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Pathway Description
Alpha Linolenic Acid and Linoleic Acid Metabolism
Mus musculus
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2018-01-21
Last Updated: 2019-08-16
Linoleic acid (LNA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) precursor to the longer n−6 fatty acids commonly known as omega-6 fatty acids. Omega-6 fatty acids are characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond at the sixth carbon from the methyl group. Similarly, the PUFA alpha-linoleic acid (ALA) is the precursor to n-3 fatty acids known as omega-3 fatty acids which is characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond at the third carbon from the methyl group.
Both LNA and ALA are essential dietary requirements for all mammals since they cannot be synthesized natively in the body. Both undergo a series of similar conversions to reach their final fatty acid form. LNA enters the cell and is catalyzed to gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) by acyl-CoA 6-desaturase (delta-6-desaturase/fatty acid desaturase 2). GLA is then converted to dihomo-gammalinolenic acid (DGLA) by elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 5 (ELOVL5). DGLA is then converted to arachidonic acid (AA) by acyl-CoA (8-3)-desaturase (delta-5-desaturase/fatty acid desaturase 1). Arachidonic acid is then converted to a series of short lived metabolites called eicosanoids before finally reaching it's final fatty acid form.
References
Alpha Linolenic Acid and Linoleic Acid Metabolism References
Lehninger, A.L. Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th ed.) (2005). New York: W.H Freeman.
Salway, J.G. Metabolism at a glance (3rd ed.) (2004). Alden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub.
Vance, D.E., and Vance, J.E. Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins, and membranes (5th ed.) (2008) Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier.
Cho HP, Nakamura MT, Clarke SD: Cloning, expression, and nutritional regulation of the mammalian Delta-6 desaturase. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jan 1;274(1):471-7. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.1.471.
Pubmed: 9867867
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Pubmed: 16141072
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. doi: 10.1101/gr.2596504.
Pubmed: 15489334
Villen J, Beausoleil SA, Gerber SA, Gygi SP: Large-scale phosphorylation analysis of mouse liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 30;104(5):1488-93. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0609836104. Epub 2007 Jan 22.
Pubmed: 17242355
Fan YY, Monk JM, Hou TY, Callway E, Vincent L, Weeks B, Yang P, Chapkin RS: Characterization of an arachidonic acid-deficient (Fads1 knockout) mouse model. J Lipid Res. 2012 Jul;53(7):1287-95. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M024216. Epub 2012 Apr 25.
Pubmed: 22534642
Matsuzaka T, Shimano H, Yahagi N, Amemiya-Kudo M, Yoshikawa T, Hasty AH, Tamura Y, Osuga J, Okazaki H, Iizuka Y, Takahashi A, Sone H, Gotoda T, Ishibashi S, Yamada N: Dual regulation of mouse Delta(5)- and Delta(6)-desaturase gene expression by SREBP-1 and PPARalpha. J Lipid Res. 2002 Jan;43(1):107-14.
Pubmed: 11792729
Zhang K, Kniazeva M, Han M, Li W, Yu Z, Yang Z, Li Y, Metzker ML, Allikmets R, Zack DJ, Kakuk LE, Lagali PS, Wong PW, MacDonald IM, Sieving PA, Figueroa DJ, Austin CP, Gould RJ, Ayyagari R, Petrukhin K: A 5-bp deletion in ELOVL4 is associated with two related forms of autosomal dominant macular dystrophy. Nat Genet. 2001 Jan;27(1):89-93. doi: 10.1038/83817.
Pubmed: 11138005
Mandal MN, Ambasudhan R, Wong PW, Gage PJ, Sieving PA, Ayyagari R: Characterization of mouse orthologue of ELOVL4: genomic organization and spatial and temporal expression. Genomics. 2004 Apr;83(4):626-35. doi: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2003.09.020.
Pubmed: 15028285
This pathway was propagated using PathWhiz -
Pon, A. et al. Pathways with PathWhiz (2015) Nucleic Acids Res. 43(Web Server issue): W552–W559.
Propagated from SMP0000018
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