116206109119982406120069122120699407121057124121216125121268429121352121121409123121423382121852405123304119123621118123786136123838464123968447123981399124405376124948472125362479125446297125774481125954299126221478126594300126604298126723484126904501127413388127783209128166395128177513128315389178SerotoninHMDB0000259Serotonin is a biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-Tryptophan. Serotonin in the nervous system acts as a local transmitter at synapses, and as a paracrine or hormonal modulator of circuits upon diffusion, allowing a wide variety of "state-dependent" behavioral responses to different stimuli. Serotonin is widely distributed in the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates and some of its behavioral effects have been preserved along evolution. Such is the case of aggressive behavior and rhythmic motor patterns , including those responsible for feeding. In vertebrates, which display a wider and much more sophisticated behavioral repertoire, serotonin also modulates sleep, the arousal state , sexual behavior, and others, and deficiencies of the serotonergic system causes disorders such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, posttraumatic stress disorder, epilepsy, and generalized anxiety disorder. Serotonin has three different modes of action in the nervous system: as transmitter, acting locally at synaptic boutons; upon diffusion at a distance from its release sites, producing paracrine (also called volume) effects, and by circulating in the blood stream, producing hormonal effects. The three modes can affect a single neuronal circuit. (PMID: 16047543).50-67-9C007805202287905013NCCC1=CNC2=CC=C(O)C=C12C10H12N2OInChI=1S/C10H12N2O/c11-4-3-7-6-12-10-2-1-8(13)5-9(7)10/h1-2,5-6,12-13H,3-4,11H2QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol176.2151176.094963016-1.853serotonin01FDB0121583-(2-aminoethyl)-1h-indol-5-ol;3-(2-aminoethyl)indol-5-ol;3-(b-aminoethyl)-5-hydroxyindole;5-ht;5-hta;5-hydroxy-3-(b-aminoethyl)indole;5-hydroxy-tryptamine;5-hydroxyltryptamine;5-hydroxytriptamine;5-hydroxytryptamine;Antemovis;Ds substance;Enteramin;Enteramine;Serotonine;Thrombocytin;ThrombotoninPW_C0001785-HT3006231817431827131861550128079083132121771124124322118127656388864Adenylate cyclase type 2Q08462This is a membrane-bound, calmodulin-insensitive adenylyl cyclase.
HMDBP00921ADCY25p15.3AB02898314.6.1.138292417314136381741601Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms shortP63092Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. The G(s) protein is involved in hormonal regulation of adenylate cyclase:it activates the cyclase in response to beta-adrenergic stimuliHMDBP01781GNAS20q13.3M14631138102413914415873501185516281355885991315cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit betaP22694Mediates cAMP-dependent signaling triggered by receptor binding to GPCRs. PKA activation regulates diverse cellular processes such as cell proliferation, the cell cycle, differentiation and regulation of microtubule dynamics, chromatin condensation and decondensation, nuclear envelope disassembly and reassembly, as well as regulation of intracellular transport mechanisms and ion fluxHMDBP01415PRKACB1p36.1AY92736612.7.11.1138372385323419985766Ethylene-responsive transcription factor ESR1Q9SAD4ESR11385223419823900Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunitP62136Protein phosphatase that associates with over 200 regulatory proteins to form highly specific holoenzymes which dephosphorylate hundreds of biological targets. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is essential for cell division, and participates in the regulation of glycogen metabolism, muscle contractility and protein synthesis. Involved in regulation of ionic conductances and long-term synaptic plasticity. May play an important role in dephosphorylating substrates such as the postsynaptic density-associated Ca(2+)/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II. Component of the PTW/PP1 phosphatase complex, which plays a role in the control of chromatin structure and cell cycle progression during the transition from mitosis into interphase. Regulates NEK2 function in terms of kinase activity and centrosome number and splitting, both in the presence and absence of radiation-induced DNA damage. Regulator of neural tube and optic fissure closure, and enteric neural crest cell (ENCCs) migration during development.
HMDBP08684PPP1CA11q13J0475913.1.3.16385423385828026781802Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1P16220This protein binds the cAMP response element (CRE), a sequence present in many viral and cellular promoters. CREB stimulates transcription on binding to the CRE. Transcription activation is enhanced by the TORC coactivators which act independently of Ser-133 phosphorylation. Implicated in synchronization of circadian rhythmicityHMDBP02133CREB12q34X55545138572398023115974273625Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12Q9UBI6Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein- effector interactionHMDBP08405GNG121p31.3AF1881811381124137144156735009853618GβP62873Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 is a guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein- effector interactionHMDBP08398GNB11p36.33BC00588813812241381441577350108551618693241700063081355905991360066081361816613618766518675-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7P34969This is one of the several different receptors for 5- hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a mitogen. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclaseHMDBP02268HTR710q21-q24U6848815008858507143627Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1P63211Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein- effector interactionHMDBP08407GNGT17q21.3BC02936715160813558959913622214122Adenylate cyclase type 21PW_P000122140864157423246524121Guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha1PW_P0001211391601146420922cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta1PW_P0009221047131513744231923Ethylene-responsive transcription factor ESR11PW_P000923104857661924Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit1PW_P000924104939001925Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 11PW_P00092510501802111105-hydroxytryptamine receptor 71PW_P001110127118671120Guanine nucleotide-binding protein gamma-beta1PW_P000120137362711383618146324115Guanine nucleotide-binding protein 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540 C290 490 340 440 390 440 C1129 440 2091 440 2830 440 C2880 440 2930 490 2930 540 C2930 1025 2930 1656 2930 2141 C2930 2191 2880 2241 2830 2241 C2091 2241 1129 2241 390 2241 C340 2241 290 2191 290 2141 C290 1656 290 1025 290 540 1true62640.01801.044815Regulatory Subunit25201085201.01.01601544915Regulatory Subunit2500990201.01.01601545015Regulatory Subunit8351175201.01.01601545215Transcription16951620201.01.01601545315Activation445280201.01.01601545415Activation22951300201.01.01601545515Activation1825355201.01.01601545615Activation2375895201.01.01601545815Nucleus8551600201.01.016015459235Extracellular Space10720201.01.020015460235Intracellular Space325720201.01.02001590715Brain169565201.01.016015280170014522637629912303442765192718023710121789129711871975186339#FFF9C93678676