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Showing 1 - 10 of 605359 pathways
SMPDB ID Pathway Name and Description Pathway Class Chemical Compounds Proteins

SMP0084271

Pw085289 View Pathway

NAD+ Signalling and Aging

An interesting link has emerged between NAD+ metabolism, SIRT1, SIRT3, and mitochondrial function. NR and PARP inhibitors increased life span in worms via activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response UPRmt by sir2.1. Short-term (1 week) supplementation of these mice with NMN restored mitochondrial homeostasis in muscles, which suggests that NAD+ supplementation can restore some reversible aspects of the aging process. Both observations are consistent with the model indicating that an imbalance in the relative stoichiometries of mitochondria- versus nucleus-encoded ETC proteins may induce life-span extension via activation of the UPRmt. In support of such a mechanism, mutation or reduced function in nuclear genes encoding ETC components in yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mice increase life span through activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response UPRmt. NAD salvage pathway is deficient in aging since the supplementation with NMN corrects defects associated with aging.
Signaling

SMP0086608

Pw087627 View Pathway

Bile Acid Direct Signalling Pathway (1)

Bile acids are synthesized in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. After eating, bile acids are released from the gallbladder into the small intestine. The majority of bile acids are transported back to the liver, but some may then escape enterohepatic circulation to enter systemic circulation. The bile acids, deoxycholic acid (DCA) and chenodeoxy cholic acid (CDCA), may interact with gap junction proteins to cross the blood-brain barrier. Bile acids are endogenous ligands for farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G-protein coupled BA receptor 1 (TGR5) and once they have crossed the blood brain barrier, the bile acids may interact with these receptors. FXR is a regulator of secretion and transport of bile acids. TGR5 receptor activation increases cAMP synthesis and activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. TGR5 regulates the use of energy and is a target of interest for metabolic disorders.
Signaling

SMP0089751

Pw090771 View Pathway

Bile Acid Direct Signalling Pathway (2)

In the intestine, L-cells (enteroendocrine cells) can produce glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) after bile acid activates G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1 on L-cells. Only small portion of GLP-1 can enter the systemic cirulation, and most of GLP-1 are degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Therefore, only small portion of GLP-1 can eventually across blood-brain barrier to interact with GLP-1 receptors
Signaling
  • Glucagon-like peptide 1

SMP0000749

Pw000726 View Pathway

Activation of PKC Through G Protein-Coupled Receptor

G protein-coupled receptors sense stimuli outside the cell and transmit signals across the plasma membrane. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) is one of the common signaling pathways. When a class of GPCRs are activated by a ligand, they activate Gq protein to bind GTP instead of GDP. After the Gq becomes active, it activates phospholipase C (PLC) to cleave the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacyl glycerol (DAG). IP3 can bind Ins3P receptor to open calcium channel by diffusion from cytoplasm to ER. Activated calcium channel will release the calcium from ER into cytoplasm. Calcium can activate the kinase activity of PKC.
Signaling

SMP0086851

Pw087870 View Pathway

Bile Acid Indirect Signalling Pathway

Bile acids are taken up by enterocytes, epithelial cells of the small intestine, where they can activate the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR). This causes the production of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) which is then transported out of the enterocyte to the portal vein. While most FGF19 goes to the liver, some FGF19 instead enters systemic circulation where it can cross the blood brain barrier and interact with its receptors in the brain. Beta-klotho is a transmembrane protein that promotes the interaction of FGF19 and the receptor to form a stable complex. FGF receptor signaling likely plays a role in energy and glucose metabolism.
Signaling

SMP0083297

Pw084315 View Pathway

NAD+ Signalling Pathway (Cancer)

NAD+-dependent signalling pathways regulate many fundamental processes such as DNA repair, DNA transcription, cell proliferation, cell survival, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and metabolism. These pathways are all linked to cancer development. Degradation of NAD will activate various biosynthetic pathways, which are crucial for incessant cancer cell proliferation.
Signaling

SMP0063452

Pw064412 View Pathway

Histamine H1 Receptor Activation

Histamine is a ubiquitous messenger molecule released from mast cells, basophils, enterochromaffin-like cells, and neurons. Its various actions are mediated by histamine receptors H1, H2, H3, and H4. Histamine receptor H1 belongs to the family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and it is expressed in smooth muscles, on vascular endothelial cells, in the heart, and in the central nervous system. It is linked to an intracellular G-protein (Gαq) that activates phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathway which promotes inflammatory processes through calcium ion release and expression of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor. H1-antihistamines inactivate the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Upon binding by histamine, the H1 receptor allosterically activates the G-protein by exchanging GDP for GTP at the G-protein's alpha subunit (Gαq). This results in the dissociation of a Gαq-GTP monomer and a Gβγ dimer from the receptor . Gαq-GTP activates phospholipase C-beta which cleaves the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into the secondary messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 diffuses through the cytoplasm to the ER and binds to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins3P) receptor, releasing calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm. An increase in the calcium concentration results in increased mediator release and decreased mast cell stability. Both calcium and DAG activate the kinase activity of protein kinase C beta (PKC). Among many other functions, PKC activates NF-κB. This leads to increased antigen presentation and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors.
Signaling

SMP0000343

Pw000451 View Pathway

Intracellular Signalling Through PGD2 receptor and Prostaglandin D2

PGD is the major prostanoid released from human mast cells upon immunological challenge. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) can trigger asthmatic responses by acting as a cell-derived mediator in mice. The PGD receptor activates G(s) proteins which lead to the activation of adenylyl cyclase which produces the secondary messenger cAMP. cAMP activates PKA (protein kinase A) which phosphorylates downstream effectors that lead to a specific cellular response.
Signaling

SMP0000335

Pw000449 View Pathway

Intracellular Signalling Through Histamine H2 Receptor and Histamine

Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound that is involved in local immune responses and it is a neurotransmitter for brain. Histamine can mediate various actions by interacting with histamine receptors (H1, H2, H3 and H4). The H2 receptor activates G(s) proteins which lead to the activation of adenylyl cyclase which produces the secondary messenger cAMP. cAMP activates PKA (protein kinase A) which phosphorylates downstream effectors that lead to a specific cellular response.
Signaling

SMP0000682

Pw000659 View Pathway

Leucine Stimulation on Insulin Signaling

The branched chain amino acid (BCAA) leucine is able to signal transduction pathways that modulate translation initiation for protein synthesis in skeleton muscles. In the presence of leucine, hyperphosphorylation of 4E-BP1 causes its affinity for eIF4E to be lowered. This allows eIF4F protein complexes to recognize, unfold and guide the mRNA to the 43S preinitiation complex thereby increasing translation initiation. In addition, leucine has a transient affect on the release of insulin and/or enhances sensitivity of muscle cells to insulin. A culmination of both signals at the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and perhaps other signaling, such as PKCδ, are needed for maximum translation initiation to occur.
Signaling
Showing 1 - 10 of 345 pathways