Quantitative metabolomics services for biomarker discovery and validation.
Specializing in ready to use metabolomics kits.
Your source for quantitative metabolomics technologies and bioinformatics.
Loader

Filter by Pathway Type:



Showing 11 - 20 of 605359 pathways
SMPDB ID Pathway Name and Description Pathway Class Chemical Compounds Proteins

SMP0126832

Pw128437 View Pathway

Zopiclone Action Pathway

Zopiclone, a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic belonging to the pyrazolopyrimidine class, is employed for the short-term management of insomnia. Operating outside the benzodiazepine and barbiturate realms, it interacts with the gamma-aminobutyric acid-benzodiazepine (GABABZ) receptor complex, demonstrating both benzodiazepine-like and some barbiturate-like properties. By selectively binding to the brain alpha subunit of the GABA A omega-1 receptor, zopiclone's action unfolds through engagement with the benzodiazepine receptor complex and modulation of the GABABZ receptor chloride channel macromolecular complex. Its effects align with those of benzodiazepines, acting as full agonists on various GABAA receptor subunits (α1, α2, α3, α5), amplifying GABA's inhibitory actions to produce therapeutic (hypnotic and anxiolytic) and adverse outcomes. Primarily metabolized through processes like decarboxylation, demethylation, and side chain oxidation in the liver, zopiclone undergoes substantial metabolic transformation. This results in the formation of metabolites such as a weakly active N-oxide derivative (constituting around 12% of the dose) and an inactive N-desmethyl metabolite (approximately 16% of the dose). Moreover, nearly 50% of the dose is converted to additional inactive metabolites via decarboxylation, with hepatic microsomal enzymes seemingly playing no significant role in zopiclone clearance. Renowned for its distinct mechanism within the realm of nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, zopiclone effectively addresses short-term insomnia management.
Drug Action

SMP0143342

Pw145010 View Pathway

Zonisamide Drug Metabolism Action Pathway

Drug Action

SMP0126664

Pw128267 View Pathway

Zonisamide Action Pathway

Zonisamide is a sulfonamide anticonvulsant used to treat partial seizures. It can be found under the brand names Zonegran and Zonisade and is administered as an oral capsule. Zonisamide is a sulfonamide anticonvulsant used as an adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures. Zonisamide may act by blocking repetitive firing of voltage-gated sodium channels, leading to a reduction of T-type calcium channel currents. By stopping the spread of seizure discharges, zonisamide prevents the extensor component of tonic convulsion, restricts the spread of focal seizures and prevents the propagation of seizures from the cortex to subcortical structures. The mechanism of action by which zonisamide controls seizures has not been fully established. However, its antiepileptic properties may be due to its effects on sodium and calcium channels. Zonisamide blocks sodium channels and reduces voltage-dependent, transient inward currents, stabilizing neuronal membranes and suppressing neuronal hypersynchronization. It affects T-type calcium currents, but has no effect on L-type calcium currents. Zonisamide suppresses synaptically-driven electrical activity by altering the synthesis, release, and degradation of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate. The use of zonisamide may lead to potentially fatal reactions. Severe reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, fulminant hepatic necrosis, agranulocytosis, and aplastic anemia have been reported in patients treated with sulfonamides such as zonisamide. Zonisamide may also lead to the development of serious hematological events, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and multi-organ hypersensitivity, acute myopia and secondary angle closure glaucoma, as well as suicidal behaviour and ideation.
Drug Action

SMP0142882

Pw144550 View Pathway

Zolpidem Drug Metabolism Action Pathway

Drug Action

SMP0125072

Pw126605 View Pathway

Zolpidem Action Pathway (New)

Zolpidem is a sedative hypnotic used for the short-term treatment of insomnia to improve sleep latency. Zolpidem binds on the benzodiazepine receptors in the post-synaptic GABA-A ligand-gated chloride channel in different sites of the central nervous system (CNS). This binding will result in an increase on the GABA inhibitory effects which is translated as an increase in the flow of chloride ions into the cell causing hyperpolarization and stabilization of the cellular plasma membrane. Zolpidem binding to the GABAA receptor chloride channel macromolecular complex is thought to lead to the sedative, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and myorelaxant drug effects of the drug.
Drug Action

SMP0126995

Pw128613 View Pathway

Zolmitriptan Mechanism of Action Action Pathway

Zolmitriptan, like other triptans, is a serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptor agonist, with enhanced specificity for the 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor subtypes. It is through the downstream effects of 5-HT1B/1D activation that triptans are proposed to provide acute relief of migraines. It has a weak affinity for 5-HT 1A receptor. Zolmitriptan is a vasoconstrictor, leading to possible adverse cardiovascular effects such as myocardial ischemia/infarction, arrhythmias, cerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, gastrointestinal ischemia, and peripheral vasospastic reactions.
Drug Action

SMP0142774

Pw144442 View Pathway

Zolmitriptan Drug Metabolism Action Pathway

Drug Action

SMP0126324

Pw127917 View Pathway

Zoledronate Action Pathway

Zoledronate also known as zoledronic acid is a third-generation bisphosphonate used to treat malignancy with hypercalcemia, myeloma and bone metastasis from tumors. Zoledronate is taken up into the bone and binds to hydroxyapatite, during bone resorption zoledronate is released and taken up into the osteoclast by endocytosis. Within the cytosol of the osteoclast, it inhibits geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. Without these enzymes components needed for the prenylation of proteins are stopped, and this leads to apoptosis of the osteoclast.
Drug Action

SMP0000107

Pw000270 View Pathway

Zoledronate Action Pathway

Zoledronate (also named zoledronic acid, Zometa or Reclast) is a type of medication that used to treat numbers of bone diseases because of its affinity for hydroxyapatite. Zoledronate targets farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) synthase by inhibiting the function of this enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, which prevent the biosynthesis of Geranyl-PP and farnesyl pyrophosphate. Geranyl-PP and farnesyl pyrophosphate are important for geranylgeranylation and farnesylation of GTPase signalling proteins. Lack of Geranyl-PP and farnesyl pyrophosphate will result in decreased rate of bond resorption and turnover as well as block the osteoclast activity, which lead to an increasing mass gain in bone (i.e. net gain in bone mass).
Drug Action

SMP0144931

Pw146599 View Pathway

Zofenopril Drug Metabolism Action Pathway

Drug Action
  • Zofenopril
Showing 11 - 20 of 4295 pathways