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Pathway Description
Chlorophyll a Degradation II
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2017-02-23
Last Updated: 2019-09-12
Chlorophyll a degradation is the process in leaf senescence and fruit ripening observable due to its characteristic loss of green colouring. There are two pathways for chlorophyll a degradation. This second pathway, occurring in the chloroplast, is possibly the primary route by which chlorophyll a undergoes degradation in senescing leaves. First, the predicted enzyme pheophytin a synthase (coloured orange in the image) is theorized to dechelate Mg2+ in chlorophyll a to form pheophytin a. Second, pheophytinase catalyzes teh conversion of pheophytin into pheophorbide a and phytol. Third, pheophorbide a oxygenase, localized to the chloroplast membrane (coloured dark green in the image), catalyzes the conversion of pheophorbide into epoxypheophorbide a. Fourth, epoxypheophorbide and water spontaneously converts into red chlorophyll catabolite. Fifth, red chlorophyll catabolite reductase (RCCR) converts red chlorophyll catabolite into primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite.
References
Chlorophyll a Degradation II References
Schelbert S, Aubry S, Burla B, Agne B, Kessler F, Krupinska K, Hortensteiner S: Pheophytin pheophorbide hydrolase (pheophytinase) is involved in chlorophyll breakdown during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2009 Mar;21(3):767-85. doi: 10.1105/tpc.108.064089. Epub 2009 Mar 20.
Pubmed: 19304936
Schenk N, Schelbert S, Kanwischer M, Goldschmidt EE, Dormann P, Hortensteiner S: The chlorophyllases AtCLH1 and AtCLH2 are not essential for senescence-related chlorophyll breakdown in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett. 2007 Nov 27;581(28):5517-25. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.10.060. Epub 2007 Nov 8.
Pubmed: 17996203
Ren G, Zhou Q, Wu S, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Huang J, Sun Z, Kuai B: Reverse genetic identification of CRN1 and its distinctive role in chlorophyll degradation in Arabidopsis. J Integr Plant Biol. 2010 May;52(5):496-504. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00945.x.
Pubmed: 20537045
Wuthrich KL, Bovet L, Hunziker PE, Donnison IS, Hortensteiner S: Molecular cloning, functional expression and characterisation of RCC reductase involved in chlorophyll catabolism. Plant J. 2000 Jan;21(2):189-98.
Pubmed: 10743659
Sato S, Kotani H, Nakamura Y, Kaneko T, Asamizu E, Fukami M, Miyajima N, Tabata S: Structural analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 5. I. Sequence features of the 1.6 Mb regions covered by twenty physically assigned P1 clones. DNA Res. 1997 Jun 30;4(3):215-30. doi: 10.1093/dnares/4.3.215.
Pubmed: 9330910
Cheng CY, Krishnakumar V, Chan AP, Thibaud-Nissen F, Schobel S, Town CD: Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference genome. Plant J. 2017 Feb;89(4):789-804. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13415. Epub 2017 Feb 10.
Pubmed: 27862469
Pruzinska A, Tanner G, Anders I, Roca M, Hortensteiner S: Chlorophyll breakdown: pheophorbide a oxygenase is a Rieske-type iron-sulfur protein, encoded by the accelerated cell death 1 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Dec 9;100(25):15259-64. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2036571100. Epub 2003 Dec 1.
Pubmed: 14657372
Tanaka R, Hirashima M, Satoh S, Tanaka A: The Arabidopsis-accelerated cell death gene ACD1 is involved in oxygenation of pheophorbide a: inhibition of the pheophorbide a oxygenase activity does not lead to the "stay-green" phenotype in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol. 2003 Dec;44(12):1266-74. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcg172.
Pubmed: 14701922
Gray J, Close PS, Briggs SP, Johal GS: A novel suppressor of cell death in plants encoded by the Lls1 gene of maize. Cell. 1997 Apr 4;89(1):25-31. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80179-8.
Pubmed: 9094711
Mach JM, Castillo AR, Hoogstraten R, Greenberg JT: The Arabidopsis-accelerated cell death gene ACD2 encodes red chlorophyll catabolite reductase and suppresses the spread of disease symptoms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jan 16;98(2):771-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.021465298. Epub 2001 Jan 9.
Pubmed: 11149948
Sugishima M, Kitamori Y, Noguchi M, Kohchi T, Fukuyama K: Crystal structure of red chlorophyll catabolite reductase: enlargement of the ferredoxin-dependent bilin reductase family. J Mol Biol. 2009 Jun 5;389(2):376-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.04.017. Epub 2009 Apr 15.
Pubmed: 19374909
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