290PathwayAlfentanil Action PathwayAlfentanil (also known as Alfenta or Rapifen) is analgesic that can bind to mu-type opioid receptor to activate associated G-protein in the sensory neurons of central nervous system (CNS), which will reduce the level of intracellular cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. The binding of alfentanil will eventually lead to reduced pain because of decreased nerve conduction and release of neurotransmitter. Hyperpolarization of neuron is caused by inactivation of calcium channels and activation of potassium channels via facilitated by G-protein. Drug ActionPW000419TopPathwayVisualizationContext4358001100#000099PathwayVisualization319290Alfentanil PathwayAlfentanil (also known as Alfenta or Rapifen) is analgesic that can bind to mu-type opioid receptor to activate associated G-protein in the sensory neurons of central nervous system (CNS), which will reduce the level of intracellular cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. The binding of alfentanil will eventually lead to reduced pain because of decreased nerve conduction and release of neurotransmitter. Hyperpolarization of neuron is caused by inactivation of calcium channels and activation of potassium channels via facilitated by G-protein. Drug1521Alfentanil activation of Mu-type opioid receptorActivatingSubPathway8509266Compound74851254ProteinComplex731390Opioids. (2009). e-CPS (online version of Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties). Retrieved October 25, 2009.290Pathway139118443637Trescot AM, Datta S, Lee M, Hansen H: Opioid pharmacology. Pain Physician. 2008 Mar;11(2 Suppl):S133-53.290Pathway3NeuronCL:00005401Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman21SynapseGO:004520222post-synaptic membraneGO:004521110Cell MembraneGO:00058867Nervous SystemBTO:00014843772113PW_BS0000377413PW_BS0000743872213PW_BS000038731013PW_BS0000739266AlfentanilHMDB0014940A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of fentanyl. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients. [PubChem]71195-58-9C0800551263256946451DB00802CCN1N=NN(CCN2CCC(COC)(CC2)N(C(=O)CC)C2=CC=CC=C2)C1=OC21H32N6O3InChI=1S/C21H32N6O3/c1-4-19(28)27(18-9-7-6-8-10-18)21(17-30-3)11-13-24(14-12-21)15-16-26-20(29)25(5-2)22-23-26/h6-10H,4-5,11-17H2,1-3H3IDBPHNDTYPBSNI-UHFFFAOYSA-NN-{1-[2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl]-4-(methoxymethyl)piperidin-4-yl}-N-phenylpropanamide416.5172416.25358892-3.220alfentanil01Alfentanilum [inn-latin];Alfentanyl;Alfentanilum;N-(1-(2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-2-tetrazolin-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(methoxymethyl)-4-piperidyl)propionanilidePW_C009266Alfent909373283742036Mu-type opioid receptorP35372Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Receptor for beta-endorphinHMDBP02643OPRM16q24-q25AY309009191038317873510374254Mu-type opioid receptor1PW_P00025427320366533926674157false5203510regular200190276420367380false7602158subunitregular200130244225431973275327649952M720 130 C750 130 855 161 865 240 149false18trueM 597.7586548617086 221.863679335973 L 605 235 L 612.7557148381602 222.16065082065518false9953M800 285 C770 285 537 135 507 135 5true1855952131914true35710016regular54565339952Left23224429953Right4227940151.01.00213342731443M712 379 C712 329 762 279 812 279 C845 279 888 279 921 279 C971 279 1021 329 1021 379 C1021 411 1021 454 1021 486 C1021 536 971 586 921 586 C888 586 845 586 812 586 C762 586 712 536 712 486 C712 454 712 411 712 379 1true6309.0307.0200292195483181070645394587627CenterPathwayVisualizationContext71538005950#000099PathwayVisualization356376Neuron FunctionNeurons are electrically excitable cells that process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. A neuron consists of a cell body, branched dendrites to receive sensory information, and a long singular axon to transmit motor information. Signals travel from the axon of one neuron to the dendrite of another via a synapse. Neurons maintain a voltage gradient across their membrane using metabolically driven ion pumps and ion channels for charge-carrying ions, including sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl−), and calcium (Ca2+). The resting membrane potential (charge) of a neuron is about -70 mV because there is an accumulation of more sodium ions outside the neuron compared to the number of potassium ions inside. If the membrane potential changes by a large enough amount, an electrochemical pulse called an action potential is generated. Stimuli such as pressure, stretch, and chemical transmitters can activate a neuron by causing specific ion-channels to open, changing the membrane potential. During this period, called depolarization, the sodium channels open to allow sodium to rush into the cell which results in the membrane potential to increase. Once the interior of the neuron becomes more positively charged, the sodium channels close and the potassium channels open to allow potassium to move out of the cell to try and restore the resting membrane potential (this stage is called repolarization). There is a period of hyperpolarization after this step because the potassium channels are slow to close, thus allowing more potassium outside the cell than necessary. The resting potential is restored after the sodium-potassium pump works to exchange three sodium ions out per two potassium ions in across the plasma membrane. The action potential travels along the axon and upon reaching the end, causes neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, or norepinephrine to be released into the synapse. These neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptors on the target cell, thus propagating the signal.Physiological1490Beta-Endorphin activation of Mu-Type ReceptorActivatingSubPathway788255ProteinComplex71789254ProteinComplex73491Serotonin activate of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AActivatingSubPathway790178Compound71791783ProteinComplex73492Norepinephrine activation of Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorActivatingSubPathway792142Compound71793749ProteinComplex73493Dopamine activation of dopamine receptorActivatingSubPathway79452Compound71795787ProteinComplex7327952323584863Lovinger DM: Communication networks in the brain: neurons, receptors, neurotransmitters, and alcohol. Alcohol Res Health. 2008;31(3):196-214.376Pathway27987418472347Kress GJ, Mennerick S: Action potential initiation and propagation: upstream influences on neurotransmission. Neuroscience. 2009 Jan 12;158(1):211-22. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.021. Epub 2008 Mar 19.376Pathway27987520628619Platkiewicz J, Brette R: A threshold equation for action potential initiation. PLoS Comput Biol. 2010 Jul 8;6(7):e1000850. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000850.376Pathway2Platelet CL:00002331CellCL:00000004Cardiomyocyte CL:00007463NeuronCL:00005408Beta cellCL:00006397Epithelial CellCL:00000665HepatocyteCL:00001826MyocyteCL:00001871Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato51Picea sitchensis3332EukaryoteSitka spruce2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia429Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c)559292EukaryoteBaker's yeast62Acinetobacter baylyi (strain ATCC 33305 / BD413 / ADP1)62977Prokaryote56Andro6666Eukaryote5CytoplasmGO:000573710Cell MembraneGO:00058861CytosolGO:000582911Extracellular SpaceGO:000561519sarcoplasmic reticulumGO:00165292MitochondrionGO:00057397Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:000578924Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575825Golgi apparatusGO:000579414Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574112Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574313Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:00057836LysosomeGO:000576416Lysosomal LumenGO:004320236MembraneGO:001602031Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562035ChloroplastGO:00095073Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575915NucleusGO:00056344PeroxisomeGO:000577727Peroxisome MembraneGO:000577832Inner MembraneGO:007025818Melanosome MembraneGO:003316220Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578821SynapseGO:004520253Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032540PeriplasmGO:004259722post-synaptic membraneGO:004521156Basal Cell MembraneGO:00099252Endothelium BTO:00003935cardiocyteBTO:00015391LiverBTO:000075972918PancreasBTO:00009888Blood VesselBTO:0001102741125IntestineBTO:00006483Sympathetic Nervous SystemBTO:00018327Nervous SystemBTO:00014844Adrenal 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is essential for the normal growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, and calcium requirements must be met throughout life. Requirements are greatest during periods of growth, such as childhood, during pregnancy and when breast-feeding. Long-term calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased risk of fractures. Adults need between 1,000 and 1,300 mg of calcium in their daily diet. Calcium is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, and is the most common metal in many animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Calcium combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. A deficit can affect bone and tooth formation, while overretention can cause kidney stones. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well-known source of calcium. However, some individuals are allergic to dairy products and even more people, particularly those of non-European descent, are lactose-intolerant, leaving them unable to consume dairy products. Fortunately, many other good sources of calcium exist. These include: seaweeds such as kelp, wakame and hijiki; nuts and seeds (like almonds and sesame); beans; amaranth; collard greens; okra; rutabaga; broccoli; kale; and fortified products such as orange juice and soy milk. Calcium has also been found to assist in the production of lymphatic fluids.14127-61-8C0007627129108CA%2b2266DB01373[Ca++]CaInChI=1S/Ca/q+2BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-Ncalcium(2+) ion40.07839.9625911550calcium(2+) ion22FDB003513Ca;Calcium element;Ca(2+);Ca2+;Calcium ion;Calcium, doubly charged positive ionPW_C000353Ca2+276163038553146012941159932199735104631163461164471478491491421552432116582138172796182937931597131607239422941866647821048222853401115780101717920572322117258160728119011774213118371981184221012198164122152851528815115350308693361773893317760011578154132782663567852634578724130789081148041374805892288182651120220122120465405121049124121300418121377419121850383121923125122370409122895135123099376123613118123870454123936455124403398124476136124924137125571297125711478125981489126009299126050490126533495127203209127434506127460388127502507128105390458SodiumHMDB0000588Sodium ions are necessary for regulation of blood and body fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and certain metabolic functions. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Sodium is needed by animals, which maintain high concentrations in their blood and extracellular fluids, but the ion is not needed by plants. The human requirement for sodium in the diet is less than 500 mg per day, which is typically less than a tenth as much as many diets "seasoned to taste." Most people consume far more sodium than is physiologically needed. For certain people with salt-sensitive blood pressure, this extra intake may cause a negative effect on health.17341-25-2C0133092329101899[Na+]NaInChI=1S/Na/q+1FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-Nsodium(1+) ion22.989822.9897696750sodium(1+) ion11FDB003523Sodium;Sodium ion;Na(+);Na+PW_C000458Na+209315209422724602725613157713158723185743615514607858601055861107586210871491877150188423373184233831578239353782433267824935279047132122389436122390437122635416122636124124942472124946452124960471125209118457PotassiumHMDB0000586Potassium is an essential electrolyte. Potassium balance is crucial for regulating the excitability of nerves and muscles and so critical for regulating contractility of cardiac muscle. Although the most important changes seen in the presence of deranged potassium are cardiac, smooth muscle is also affected with increasing muscle weakness, a feature of both hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Potassium (K+) is a positively charged electrolyte, cation, which is present throughout the body in both intracellular and extracellular fluids. The majority of body potassium, >90%, are intracellular. It moves freely from intracellular fluid (ICF) to extracellular fluid (ECF) and vice versa when adenosine triphosphate increases the permeability of the cell membrane. It is mainly replaced inside or outside the cells by another cation, sodium (Na+). The movement of potassium into or out of the cells is linked to certain body hormones and also to certain physiological states. Standard laboratory tests measure ECF potassium. Potassium enters the body rapidly during food ingestion. Insulin is produced when a meal is eaten; this causes the temporary movement of potassium from ECF to ICF. Over the ensuing hours, the kidneys excrete the ingested potassium and homeostasis is returned. In the critically ill patient, suffering from hyperkalaemia, this mechanism can be manipulated beneficially by administering high concentration (50%) intravenous glucose. Insulin can be added to the glucose, but glucose alone will stimulate insulin production and cause movement of potassium from ECF to ICF. The stimulation of alpha receptors causes increased movement of potassium from ICF to ECF. A noradrenaline infusion can elevate serum potassium levels. An adrenaline infusion, or elevated adrenaline levels, can lower serum potassium levels. Metabolic acidosis causes a rise in extracellular potassium levels. In this situation, excess of hydrogen ions (H+) are exchanged for intracellular potassium ions, probably as a result of the cellular response to a falling blood pH. Metabolic alkalosis causes the opposite effect, with potassium moving into the cells. (PMID: 17883675).24203-36-9C0023881329103K%2b791DB01345[K+]KInChI=1S/K/q+1NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-Npotassium(1+) ion39.098338.9637068610potassium(1+) ion11FDB003521K+;Kalium;Potassium;Potassium (k+);Potassium (ion);Potassium cation;Potassium ion;Potassium ion (k+);Potassium ion (k1+);Potassium ion(+);Potassium ion(1+);Potassium monocation;Potassium(+);Potassium(1+);Potassium(1+) ion;Potassium(i) cation;K(+)PW_C000457K+5738931191926220951530336631617231627136135136146159211475952151690216011810198152223067702322577115132776101117824132678246353120484122121198124123105135123768118124944452124949472125860297125965299127322205127421388414Adenosine triphosphateHMDB0000538Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).56-65-5C00002595715422ATP5742DB00171NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H16N5O13P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid507.181506.995745159-2.057adenosine triphosphate0-3FDB0218135'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acidPW_C000414ATP922146082661641422478137333279959343997632105182112102146492156142160582405592434272726462812293029663163723616613617514399234474314768914864545032895035265155752059752151005250104529110153131115346112539010354061175430118544312055421295556132556913356031355621108584614358541465876107589714759241516048155610916162301666493178683918868701606976199715720571842067209210722521372292117298198730221673902177408218743216374812227499190818622511847277119031701201028112039164121782851257822612691290132642231532730842326315426213224269431877028253772181347723332977468333776323367803733278041350781681287821435178240353784113357849411578850130788653317891933480028368800461848067411985629194826124113234941132823881162801091199141221199924061201544071202453821203624121212464291213921231213974331214714081219744101220651251220793831220834051224024221224444351229193991230094461238164641239514471239564681240293741245274441246161361246303981246343761249434721249723751250114701253042971253714791253922991255154811255954841261234851262203001262344951262404781265474911265964991269135011271233891277315161277813951277963901278012091281195081281675171420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O55894910951394151316214481135261562428652106912077033823188382109431137749146554159043201824253222267860272746277817280529314370316472363461459836472737494193503027515675195975214100522794523610352971055319111534311353551125402110547012354831255492126550712755341305537114554112955911355608118562210856916575914057781015841143585314658771075890955910147594015160321556059157608716161231636133159621516218166647717865071806600152671311768401886888160716220571812077193206721121172282137238214724321572951987350216738821074012127467222749222475001907588170820122582372268414162926526118502771192216412011281122132851225028612264287123272491252022712632651269329012705291127152921300729813019300130253011303730213261223133272941534030842327315426953184369132276914293770192537710213277131133772151347737833177397332774713337751611577536334776283367772233777759341778163437798234778071329782353527824235378270356791133608001436880039370805912288065611993830383947943841105573901106393911158443981198792321199151221199634061200084071200464081201131241203654121204304051204384091206064151207944141211584251212404291213511211213814191216074341221183821223844361227531201227973741228044431230124461230643761230721371231314471231421361231624481232314511233844501237304601238104641239404551241654691246703991249384711249454721253052971253534791253864811254244821254802991256824831257074781257454871260544901262384951262734841267644801268965011269635021270173881271772081271992091272275041275065071275765151278363891280823951281765131034Adenosine diphosphateHMDB0001341Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases.58-64-0C00008602216761ADP5800NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H15N5O10P2InChI=1S/C10H15N5O10P2/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(24-10)1-23-27(21,22)25-26(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-KQYNXXCUSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid427.2011427.029414749-2.126adenosine-diphosphate0-2FDB021817Adp;Adenosindiphosphorsaeure;Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenosine diphosphate;Adenosine pyrophosphate;Adenosine-5'-diphosphate;Adenosine-5-diphosphate;Adenosine-diphosphate;5'-adenylphosphoric acid;Adenosine 5'-diphosphate;H3adp;5'-adenylphosphate;Adenosine 5'-diphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-diphosphoric acidPW_C001034ADP2341348415224821380159631597831061141518219014921041821131021615824085924352727284727364628552931657236356144002344763147709150362651577520897521710053151115349112539210354461205544129557213356241085741117576410158491435856146587810758991475926151605015561111616231166649517867009468411886872160715920571872067208210722621372312117300198730321673912177410218743316374832228187225118512771190517012013281121802851326222315329308423283154239831342622322426963187702925377087132772161347730632977472333776633367803933278043350781701287821535178244353784143357849511578705331788491307892033480030368806221188065113580676119948271241132833881162041091199441221199944061201564071203183821203664121212484291213941231213994331214724081218993831219764101220641251220854051224054221224454351229733991230134461238184641239534471239584681240303741244523981245294441246151361246363761249474721249753751250124701253342971253734791254922991255174811256454841261254851262193001262354951262424781265504911265974991269155011277335161277803951277973901278032091281225081281685171283133891104PhosphateHMDB0001429Phosphate is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry, biogeochemistry and ecology. Phosphate (Pi) is an essential component of life. In biological systems, phosphorus is found as a free phosphate ion in solution and is called inorganic phosphate, to distinguish it from phosphates bound in various phosphate esters. Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted Pi and at physiological (neutral) pH primarily consists of a mixture of HPO<sup>2-</sup><sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sup>-</sup><sub>4</sub> ions. phosphates are most commonly found in the form of adenosine phosphates, (AMP, ADP and ATP) and in DNA and RNA and can be released by the hydrolysis of ATP or ADP. Similar reactions exist for the other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. Phosphoanhydride bonds in ADP and ATP, or other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates, contain high amounts of energy which give them their vital role in all living organisms. Phosphate must be actively transported into cells against its electrochemical gradient. In vertebrates, two unrelated families of Na+-dependent Pi transporters carry out this task. Remarkably, the two families transport different Pi species: whereas type II Na+/Pi cotransporters (SCL34) prefer divalent HPO4(2), type III Na+/Pi cotransporters (SLC20) transport monovalent H2PO4. The SCL34 family comprises both electrogenic and electroneutral members that are expressed in various epithelia and other polarized cells. Through regulated activity in apical membranes of the gut and kidney, they maintain body Pi homeostasis, and in salivary and mammary glands, liver, and testes they play a role in modulating the Pi content of luminal fluids. Phosphate levels in the blood play an important role in hormone signaling and in bone homeostasis. In classical endocrine regulation, low serum phosphate induces the renal production of the seco-steroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3).This active metabolite of vitamin D acts to restore circulating mineral (i.e. phosphate and calcium) levels by increasing absorption in the intestine, reabsorption in the kidney, and mobilization of calcium and phosphate from bone. Thus, chronic renal failure is associated with hyperparathyroidism, which in turn contributes to osteomalacia (softening of the bones). Another complication of chronic renal failure is hyperphosphatemia (low levels of phosphate in the blood). Hyperphosphatemia (excess levels of phosphate in the blood) is a prevalent condition in kidney dialysis patients and is associated with increased risk of mortality. Hypophosphatemia (hungry bone syndrome) has been associated to postoperative electrolyte aberrations and after parathyroidectomy. (PMID: 17581921, 11169009, 11039261, 9159312, 17625581)Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) has recently been recognized as a key mediator of phosphate homeostasis, its most notable effect being promotion of phosphate excretion. FGF-23 was discovered to be involved in diseases such as autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, X-linked hypophosphatemia, and tumor-induced osteomalacia in which phosphate wasting was coupled to inappropriately low levels of 1,25(OH)2D3. FGF-23 is regulated by dietary phosphate in humans. In particular it was found that phosphate restriction decreased FGF-23, and phosphate loading increased FGF-23.14265-44-2C00009106118367CPD-85871032[O-]P([O-])([O-])=OO4PInChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-3NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-Kphosphoric acid94.971494.953423phosphoric acid0-2DBMET00532FDB022617Nfb orthophosphate;O-phosphoric acid;Ortho-phosphate;Orthophosphate (po43-);Orthophosphate(3-);Phosphate;Phosphate (po43-);Phosphate anion(3-);Phosphate ion (po43-);Phosphate ion(3-);Phosphate trianion;Phosphate(3-);Phosphoric acid ion(3-);Pi;[po4](3-);Orthophosphate;Phosphate ion;Po4(3-);Phosphoric acid;Orthophosphoric acid;Phosphoric acid ionPW_C001104Pi2448488145818188312980317631417674925001027294727374631292931667236366138512342492244753150312751587520797521610053171115351112538110354471205543129557313356051355625108569365848143585514659111475941151604015561001616294107648717866911016714117684218868891607161205718920672122117306198738921074022127436163747522281962258258227101182411013425711748132117611151177321311904170119271641201428112728290132632233481917422553044235031542435318436923227701825377194293772171347794033677966130780483327805732978245353786693318002236889279308938313839479638411055839011064039111323594115845398116206109119982406120069122120699407121057124121216125121268429121352121121409123121423382121852405123304119123621118123786136123838464123968447123981399124405376124948472125362479125446297125774481125954299126221478126594300126604298126723484126904501127413388127783209128166395128177513128315389142NorepinephrineHMDB0000216Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.51-41-2C0054743926018357NOREPINEPHRINE388394DB00368NC[C@H](O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1C8H11NO3InChI=1S/C8H11NO3/c9-4-8(12)5-1-2-6(10)7(11)3-5/h1-3,8,10-12H,4,9H2/t8-/m0/s1SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-QMMMGPOBSA-N4-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]benzene-1,2-diol169.1778169.073893223-1.134norepinephrine01FDB000895(-)-(r)-norepinephrine;(-)-arterenol;(-)-noradrenaline;(-)-norepinephrine;(-)-alpha-(aminomethyl)protocatechuyl alcohol;(r)-(-)-norepinephrine;(r)-4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol;(r)-noradrenaline;(r)-norepinephrine;4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol;4-[(1r)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,2-benzenediol;Adrenor;Aktamin;Arterenol;L-2-amino-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol;L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanolamine;L-arterenol;L-noradrenaline;L-norepinephrine;L-alpha-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol;Levarterenol;Levoarterenol;Levonor;Levonoradrenaline;Levonorepinephrine;Levophed;Nor-epirenan;Noradrenalin;Noradrenaline;Norartrinal;Norepirenamine;Sympathin e;Norepinefrina;Norepinephrine;NorepinephrinumPW_C000142Norpp4061969920999141081371165481166153179743180717776734179117115121611405124169376127580209178SerotoninHMDB0000259Serotonin is a biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-Tryptophan. Serotonin in the nervous system acts as a local transmitter at synapses, and as a paracrine or hormonal modulator of circuits upon diffusion, allowing a wide variety of "state-dependent" behavioral responses to different stimuli. Serotonin is widely distributed in the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates and some of its behavioral effects have been preserved along evolution. Such is the case of aggressive behavior and rhythmic motor patterns , including those responsible for feeding. In vertebrates, which display a wider and much more sophisticated behavioral repertoire, serotonin also modulates sleep, the arousal state , sexual behavior, and others, and deficiencies of the serotonergic system causes disorders such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, posttraumatic stress disorder, epilepsy, and generalized anxiety disorder. Serotonin has three different modes of action in the nervous system: as transmitter, acting locally at synaptic boutons; upon diffusion at a distance from its release sites, producing paracrine (also called volume) effects, and by circulating in the blood stream, producing hormonal effects. The three modes can affect a single neuronal circuit. (PMID: 16047543).50-67-9C007805202287905013NCCC1=CNC2=CC=C(O)C=C12C10H12N2OInChI=1S/C10H12N2O/c11-4-3-7-6-12-10-2-1-8(13)5-9(7)10/h1-2,5-6,12-13H,3-4,11H2QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol176.2151176.094963016-1.853serotonin01FDB0121583-(2-aminoethyl)-1h-indol-5-ol;3-(2-aminoethyl)indol-5-ol;3-(b-aminoethyl)-5-hydroxyindole;5-ht;5-hta;5-hydroxy-3-(b-aminoethyl)indole;5-hydroxy-tryptamine;5-hydroxyltryptamine;5-hydroxytriptamine;5-hydroxytryptamine;Antemovis;Ds substance;Enteramin;Enteramine;Serotonine;Thrombocytin;ThrombotoninPW_C0001785-HT300623181743182713186155012807908313212177112412432211812765638852DopamineHMDB0000073Dopamine is a member of the catecholamine family of neurotransmitters in the brain and is a precursor to epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Dopamine is synthesized in the body (mainly by nervous tissue and adrenal glands) first by the hydration of the amino acid tyrosine to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase and then by the decarboxylation of DOPA by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (dopamine receptors) mediates its action, which plays a major role in reward-motivated behaviour. Dopamine has many other functions outside the brain. In blood vessels, dopamine inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator (at normal concentrations); in the kidneys, it increases sodium excretion and urine output; in the pancreas, it reduces insulin production; in the digestive system, it reduces gastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa; and in the immune system, it reduces the activity of lymphocytes. Parkinson's disease, a degenerative condition causing tremor and motor impairment, is caused by a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in an area of the midbrain called the substantia nigra. There is evidence that schizophrenia involves altered levels of dopamine activity, and most antipsychotic drugs used to treat this are dopamine antagonists, which reduce dopamine activity. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, and addiction are also characterized by defects in dopamine production or metabolism. It has been suggested that animals derived their dopamine-synthesizing machinery from bacteria via horizontal gene transfer that may have occurred relatively late in evolutionary time. This is perhaps a result of the symbiotic incorporation of bacteria into eukaryotic cells that gave rise to mitochondria. Dopamine is elevated in the urine of people who consume bananas. When present in sufficiently high levels, dopamine can be a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that disrupts or attacks neural tissue. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of dopamine are associated with neuroblastoma, Costello syndrome, leukemia, phaeochromocytoma, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, and Menkes disease (MNK). High levels of dopamine can lead to hyperactivity, insomnia, agitation and anxiety, depression, delusions, excessive salivation, nausea, and digestive problems.51-61-6C0375868118243DOPAMINE661DB00988NCCC1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1C8H11NO2InChI=1S/C8H11NO2/c9-4-3-6-1-2-7(10)8(11)5-6/h1-2,5,10-11H,3-4,9H2VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol153.1784153.078978601-1.313dopamine01FDB0121632-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine;3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine;3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine;3-hydroxytyramine;4-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol;4-(2-aminoethyl)-pyrocatechol;4-(2-aminoethyl)catechol;4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol;Deoxyepinephrine;Dopamin;Dopamine;Dopaminum;Dopastat;Dophamine;Dynatra;Hydroxytyramin;Hydroxytyramine;Intropin;Oxytyramine;Revivan;A-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-b-aminoethane;Alpha-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-beta-aminoethane;4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol;DopaminaPW_C000052LDP400196942020172420802318774318871416115770432937776234179112360791381328005098800511841216064341216371241241644691241951181275755151276113885733Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2P17787X5317913297733299245734Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4P43681X8974113298732712Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1AO00555Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1A gives rise to P and/or Q-type calcium currents. P/Q-type calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group and are blocked by the funnel toxin (Ftx) and by the omega-agatoxin- IVA (omega-Aga-IVA). They are however insensitive to dihydropyridines (DHP), and omega-conotoxin-GVIA (omega-CTx-GVIA)HMDBP07491CACNA1A19p13AC098781193939942388503228136372742720Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1Q02641The beta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels contributes to the function of the calcium channel by increasing peak calcium current, shifting the voltage dependencies of activation and inactivation, modulating G protein inhibition and controlling the alpha-1 subunit membrane targetingHMDBP07499CACNB117q21-q22CH471152193839276945351514354052509665807532281361336512706Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2Q9NY47The alpha-2/delta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels regulates calcium current density and activation/inactivation kinetics of the calcium channel. Acts as a regulatory subunit for P/Q-type calcium channel (CACNA1A), N-type (CACNA1B), L-type (CACNA1C OR CACNA1D) and possibly T-type (CACNA1G). Overexpression induces apoptosisHMDBP07485CACNA2D23p21.3AJ25136819403927684535141435395250956584992281361326514299Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaQ9Y5Y9This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which sodium ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel isoform. Its electrophysiological properties vary depending on the type of the associated beta subunits (in vitro). Plays a role in neuropathic pain mechanismsHMDBP09090SCN10A3p22.2AC137625132087385042284288Sodium channel subunit beta-1Q07699Crucial in the assembly, expression, and functional modulation of the heterotrimeric complex of the sodium channel. The subunit beta-1 can modulate multiple alpha subunit isoforms from brain, skeletal muscle, and heart. Its association with neurofascin may target the sodium channels to the nodes of Ranvier of developing axons and retain these channels at the nodes in mature myelinated axonsHMDBP09079SCN1B19q13.1AC02090713209734920Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2Q9NZV8Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated rapidly inactivating A-type potassium channels. May contribute to I(To) current in heart and I(Sa) current in neurons. Channel properties are modulated by interactions with other alpha subunits and with regulatory subunitsHMDBP10843KCND27q31BC1104501932382972Kv channel-interacting protein 2Q9NS61Regulatory subunit of Kv4/D (Shal)-type voltage-gated rapidly inactivating A-type potassium channels. Probably modulates channels density, inactivation kinetics and rate of recovery from inactivation in a calcium-dependent and isoform-specific manner. In vitro, modulates KCND2/Kv4.2 and KCND3/Kv4.3 currents. Involved in KCND2 and KCND3 trafficking to the cell surfaceHMDBP07751KCNIP210q24AK0273471912383507141294Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1P05023This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.
HMDBP01387ATP1A11p21AL13637613.6.3.92645143167733637613928755069271362996811423Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2P50993This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.
HMDBP01534ATP1A21q23.2J0509613.6.3.92646143168733638613929755070271363016811316Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3P13637This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.
HMDBP01416ATP1A319q13.31M3745513.6.3.92647143169733639613930755071271363006812269Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4Q13733This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients. Plays a role in sperm motility.
HMDBP03142ATP1A41q23.2AF31064613.6.3.92648143170733640613931755072271363026811154Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1P05026This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The beta subunit regulates, through assembly of alpha/beta heterodimers, the number of sodium pumps transported to the plasma membraneHMDBP01228ATP1B11q24X1716112649143171733641613932755073271363036811150Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2P14415This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The exact function of the beta-2 subunit is not knownHMDBP01224ATP1B217p13.1CH47110812650143172733642613933755074271363046811126Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3P54709This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The exact function of the beta-3 subunit is not knownHMDBP01199ATP1B33q23AF00589412651143173733643613934755075271363056815708ATPase, (Na+)/K+ transporting, beta 4 polypeptideB7ZKV8BC143404126521431747336446139357550762784562281363066812684Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gammaP54710May be involved in forming the receptor site for cardiac glycoside binding or may modulate the transport function of the sodium ATPaseHMDBP07463FXYD211q23U50743126531431757336456139367550772784572281363076815735Pro-opiomelanocortinP01189M2589615703Beta-endorphinP012031911373176743177715737Neuroendocrine convertase 2P16519M9596713.4.21.941515Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1Q05586NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. This protein plays a key role in synaptic plasticity, synaptogenesis, excitotoxicity, memory acquisition and learning. It mediates neuronal functions in glutamate neurotransmission. Is involved in the cell surface targeting of NMDA receptorsHMDBP01635GRIN19q34.3L056661327673132159141520Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1Q12879NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels possesses high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Activation requires binding of agonist to both types of subunitsHMDBP01642GRIN2A16p13.2U090021327773132158143065Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3AQ8TCU5NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with reduced single-channel conductance, low calcium permeability and low voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. May play a role in the development of dendritic spines. May play a role in PPP2CB-NMDAR mediated signaling mechanismHMDBP07845GRIN3A9q31.1AB0758531327873132163142654Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorP35348This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol- calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteinsHMDBP07433ADRA1A8p21.2AY389505130345231837319945-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AP08908This is one of the several different receptors for 5- hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a mitogen. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins that inhibit adenylate cyclase activityHMDBP02566HTR1A5q11.2-q13Z1116813184731814Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporterP23975Amine transporter. Terminates the action of noradrenaline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
HMDBP02154SLC6A216q12.2CH47109213214733905144328851822Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterP31645Serotonin transporter whose primary function in the central nervous system involves the regulation of serotonergic signaling via transport of serotonin molecules from the synaptic cleft back into the pre-synaptic terminal for re-utilization. Plays a key role in mediating regulation of the availability of serotonin to other receptors of serotonergic systems. Terminates the action of serotonin and recycles it in a sodium-dependent manner.
HMDBP02165SLC6A417q11.2L0556813291733906144329851983Sodium-dependent dopamine transporterQ01959Amine transporter. Terminates the action of dopamine by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
HMDBP02547SLC6A35p15.3AY62311013215738505144885D(1A) dopamine receptorP21728This is one of the five types (D1 to D5) of receptors for dopamine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclaseHMDBP10808DRD15q35.1BC0749791319173416224987141355875992036Mu-type opioid receptorP35372Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Receptor for beta-endorphinHMDBP02643OPRM16q24-q25AY309009191038317873510374776Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor1PW_P0007768745733287557342777L type Calcium channel1PW_P000777876271218772720187827062778Sodium channel1PW_P0007788794299188042881779Voltage Gated Potassium Channel1PW_P0007798814920488229724545Sodium/potassium ATPase1PW_P000545577129457814235791316580226958111545821150583112658457085852684207814780Pro-opiomelanocortin1PW_P00078088357351255Beta-endorphin1PW_P0002552745703781Neuroendocrine convertase 21PW_P00078188457371782Glutamate receptor ionotropic1PW_P000782885151518861520188730651749Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor1PW_P000749844265417835-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A1PW_P00078388819941784Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter1PW_P00078488918141785Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter1PW_P00078589018221786Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter1PW_P00078689119831787D(1A) dopamine receptor1PW_P00078789248851254Mu-type opioid receptor1PW_P00025427320361673falsePW_R001673Right63637801ProteinComplexfalse63642551ProteinComplexfalse14107813.4.21.9414PW_RCT000014Right7414414Compound17275141420Compound1727614458Compound3727714457Compound27178141034Compound17279141104Compound1728014458Compound3718114457Compound27214155PW_T0001551783531Compound7172Right1187762013-09-05T22:51:15-06:002013-09-05T22:51:15-06:00731207772013-09-05T23:16:45-06:002013-09-05T23:16:45-06:00731237822013-09-06T09:40:42-06:002013-09-06T09:40:42-06:0073153PW_T0001531764581Compound7172Right1167762013-09-05T22:48:00-06:002013-09-05T22:48:00-06:00731217782013-09-05T23:25:06-06:002013-09-05T23:25:06-06:0073154PW_T0001541774571Compound7271Right1177762013-09-05T22:50:08-06:002013-09-05T22:50:08-06:00731227792013-09-05T23:34:59-06:002013-09-05T23:34:59-06:0073157PW_T0001571802551ProteinComplex7471Right158PW_T0001581811421Compound7471Right159PW_T0001591821781Compound7471Right161PW_T0001611851421Compound7174Right1864581Compound7174Right1257842013-09-06T10:30:21-06:002013-09-06T10:30:21-06:0073160PW_T0001601831781Compound1574Right1844581Compound1574Right1267852013-09-06T10:31:59-06:002013-09-06T10:31:59-06:0073162PW_T000162187521Compound7471Right163PW_T000163188521Compound7174Right1894581Compound7174Right1277862013-09-06T10:50:29-06:002013-09-06T10:50:29-06:007363513537151false2810252510regular787863523537251false281028534regular787863534587158false2465238010regular787863544587258false246528534regular787863554577257false2110237010regular787863564577157false211028535regular787863573537151false321025254regular787863583537251false321328554regular787863594587258false246518534regular787863604577157false211318565regular787863614147242false2925230510regular5030636214207249false2910238210regular787863634587258false2810227810regular787863644577157false3210228110regular7878636510347243false3127230510regular5030636611047246false3110239810regular444363674587158false2813185510regular787863684577257false3208185310regular787863693537151false551515510regular787863703537251false551540510regular787863711427481false448070510regular20019063721427181false487570510regular20019063731787481false4480110510regular20019063741787181false4875110510regular20019063754587158false499596510regular787863764587458false448096510regular78786380178153true3965311010regular10010063814581558false4995136010regular787863824587458false4480136010regular78786383527481false4480150510regular2001906384527181false4875150510regular20019063854587158false4996176310regular787863864587458false4481176810regular78782625573377false271426938subunitregular160802626573477false2834269312subunitregular160802627573377false236426888subunitregular160802628573477false2484269316subunitregular160802629573377false201426888subunitregular160802630573477false213426888subunitregular160802631271222876false317326598subunitregular150702632272076false317327298subunitregular150702633270622877false305326948subunitregular160802634429922876false2494208811subunitregular150702635428876false2359209312subunitregular150702636492078false203820598subunitregular1351202637297278false213320648subunitregular135120263812947376false297319578subunitregular15070263914237376false2828206714subunitregular15070264013167376false3073200713subunitregular15070264122697376false3118206214subunitregular15070264211547376false2853212715subunitregular15070264311507376false2868200213subunitregular15070264411267376false2898218716subunitregular15070264557087376false3048218716subunitregular15070264626847376false3098212515subunitregular15070264757352false38307308subunitregular1507026485703742false41255408subunitregular15070264957372false39856408subunitregular1507026505703712false49005408subunitregular150702652151576false53702758subunitregular150702653152076false54802758subunitregular150702654306576false55902758subunitregular15070265526547380false52357308subunitregular200130265619947380false523511308subunitregular200130265718141476false47059708subunitregular150702659182276false470513658subunitregular15070266019831476false470517708subunitregular15070266248857380false523515308subunitregular200130610820367380false52355058subunitregular2001302352776356261426252615262623537763562616262726172628235477635626182629261926302355777356262026312621263226222633235677835626232634262426352357779356262526362626263723585453567326272638262826392629264026302641263126422632264326332644263426452635264623597803562636264723602553567426372648236178135626382649236225535671263926502364782356264126522642265326432654236574935673264426552366783356732645265623677843562646265723697853562648265923707863562649266023727873567326512662499425435673603061089640M2849 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5false18falsefalse9661M4125 575 C4095 575 4060 615 4060 640 5false18trueM 2137.0096189432334 687.5 L 2150 680 L 2137.0096189432334 672.5false9662M4275 575 C4305 575 4876 575 4900 575 83false18trueM 2775.0644009829866 743.6115180941069 L 2790 745 L 2783.734661094692 731.3711508775821false9663M4900 575 C4870 575 3636 2388 3660 2405 5true189666M5555 228 C5555 251 5556 250 5555 275 83false189667M5554 407 C5555 380 5555 386 5555 345 83false18trueM 3531.5 607.0096189432334 L 3539 620 L 3546.5 607.0096189432334false9668M4680 803 C4710 803 4828 801 4875 801 83false18trueM 2635.0644009829866 1018.6115180941069 L 2650 1020 L 2643.734661094692 1006.3711508775821false9669M4875 800 C4845 800 3876 2653 3900 2670 5true189670M4680 1200 C4710 1200 4833 1200 4875 1200 83false18trueM 2806.667583644881 1291.8736216170046 L 2820 1285 L 2807.3810608861127 1276.890599551138false9671M4875 1200 C4845 1200 1401 1683 1425 1700 5true189672M5075 800 C5105 800 5245 800 5275 800 149false18trueM 3167.0096189432334 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2490.9903810567666 1651.5 L 2478 1659 L 2490.9903810567666 1666.5false9688M4680 1600 C4710 1600 4819 1601 4875 1600 83false18trueM 2740.0644009829866 1808.611518094107 L 2755 1810 L 2748.734661094692 1796.371150877582false9689M4875 1600 C4845 1600 1401 1683 1425 1700 83true189690M4975 1695 C4974 1751 4898 1808 4855 1805 83false189691M4580 1695 C4581 1752 4652 1807 4705 1805 83false18trueM 2422.9903810567666 1812.5 L 2410 1820 L 2422.9903810567666 1827.5false9692M4996 1804 C4966 1804 4885 1805 4855 1805 83false189693M4559 1805 C4589 1805 4675 1805 4705 1805 83false18trueM 2441.9903810567666 1919.5 L 2429 1927 L 2441.9903810567666 1934.5false9699M5075 1600 C5105 1600 5245 1600 5275 1600 149false18trueM 3197.0096189432334 1657.5 L 3210 1650 L 3197.0096189432334 1642.5false9700M5275 1600 C5245 1600 4477 3410 4447 3410 5true1818008M5050 575 C5080 575 4235 2460 4265 2460 5true1818009M5275 575 C5245 575 5080 575 5050 575 5false183659424M2232 3400 C2262 3400 2398 3400 2434 3400 C2455 3336 2475 3198 2503 3104 C2529 3042 2569 3559 2647 3497 C2698 3435 2696 3397 2760 3400 C2796 3401 2817 3400 2881 3400 5false183659541M2231 3049 C2231 3074 2230 3522 2231 3551 195false183659542M2231 3550 C2262 3550 2901 3551 2931 3550 195false18trueM 4588.266691039841 5757.928609141907 L 4601 5750 L 4587.766968586351 5742.93693553722false3659543M2436 3401 C2485 3402 2879 3399 2931 3401 219false23659544M2230 3201 C2345 3201 2892 3201 2930 3201 195false6falsefalse19213561673743623599660Left3723609661Right18431410236110143564963619652Left5063629653Left5163639654Left5263649655Left5363659656Right5463669657Right5563679658Right5663689659Right1023581424715535654563519640Left54663529641Right148235211824815335654763539642Left54863549643Right149235311624915435654963559644Left55063569645Right150235411725015535655163579646Left55263589647Right151235512025115335655363539648Left55463599649Right152235612125215435655563559650Left55663609651Right1532357122253157356523609662Left623629663Right25415535655763699666Left55863709667Right154236412325515835655963719668Left56063729669Right25615935656163739670Left56263749671Right25716135656363729676Left56463719677Right56563759678Left56663769679Right155236712525916035657163809684Left57263739685Right57363819686Left57463829687Right157236912626016235657563839688Left57663849689Right26116335657763849690Left57863839691Right57963859692Left58063869693Right158237012752949235614true4257269516regular51563729672Left20223659673Right53049135614true4257293516regular51663749674Left20323669675Right53149335614true4297337516regular51763849699Left20423729700Right97349035614true4265242516regular538236218008Left539499418009Right68357365942468358365954168359365954268360365954368361365954431089955803.63.6021650040038579217510601.01.0-80213342731412M1548 2126 C2248 2126 2914 2129 3400 2126 1false61852.00.0413M1548 2726 C2125 2723 2972 2725 3401 2726 1false61853.00.0414M3700 375 C3813 376 3795 376 3891 376 C4041 135 4432 117 4655 403 C4797 562 4815 927 4826 1253 C4820 1579 4797 1912 4657 2052 C4430 2332 4048 2270 3896 2026 C3809 2026 3783 2027 3700 2027 1false31126.01677.0415M5853 326 C5758 325 5252 242 5276 402 C5352 693 5358 1857 5280 2098 C5251 2247 5763 2175 5856 2174 1false7580.01848.0416M3768 572 C3768 522 3818 472 3868 472 C3978 472 4121 472 4231 472 C4281 472 4331 522 4331 572 C4331 633 4331 713 4331 774 C4331 824 4281 874 4231 874 C4121 874 3978 874 3868 874 C3818 874 3768 824 3768 774 C3768 713 3768 633 3768 572 238true6563.0402.063815Synaptic Vesicle4005740201.61.61601545035915Presynaptic Neuron38261793202.82.81601545036015Postsynaptic Neuron53511793202.82.81601545036115Synaptic Cleft4741286202.82.81601545036215Neuron2554670202.52.51601545036315Neuron Axon15811876202.82.81601545036415Action Potential27412958203.43.41601545036515Membrane Potential (mV)16323198202.22.21601545036615Resting Potential29403363201.01.01601545036715-7020523363201.01.01601545036815Time24303531201.91.91601545036915+4020503060201.01.01601545037015020503160201.01.01601545037115Depolarization22593245201.31.31601545037215Peak Action Potential23493030201.31.31601545037315Repolarization25443270201.31.31601545037415Hyperpolarization26393425201.31.316015135292294836991005854230239192155220217725899511547180234003702419185319001803883984591378649243098514#D8ECEA452335918038916349992149702300011523948514501803922290303216023001335136514#EBFFEB11749650