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Pathway Description
Chlorophyll a Biosynthesis II
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2017-02-23
Last Updated: 2019-09-12
Chlorophyll a is the primary form of chlorophyll in plants. Chlorophylls are pigments that give plants their perceived green colour and are essential for photosynthesis, the process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy. Chlorophyll a, in particular, absorbs energy from wavelengths of violet-blue and orange-red light. Two pathways exist for chlorophyll a biosynthesis whereby geranylgeranyl diphosphate and 3,8-divinyl chlorophyllide a becomes chlorophyll a. Both of these pathways take place in the chloroplast. This is the second pathway of chlorophyll a biosynthesis. First, 3,8-divinyl protochlorophyllide a 8-vinyl-reductase converts 3,8-divinyl chlorophyllide into chlorophyllide a. Second, chlorophyll synthetase uses magnesium ion as a cofactor to convert chlorophyllide a and geranylgeranyl diphosphate into geranylgeranyl chlorophyll a. The next three reactions to synthesize chlorophyll a from geranylgeranyl chlorophyll a are catalyzed by the same enzyme, geranylgeranyl dehydrogenase. It converts geranylgeranyl chlorophyll a into dihydrogeranylgeranyl chlorophyll a, dihydrogeranylgeranyl chlorophyll a into tetrahydrogeranylgeranyl chlorophyll a, and tetrahydrogeranylgeranyl chlorophyll a into chlorophyll a.
References
Chlorophyll a Biosynthesis II References
Keller Y, Bouvier F, d'Harlingue A, Camara B: Metabolic compartmentation of plastid prenyllipid biosynthesis--evidence for the involvement of a multifunctional geranylgeranyl reductase. Eur J Biochem. 1998 Jan 15;251(1-2):413-7.
Pubmed: 9492312
Gaubier P, Wu HJ, Laudie M, Delseny M, Grellet F: A chlorophyll synthetase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Gen Genet. 1995 Nov 1;249(1):58-64.
Pubmed: 8552034
Nagata N, Tanaka R, Satoh S, Tanaka A: Identification of a vinyl reductase gene for chlorophyll synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana and implications for the evolution of Prochlorococcus species. Plant Cell. 2005 Jan;17(1):233-40. doi: 10.1105/tpc.104.027276.
Pubmed: 15632054
Nakanishi H, Nozue H, Suzuki K, Kaneko Y, Taguchi G, Hayashida N: Characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant pcb2 which accumulates divinyl chlorophylls. Plant Cell Physiol. 2005 Mar;46(3):467-73. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pci053. Epub 2005 Feb 2.
Pubmed: 15695432
Tabata S, Kaneko T, Nakamura Y, Kotani H, Kato T, Asamizu E, Miyajima N, Sasamoto S, Kimura T, Hosouchi T, Kawashima K, Kohara M, Matsumoto M, Matsuno A, Muraki A, Nakayama S, Nakazaki N, Naruo K, Okumura S, Shinpo S, Takeuchi C, Wada T, Watanabe A, Yamada M, Yasuda M, Sato S, de la Bastide M, Huang E, Spiegel L, Gnoj L, O'Shaughnessy A, Preston R, Habermann K, Murray J, Johnson D, Rohlfing T, Nelson J, Stoneking T, Pepin K, Spieth J, Sekhon M, Armstrong J, Becker M, Belter E, Cordum H, Cordes M, Courtney L, Courtney W, Dante M, Du H, Edwards J, Fryman J, Haakensen B, Lamar E, Latreille P, Leonard S, Meyer R, Mulvaney E, Ozersky P, Riley A, Strowmatt C, Wagner-McPherson C, Wollam A, Yoakum M, Bell M, Dedhia N, Parnell L, Shah R, Rodriguez M, See LH, Vil D, Baker J, Kirchoff K, Toth K, King L, Bahret A, Miller B, Marra M, Martienssen R, McCombie WR, Wilson RK, Murphy G, Bancroft I, Volckaert G, Wambutt R, Dusterhoft A, Stiekema W, Pohl T, Entian KD, Terryn N, Hartley N, Bent E, Johnson S, Langham SA, McCullagh B, Robben J, Grymonprez B, Zimmermann W, Ramsperger U, Wedler H, Balke K, Wedler E, Peters S, van Staveren M, Dirkse W, Mooijman P, Lankhorst RK, Weitzenegger T, Bothe G, Rose M, Hauf J, Berneiser S, Hempel S, Feldpausch M, Lamberth S, Villarroel R, Gielen J, Ardiles W, Bents O, Lemcke K, Kolesov G, Mayer K, Rudd S, Schoof H, Schueller C, Zaccaria P, Mewes HW, Bevan M, Fransz P: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 5 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 2000 Dec 14;408(6814):823-6. doi: 10.1038/35048507.
Pubmed: 11130714
Gaubier P, Wu HJ, Laudie M, Delseny M, Grellet F: A chlorophyll synthetase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Gen Genet. 1995 Nov 1;249(1):58-64. doi: 10.1007/bf00290236.
Pubmed: 8552034
Comella P, Wu HJ, Laudie M, Berger C, Cooke R, Delseny M, Grellet F: Fine sequence analysis of 60 kb around the Arabidopsis thaliana AtEm1 locus on chromosome III. Plant Mol Biol. 1999 Nov;41(5):687-700. doi: 10.1023/a:1006395324818.
Pubmed: 10645728
Cheng CY, Krishnakumar V, Chan AP, Thibaud-Nissen F, Schobel S, Town CD: Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference genome. Plant J. 2017 Feb;89(4):789-804. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13415. Epub 2017 Feb 10.
Pubmed: 27862469
Keller Y, Bouvier F, d'Harlingue A, Camara B: Metabolic compartmentation of plastid prenyllipid biosynthesis--evidence for the involvement of a multifunctional geranylgeranyl reductase. Eur J Biochem. 1998 Jan 15;251(1-2):413-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2510413.x.
Pubmed: 9492312
Theologis A, Ecker JR, Palm CJ, Federspiel NA, Kaul S, White O, Alonso J, Altafi H, Araujo R, Bowman CL, Brooks SY, Buehler E, Chan A, Chao Q, Chen H, Cheuk RF, Chin CW, Chung MK, Conn L, Conway AB, Conway AR, Creasy TH, Dewar K, Dunn P, Etgu P, Feldblyum TV, Feng J, Fong B, Fujii CY, Gill JE, Goldsmith AD, Haas B, Hansen NF, Hughes B, Huizar L, Hunter JL, Jenkins J, Johnson-Hopson C, Khan S, Khaykin E, Kim CJ, Koo HL, Kremenetskaia I, Kurtz DB, Kwan A, Lam B, Langin-Hooper S, Lee A, Lee JM, Lenz CA, Li JH, Li Y, Lin X, Liu SX, Liu ZA, Luros JS, Maiti R, Marziali A, Militscher J, Miranda M, Nguyen M, Nierman WC, Osborne BI, Pai G, Peterson J, Pham PK, Rizzo M, Rooney T, Rowley D, Sakano H, Salzberg SL, Schwartz JR, Shinn P, Southwick AM, Sun H, Tallon LJ, Tambunga G, Toriumi MJ, Town CD, Utterback T, Van Aken S, Vaysberg M, Vysotskaia VS, Walker M, Wu D, Yu G, Fraser CM, Venter JC, Davis RW: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 1 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 2000 Dec 14;408(6814):816-20. doi: 10.1038/35048500.
Pubmed: 11130712
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