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Pathway Description
AMP Degradation (Hypoxanthine Route)
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2017-02-24
Last Updated: 2019-08-28
Purine nucleotides are eventually degraded to ammonia and carbon dioxide. This pathway follows the degradation of AMP to a urate intermediate in the cytosol via xanthine conversion from hypoxanthine. First, AMP deaminase catalyzes the conversion of AMP is into IMP. Second, the predicted enzyme 5′-nucleotidase (coloured orange in the image) is theorized to convert IMP into inosine. Third, ribonucleoside hydrolase converts inosine into hypoxanthine. Fourth, xanthine dehydrogenase is an enzyme that requires [2Fe-2S] cluster, FAD, and Moco as cofactors for catalyzing two subsequent reaction in the AMP degradation pathway: the conversion of hypoxanthine into xanthine and the conversion of xanthine into urate.
References
AMP Degradation (Hypoxanthine Route) References
Jung B, Florchinger M, Kunz HH, Traub M, Wartenberg R, Jeblick W, Neuhaus HE, Mohlmann T: Uridine-ribohydrolase is a key regulator in the uridine degradation pathway of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2009 Mar;21(3):876-91. doi: 10.1105/tpc.108.062612. Epub 2009 Mar 17.
Pubmed: 19293370
Xu J, Zhang HY, Xie CH, Xue HW, Dijkhuis P, Liu CM: EMBRYONIC FACTOR 1 encodes an AMP deaminase and is essential for the zygote to embryo transition in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2005 Jun;42(5):743-56. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02411.x.
Pubmed: 15918887
Han BW, Bingman CA, Mahnke DK, Sabina RL, Phillips GN Jr: Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of adenosine 5'-monophosphate deaminase (AMPD) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with coformycin 5'-phosphate. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2005 Aug 1;61(Pt 8):740-2. doi: 10.1107/S1744309105019792. Epub 2005 Jul 8.
Pubmed: 16511144
Lin X, Kaul S, Rounsley S, Shea TP, Benito MI, Town CD, Fujii CY, Mason T, Bowman CL, Barnstead M, Feldblyum TV, Buell CR, Ketchum KA, Lee J, Ronning CM, Koo HL, Moffat KS, Cronin LA, Shen M, Pai G, Van Aken S, Umayam L, Tallon LJ, Gill JE, Adams MD, Carrera AJ, Creasy TH, Goodman HM, Somerville CR, Copenhaver GP, Preuss D, Nierman WC, White O, Eisen JA, Salzberg SL, Fraser CM, Venter JC: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 2 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 1999 Dec 16;402(6763):761-8. doi: 10.1038/45471.
Pubmed: 10617197
Cheng CY, Krishnakumar V, Chan AP, Thibaud-Nissen F, Schobel S, Town CD: Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference genome. Plant J. 2017 Feb;89(4):789-804. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13415. Epub 2017 Feb 10.
Pubmed: 27862469
Yamada K, Lim J, Dale JM, Chen H, Shinn P, Palm CJ, Southwick AM, Wu HC, Kim C, Nguyen M, Pham P, Cheuk R, Karlin-Newmann G, Liu SX, Lam B, Sakano H, Wu T, Yu G, Miranda M, Quach HL, Tripp M, Chang CH, Lee JM, Toriumi M, Chan MM, Tang CC, Onodera CS, Deng JM, Akiyama K, Ansari Y, Arakawa T, Banh J, Banno F, Bowser L, Brooks S, Carninci P, Chao Q, Choy N, Enju A, Goldsmith AD, Gurjal M, Hansen NF, Hayashizaki Y, Johnson-Hopson C, Hsuan VW, Iida K, Karnes M, Khan S, Koesema E, Ishida J, Jiang PX, Jones T, Kawai J, Kamiya A, Meyers C, Nakajima M, Narusaka M, Seki M, Sakurai T, Satou M, Tamse R, Vaysberg M, Wallender EK, Wong C, Yamamura Y, Yuan S, Shinozaki K, Davis RW, Theologis A, Ecker JR: Empirical analysis of transcriptional activity in the Arabidopsis genome. Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):842-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1088305.
Pubmed: 14593172
Hesberg C, Hansch R, Mendel RR, Bittner F: Tandem orientation of duplicated xanthine dehydrogenase genes from Arabidopsis thaliana: differential gene expression and enzyme activities. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 2;279(14):13547-54. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M312929200. Epub 2004 Jan 15.
Pubmed: 14726515
Yesbergenova Z, Yang G, Oron E, Soffer D, Fluhr R, Sagi M: The plant Mo-hydroxylases aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase have distinct reactive oxygen species signatures and are induced by drought and abscisic acid. Plant J. 2005 Jun;42(6):862-76. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02422.x.
Pubmed: 15941399
Nakagawa A, Sakamoto S, Takahashi M, Morikawa H, Sakamoto A: The RNAi-mediated silencing of xanthine dehydrogenase impairs growth and fertility and accelerates leaf senescence in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Plant Cell Physiol. 2007 Oct;48(10):1484-95. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcm119. Epub 2007 Sep 14.
Pubmed: 17872919
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