9181ContextZellweger SyndromeZellweger syndrome (Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome; Cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome) phenotype is caused by mutations in any of several different genes involved in peroxisome biogenesis, Peroxins (PEX proteins, peroxisomal transport proteins) proteins 1,2,3,5,6,12,14, and 26. Peroxin proteins serve several functions including the recognition of cytoplasmic proteins that contain peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS) that tag them for transport by peroxismnal proteins to the peroxisome. Zellweger syndrome is characterized by accumulation of cholesterol in plasma, tissues and cerebrospinal fluid, decreased chenodeoxycholic acid and increased concentration of bile alcohols and their glyconjugates. Increased concentrations of cholestanol and apolipoprotein B are also observed in spinal fluid. Symptoms include dementia, psychiatric disturbances, pyramidal and/or cerebellar signs, and seizures.DiseasePW121974CenterPathwayVisualizationContext12225040005600#000099PathwayVisualization8810488230Bile Acid BiosynthesisBile acids are made in the liver by the cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation of cholesterol. They are conjugated with taurine or the amino acid glycine, or with a sulfate or a glucuronide, and are then stored in the gallbladder. Upon eating a meal, the contents of the gallbladder are secreted into the intestine, where bile acids serve the purpose of emulsifying dietary fats. Bile acids serve other functions, including eliminating cholesterol from the body, driving the flow of bile to eliminate catabolites from the liver, emulsifying lipids and fat soluble vitamins in the intestine, and aiding in the reduction of the bacteria flora found in the small intestine and biliary tract. Bile acids formed by synthesis in the liver are termed "primary" bile acids, and those made by bacteria are termed "secondary" bile acids. In the liver, synthesis of bile acids and bile salts is initiated with the conversion of cholesterol esters (from circulating lipoprotein particles) to cholesterol, then to 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol then to 4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one. The pathway then branches: hydroxylation of 4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one to 4-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one leads ultimately to the formation of cholate, while its reduction to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one leads to the formation of chenodeoxycholate. Chenodeoxycholate has two hydroxyl groups at positions 3-alpha and 7-alpha and is a key bile acid. Its chief drawback lies in the ability of intestinal bacteria to remove the 7-alpha hydroxyl group via dehydroxylation. The resulting bile acid has only a 3-alpha hydroxyl group and is termed lithocholic acid. To avoid the problems associated with the production of lithocholic acid, most mammals add a third hydroxyl group at the 12 position to chenodeoxycholic acid to create cholic acid. In this manner, the subsequent removal of the 7-alpha hydroxyl group by intestinal bacteria will result in a less toxic, still functional dihydroxy bile acid. In the intestine, cholic acid is dehydroxylated to form the dihydroxy bile acid deoxycholic acid. In the human liver, cholate synthesis predominates. In humans, the most important bile acids are cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and chenodeoxycholic acid. Prior to secretion by the liver, they are conjugated with either the amino acid glycine or taurine through conversion to a Coenzyme A derivative and subsequent conjugation. In the body, glycocholate, taurocholate, glycochenodeoxycholate, and taurochenodeoxycholate are released from hepatocytes into the bile and ultimately into the lumen of the small intestine, where they function as detergents to solubilize dietary fats. Conjugation increases water solubility, preventing passive re-absorption once secreted into the small intestine. As a result, the concentration of bile acids in the small intestine can stay high enough to form micelles and solubilize lipids. Bile acids, in particular chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and cholic acid (CA), can regulate the expression of genes involved in their synthesis, thereby, creating a feed-back loop. The elucidation of this regulatory pathway came about as a consequence of the isolation of a class of receptors called the farnesoid X receptors, FXRs. The FXRs belong to the superfamily of nuclear receptors that includes the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor family as well as the liver X receptors (LXRs), retinoid X receptors (RXRs), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). The FXR genes are expressed at highest levels in the intestine and liver.Metabolic1710861885SubPathway10774447Compound464108619Intestinal MicrofloraSubPathway107745759Compound464107746496Compound464107747397Compound464107748573Compound137107749550Compound137107750608Compound137108620Intestinal MicrofloraSubPathway10775125Compound46410775289Compound464107753480Compound464107754715Compound137107755491Compound137107756487Compound1371CellCL:00000005HepatocyteCL:00001824Cardiomyocyte CL:00007462Platelet CL:00002333NeuronCL:00005407Epithelial CellCL:00000668Beta cellCL:00006391Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia449Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote51Picea sitchensis3332EukaryoteSitka spruce5CytoplasmGO:00057371CytosolGO:00058293Mitochondrial MatrixGO:00057592MitochondrionGO:00057397Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:000578925Golgi apparatusGO:00057944PeroxisomeGO:000577712Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:00057436LysosomeGO:000576413Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:000578316Lysosomal LumenGO:004320235ChloroplastGO:000950710Cell MembraneGO:000588619sarcoplasmic reticulumGO:001652936MembraneGO:001602011Extracellular SpaceGO:000561518Melanosome MembraneGO:003316214Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574124Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575820Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578821SynapseGO:004520215NucleusGO:000563431Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032540PeriplasmGO:00425978Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum GO:000579027Peroxisome MembraneGO:000577832Inner MembraneGO:007025839Mitochondrial membraneGO:00319661LiverBTO:00007597295cardiocyteBTO:00015392Endothelium BTO:00003934Adrenal MedullaBTO:000004971825IntestineBTO:000064828StomachBTO:0001307155267Nervous SystemBTO:00014848Blood 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is an intermediate in bile acid synthesis. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).C05451534779052290CC(C)CCCC(C)C1CCC2C3[C@@H](O)CC4CC(=O)CC[C@]4(C)C3CC[C@]12CC27H46O2InChI=1S/C27H46O2/c1-17(2)7-6-8-18(3)21-9-10-22-25-23(12-14-27(21,22)5)26(4)13-11-20(28)15-19(26)16-24(25)29/h17-19,21-25,29H,6-16H2,1-5H3/t18?,19?,21?,22?,23?,24-,25?,26-,27+/m0/s1HWOOALPDOJHOPO-SENDYOAPSA-N(2S,9S,15R)-9-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyl-14-(6-methylheptan-2-yl)tetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-5-one402.6529402.349780716-6.661(2S,9S,15R)-9-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyl-14-(6-methylheptan-2-yl)tetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-5-one00FDB0241395b-cholestan-7a-ol-3-one;5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one;7a-hydroxy-5b-cholestan-3-one;7alpha-hydroxy-5beta-cholestan-3-onePW_C0029947HCone204882798277620132121651124124209118721NADHMDB0000902NAD (or Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be converted to ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it by cellular respiration. (wikipedia). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed).53-84-9C00003589315846NAD5682NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H28N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H27N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,5-6H2,(H5-,22,23,24,25,33,34,35,36,37)/p+1/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-O1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium664.433664.116946663-2.5981-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium1-1FDB0223093-carbamoyl-1-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide;Co-i;Codehydrase i;Codehydrogenase i;Coenzyme i;Cozymase;Cozymase i;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidized;Endopride;Nad trihydrate;Nad-oxidized;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized;Nicotinamide dinucleotide;Nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide;Oxidized diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Pyridine nucleotide diphosphate;[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl {[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxyphosphoryl) hydrogen phosphate;[adenylate-32-p]-nad;Beta-diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Beta-nad;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide trihydrate;Dpn;Nad;Nad+;Nadide;B-nad;β-nadPW_C000721NAD1404150335386511011142113443127351466542229492779172835293107948071848131848192849026496031516795523810353341115360112546912354821255590135561011856961005738108582714159121475942151602415560721576076161638516469178677211768901607012188709716371742057197206740519874592228241226835922590852241181921612322249130062981301830013256223424043224261931577104132771201337720913477370331776503367766733477702332777091307791511377983347784063568000636880690119938251241105523881127501661128539411992912211995240612017140712083441912098440812115942512124212612125942912181738312261438412274212012313044712314113612341945512354937412373146012381244312382946412437039812518712112531929712534247912553048112580629912582549012592448212651549512676548012688550112727850712738350212808939012836039112842839529953a,7a-Dihydroxy-5b-cholestaneHMDB00068933alpha,7alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholestane is an intermediate in bile acid synthesis. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).3862-26-8C054523080603280472338356[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@H](O)C[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)CC27H48O2InChI=1S/C27H48O2/c1-17(2)7-6-8-18(3)21-9-10-22-25-23(12-14-27(21,22)5)26(4)13-11-20(28)15-19(26)16-24(25)29/h17-25,28-29H,6-16H2,1-5H3/t18-,19+,20-,21-,22+,23+,24-,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1APYVEUGLZHAHDJ-TVRYRFOISA-N(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R)-2,15-dimethyl-14-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecane-5,9-diol404.6688404.36543078-6.5525β-cholestane-3α,7α-diol00FDB0241403a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholestane;3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestane;5b-cholestane-3a,7a-diol;5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol;Dihydroxycoprostane;3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholestane;5β-cholestane-3α,7α-diolPW_C0029953a7aDhc204982799277621132121652124124210118143NADPHMDB0000217Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5-phosphate adenosine 2,5-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed.) Hydrogen carrier in biochemical redox systems. In the hexose monophosphoric acid system it is reduced to Dihydrocoenzyme II and reoxidation in the presence of flavoproteins (Dictionary of Organic Compounds).53-59-8C00006588618009NAD(P)5675NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H29N7O17P3InChI=1S/C21H28N7O17P3/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(30)11(43-21)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(42-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)32/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-31H,5-6H2,(H7-,22,23,24,25,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39)/p+1/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1XJLXINKUBYWONI-NNYOXOHSSA-O1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[({[({[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3-hydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium744.4129744.083277073-2.2791-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3-hydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium1-3FDB021908Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate;Codehydrase ii;Codehydrogenase ii;Coenzyme ii;Cozymase ii;Nad phosphate;Nadp;Nadp+;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Tpn;Triphosphopyridine nucleotide;B-nadp;B-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;B-tpn;Beta-nadp;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Beta-tpn;Oxidized nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate;B-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acid;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acid;β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acidPW_C000143NADP183819137685780108241883921611291617494685314796144801145308111579010860171476132159627335677811770691887105163715220572061607317213734621075622127589170819722582201518419224118111981189721112008222121521641224928612597226126502494234431543745322769132937716413277384331773963327746113077515115776243367781433477870112807131191131659412010640712042940512045012212060440812061812312114212512127742912140112412148538312306337612308413512322937412324344712371313612384846412396011812404339812547348112569429712574348212621529912652849512701020612722550212757038812810039013367a-Hydroxy-cholestene-3-oneHMDB00019937a-Hydroxy-cholestene-3-one is a metabolite in bile acid synthesis. It is derived from 7a-hydroxy-cholesterol and can be further metabolized to 7a,12a,-dihydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one. Analysis of 7a-Hydroxycholestene-3-one (HCO) in serum may serve as a novel, simple, and sensitive method for the detection of bile acid malabsorption in patients with chronic diarrhea of unknown origin (PMID 9952217).3862-25-7C0545512374317899110306[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@H](O)CC4=CC(=O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)CC27H44O2InChI=1S/C27H44O2/c1-17(2)7-6-8-18(3)21-9-10-22-25-23(12-14-27(21,22)5)26(4)13-11-20(28)15-19(26)16-24(25)29/h15,17-18,21-25,29H,6-14,16H2,1-5H3/t18-,21-,22+,23+,24-,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1IOIZWEJGGCZDOL-RQDYSCIWSA-N(1S,2R,9R,10S,11S,14R,15R)-9-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyl-14-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-6-en-5-one400.6371400.334130652-6.3717α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one00FDB0227867 alpha-3ox-c;7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one;7-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one;7-a-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one;7-a-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one;7-alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one;7-alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one;7a-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one-12alpha;7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one;7alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one;Cholest-4-en-7alpha-ol-3-one;Hco;7a-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one;7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-onePW_C0013367aHC3oe28012977622336121654429124212464146NADPHHMDB0000221Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed.).53-57-6C000052283351216474NADPH17215925NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@H]1O[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1OC21H30N7O17P3InChI=1S/C21H30N7O17P3/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(30)11(43-21)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(42-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)32/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-31H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,32)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H2,22,24,25)(H2,33,34,35)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m0/s1ACFIXJIJDZMPPO-NCHANQSKSA-N{[(2S,3S,4S,5S)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-[({[({[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid745.4209745.091102105-2.149[(2S,3S,4S,5S)-2-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-5-{[({[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-(3-carbamoyl-4H-pyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxyphosphonic acid0-4FDB0219092'-(dihydrogen phosphate) 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) adenosine 5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-b-d-ribofuranosylnicotinamide;2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) adenosine 5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylnicotinamide;Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) p'-5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) p'-5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;Dihydrocodehydrogenase ii;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-p;Dihydrotriphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced;Nadp-reduced;Nadph;Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Reduced codehydrase ii;Reduced coenzyme ii;Reduced cozymase ii;Reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide;Triphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced;B-nadph;B-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;B-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Beta-nadph;Beta-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;Beta-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate - reducedPW_C000146NADPH185819037781079658211883721609291615494687314793144797145310111578910859721476128159627135677911770681887103163715420572051607315213734521075592127591170819422582191518421224118121981189321112006222121501641224528612596226126482494234331543746322769112937716613277385331773943327746013077504112775111157762333680712119113164941201054071204254051204521221206161231211411251212754291214021241214833831230593761230861351232414471237121361238464641239611181240413981254724811256962971262142991265294951270092061275723881281013901065OxygenHMDB0001377Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131).7782-44-7C0000797715379CPD-6641952O=OO2InChI=1S/O2/c1-2MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-Noxidanone31.998831.9898292440singlet oxygen00FDB022589Dioxygen;Molecular oxygen;O2;Oxygen;Oxygen molecule;[oo];Dioxygene;Disauerstoff;E 948;E-948;E948PW_C001065O29591105245165001850585491462528638364910674316882075415763476933836213754920162425312228032942604247471354671235480125549312655081275809108597314761291597006188703216370501607319213753321075602128395151118162161186419811883215118942111205722512063164122472861227922612325249127062911271629213004298130163001302630113038302132602234227617426573157691029377044294772141347735011177363130773773317739533277497113775121157753733477626336777233377773611277747129777563417780511477812133780703297815113278381345788053437911136012004740812038312212042640512054240712055341412059440912060140612088341512104512412110438312160543412165642912211738212257341812268938412279837412282244312302713512306037612312844712313913612316344812317611912318745012321913712322612012345945112360911812366939812416346912421446412466939912514545412527512112542548212570647812573148312573729712574047912588448112610029912627248412652249512672148912682548012696450212698620712719820912721420812721920512722250112730550412734520612755738812757451512783538912808139512809539012831250612843239179823 α,7 α,26-Trihydroxy-5β-cholestaneHMDB00124553 alpha,7 alpha,26-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholestane is found in the primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway. 3 alpha,7 alpha,26-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholestane is produced from 3 alpha,7 alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholestane through the action of CYP27A (E1.14.13.15). 3 alpha,7 alpha,26-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholestane is then converted to 3 alpha,7 alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al by CYP27A (E1.14.13.15).15313-69-6C054445348140928540CC(CO)CCC[C@@H](C)C1CCC2C3[C@H](O)CC4C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)C3CC[C@]12CC27H48O3InChI=1S/C27H48O3/c1-17(16-28)6-5-7-18(2)21-8-9-22-25-23(11-13-27(21,22)4)26(3)12-10-20(29)14-19(26)15-24(25)30/h17-25,28-30H,5-16H2,1-4H3/t17?,18-,19?,20-,21?,22?,23?,24-,25?,26+,27-/m1/s1OQIJRBFRXGIHMI-KZQGXEQDSA-N(2S,5R,9R,15R)-14-[(2R)-7-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecane-5,9-diol420.6682420.360345402-5.333(2S,5R,9R,15R)-14-[(2R)-7-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecane-5,9-diol00C054443alpha,7alpha,26-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestane;5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,26-triol;5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,26-triol;5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,26-triol;Cholestane-3,7,26-triol;(25r)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,26-triol;(3alpha,5beta,7alpha)-cholestane-3,7,26-triolPW_C0079823α7t5βc280429776273361216574291242154641420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O55894910951394151316214481135261562428652106912077033823188382109431137749146554159043201824253222267860272746277817280529314370316472363461459836472737494193503027515675195975214100522794523610352971055319111534311353551125402110547012354831255492126550712755341305537114554112955911355608118562210856916575914057781015841143585314658771075890955910147594015160321556059157608716161231636133159621516218166647717865071806600152671311768401886888160716220571812077193206721121172282137238214724321572951987350216738821074012127467222749222475001907588170820122582372268414162926526118502771192216412011281122132851225028612264287123272491252022712632651269329012705291127152921300729813019300130253011303730213261223133272941534030842327315426953184369132276914293770192537710213277131133772151347737833177397332774713337751611577536334776283367772233777759341778163437798234778071329782353527824235378270356791133608001436880039370805912288065611993830383947943841105573901106393911158443981198792321199151221199634061200084071200464081201131241203654121204304051204384091206064151207944141211584251212404291213511211213814191216074341221183821223844361227531201227973741228044431230124461230643761230721371231314471231421361231624481232314511233844501237304601238104641239404551241654691246703991249384711249454721253052971253534791253864811254244821254802991256824831257074781257454871260544901262384951262734841267644801268965011269635021270173881271772081271992091272275041275065071275765151278363891280823951281765131799HemeHMDB0003178Heme is the color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. A heme or haem is a prosthetic group that consists of an iron atom contained in the center of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin. Not all porphyrins contain iron, but a substantial fraction of porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic subunit; these are known as hemoproteins.14875-96-8C0003217627HEME_A24604415DB02577CC1=C(CCC(O)=O)C2=CC3=[N+]4C(=CC5=C(C)C(C=C)=C6C=C7C(C)=C(C=C)C8=[N+]7[Fe--]4(N2C1=C8)N56)C(C)=C3CCC(O)=OC34H32FeN4O4InChI=1S/C34H34N4O4.Fe/c1-7-21-17(3)25-13-26-19(5)23(9-11-33(39)40)31(37-26)16-32-24(10-12-34(41)42)20(6)28(38-32)15-30-22(8-2)18(4)27(36-30)14-29(21)35-25;/h7-8,13-16H,1-2,9-12H2,3-6H3,(H4,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42);/q;+2/p-2/b25-13-,26-13-,27-14-,28-15-,29-14-,30-15-,31-16-,32-16-;KABFMIBPWCXCRK-RGGAHWMASA-L4,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide616.487616.177297665-5.4824,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide0-2FDB016272(protoporphyrinato)iron;Ferroheme;Ferroheme b;Ferroprotoheme;Ferroprotoporphyrin;Ferroprotoporphyrin ix;Ferrous protoheme;Ferrous protoheme ix;Haem;Hem;Heme;Iron protoporphyrin;Iron protoporphyrin ix;Iron(ii) protoporphyrin ix;Protoferroheme;Protohaem;Protoheme;Protoheme ix;Reduced hematinPW_C001799Heme24716308103248608276651244313544914133619631828062929389323811336726342114373444043314823285170955472123548512555171295830141624678628316597151704416070601617326213118351981189821112065164130092981302130042278177691529376931249773511117736413077367331773983327751711577629336778133347838013378602132789631127993213412043140512060340812095540712108538312165842912174612412191012212257040612269138412306537612313344712314413612322837412352111912365039812421646412429711812446313512514212012527712112574248212589648112619629912649929712651249512671847912682748012722450212735720612763238812807020512808339512808639012830950112843439129963a,7a-Dihydroxy-5b-cholestan-26-alHMDB00068943alpha,7alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al is an intermediate involved in bile acid biosynthesis, specifically in the synthesis of chenodeoxyglycocholate and lithocholate. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).C054455347790627428CC(CCCC(C)C1CCC2C3[C@H](O)CC4C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)C3CC[C@]12C)C=OC27H46O3InChI=1S/C27H46O3/c1-17(16-28)6-5-7-18(2)21-8-9-22-25-23(11-13-27(21,22)4)26(3)12-10-20(29)14-19(26)15-24(25)30/h16-25,29-30H,5-15H2,1-4H3/t17?,18?,19?,20-,21?,22?,23?,24-,25?,26+,27-/m1/s1YWGOKHMOJTZGBN-SBOSHUFNSA-N6-[(2S,5R,9R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]-2-methylheptanal418.6523418.344695338-5.7826-[(2S,5R,9R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]-2-methylheptanal00FDB0241413alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al;5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol-27-al;5beta-cholestan-27-al-3alpha,7alpha-diolPW_C00299637aHCal280829776303361216604291242184642593α,7α-Dihydroxycoprostanic acidHMDB00003593α,7α-Dihydroxycoprostanic acid is a bile acid excreted in small amounts in the urine of healthy subjects (PMID: 864325). 3α,7α-Dihydroxycoprostanic acid is the precursor to chenodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine, and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH, and consequently require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues.17974-66-25284239165774447327[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@H](O)C[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C(O)=OC27H46O4InChI=1S/C27H46O4/c1-16(6-5-7-17(2)25(30)31)20-8-9-21-24-22(11-13-27(20,21)4)26(3)12-10-19(28)14-18(26)15-23(24)29/h16-24,28-29H,5-15H2,1-4H3,(H,30,31)/t16-,17?,18+,19-,20-,21+,22+,23-,24+,26+,27-/m1/s1ITZYGDKGRKKBSN-HKFUITGCSA-N(6R)-6-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]-2-methylheptanoic acid434.661434.339609961-5.003(6R)-6-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]-2-methylheptanoic acid0-1FDB0219793a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholestan-26-oate;3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholestan-26-oic acid;3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholestanoate;3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholestanoic acid;3a,7a-dihydroxycoprostanate;3a,7a-dihydroxycoprostanic acid;3a,7a-hydroxy-5b-cholestan-26-oate;3a,7a-hydroxy-5b-cholestan-26-oic acid;3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oate;3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid;3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestanate;3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate;3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestanic acid;3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoic acidPW_C00025937a-Dca28112977631336121663429124219464414Adenosine triphosphateHMDB0000538Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).56-65-5C00002595715422ATP5742DB00171NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H16N5O13P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid507.181506.995745159-2.057adenosine triphosphate0-3FDB0218135'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acidPW_C000414ATP922146082661641422478137333279959343997632105182112102146492156142160582405592434272726462812293029663163723616613617514399234474314768914864545032895035265155752059752151005250104529110153131115346112539010354061175430118544312055421295556132556913356031355621108584614358541465876107589714759241516048155610916162301666493178683918868701606976199715720571842067209210722521372292117298198730221673902177408218743216374812227499190818622511847277119031701201028112039164121782851257822612691290132642231532730842326315426213224269431877028253772181347723332977468333776323367803733278041350781681287821435178240353784113357849411578850130788653317891933480028368800461848067411985629194826124113234941132823881162801091199141221199924061201544071202453821203624121212464291213921231213974331214714081219744101220651251220793831220834051224024221224444351229193991230094461238164641239514471239564681240293741245274441246161361246303981246343761249434721249723751250114701253042971253714791253922991255154811255954841261234851262203001262344951262404781265474911265964991269135011271233891277315161277813951277963901278012091281195081281675171099Coenzyme AHMDB0001423Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidization of fatty acids and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. It is adapted from beta-mercaptoethylamine, panthothenate, and adenosine triphosphate. It is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, phenylglyoxylyl-CoA, tetracosanoyl-CoA, and 6-hydroxyhex-3-enoyl-CoA. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process from pantothenate and cysteine. In the first step pantothenate (vitamin B5) is phosphorylated to 4'-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme pantothenate kinase (PanK, CoaA, CoaX). In the second step, a cysteine is added to 4'-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase (PPC-DC, CoaB) to form 4'-phospho-N-pantothenoylcysteine (PPC). In the third step, PPC is decarboxylated to 4'-phosphopantetheine by phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase (CoaC). In the fourth step, 4'-phosphopantetheine is adenylylated to form dephospho-CoA by the enzyme phosphopantetheine adenylyl transferase (CoaD). Finally, dephospho-CoA is phosphorylated using ATP to coenzyme A by the enzyme dephosphocoenzyme A kinase (CoaE). Since coenzyme A is, in chemical terms, a thiol, it can react with carboxylic acids to form thioesters, thus functioning as an acyl group carrier. CoA assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. A molecule of coenzyme A carrying an acetyl group is also referred to as acetyl-CoA. When it is not attached to an acyl group, it is usually referred to as 'CoASH' or 'HSCoA'. Coenzyme A is also the source of the phosphopantetheine group that is added as a prosthetic group to proteins such as acyl carrier proteins and formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. Furthermore, it contributes an acetyl group to choline to produce acetylcholine in a reaction catalysed by choline acetyltransferase. Its main task is conveying the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production (Wikipedia).85-61-0C0001068161146900CO-A6557CC(C)(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2N)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCSC21H36N7O16P3SInChI=1S/C21H36N7O16P3S/c1-21(2,16(31)19(32)24-4-3-12(29)23-5-6-48)8-41-47(38,39)44-46(36,37)40-7-11-15(43-45(33,34)35)14(30)20(42-11)28-10-27-13-17(22)25-9-26-18(13)28/h9-11,14-16,20,30-31,48H,3-8H2,1-2H3,(H,23,29)(H,24,32)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H2,22,25,26)(H2,33,34,35)/t11-,14-,15-,16+,20-/m1/s1RGJOEKWQDUBAIZ-IBOSZNHHSA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-({[hydroxy({hydroxy[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-({2-[(2-sulfanylethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)propoxy]phosphoryl}oxy)phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid767.534767.115208365-2.2210coenzyme A0-4FDB022614Acetoacetyl coenzyme a sodium salt;Coa;Coa hydrate;Coa-sh;Coash;Coenzyme a;Coenzyme a hydrate;Coenzyme a-sh;Coenzyme ash;Coenzymes a;Depot-zeel;Propionyl coa;Propionyl coenzyme a;S-propanoate;S-propanoate coa;S-propanoate coenzyme a;S-propanoic acid;S-propionate coa;S-propionate coenzyme a;Zeel;[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(6-amino-9h-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl 3-hydroxy-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulfanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl dihydrogen diphosphatePW_C001099CoA211438688453879228921724075924142245952813292862313342113351184618104629584842144865544879652321025247104528010354771245734108577710160231556075161638416468178693016069611626973199708318871081637293198734721074582228229151908122690902249124170921519513013299153182492548849426163157690729377119133772221347723032977292111775501327755533477563112776333367767212977996115780473327805635078413335785671307925933379974331800053688062011880627374806351198066537693828382938343839867428811055538911056139011584239911584739811995140612014740512023138412030512212063440712076211712140612312142143312152112512166642912168240812171441412240442212274112012290412112296013512396544712397946812407913612422046412426545012497437512534147912550947812557948012559248412563429712608448112654949112656048212674630012688450112704620912710939112730120512754020612766738812812150812813350212834039514523a,7a-Dihydroxy-5b-cholestanoyl-CoAHMDB00021593a,7a-Dihydroxy-5b-cholestanoyl-CoA, also known as dhca, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl coas. These are acyl-CoAs carrying a 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl chain. 3a,7a-Dihydroxy-5b-cholestanoyl-CoA is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. 3a,7a-Dihydroxy-5b-cholestanoyl-CoA has been primarily detected in urine. Within the cell, 3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholestanoyl-CoA is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP), endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome and cytoplasm. 3a,7a-Dihydroxy-5b-cholestanoyl-CoA exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholestanoyl-CoA is involved in congenital bile acid synthesis defect type III pathway, bile acid biosynthesis pathway, the cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) pathway, and congenital bile acid synthesis defect type II pathway. 3a,7a-Dihydroxy-5b-cholestanoyl-CoA is also involved in a few metabolic disorders, which include the familial hypercholanemia (fhca) pathway, the zellweger syndrome pathway, and 27-hydroxylase deficiency. First activated by a fatty acyl-CoA ligase activity, can then be converted to chenodeoxycholic acid by peroxisome rich fractions from rat and human liver (J Lipid Res. 1988 Aug;29(8):997-1004, PMID 3183523 ).2461-62-3C0464444042015494389367[H][C@@]12C[C@H](O)CC[C@]1(C)C1CC[C@]3(C)C(CCC3C1[C@H](O)C2)C(C)CCCC(C)C(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)C(O)C(C)(C)COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C(N)N=CN=C12C48H80N7O19P3SInChI=1S/C48H80N7O19P3S/c1-26(30-10-11-31-36-32(13-16-48(30,31)6)47(5)15-12-29(56)20-28(47)21-33(36)57)8-7-9-27(2)45(62)78-19-18-50-35(58)14-17-51-43(61)40(60)46(3,4)23-71-77(68,69)74-76(66,67)70-22-34-39(73-75(63,64)65)38(59)44(72-34)55-25-54-37-41(49)52-24-53-42(37)55/h24-34,36,38-40,44,56-57,59-60H,7-23H2,1-6H3,(H,50,58)(H,51,61)(H,66,67)(H,68,69)(H2,49,52,53)(H2,63,64,65)/t26?,27?,28-,29+,30?,31?,32?,33+,34+,36?,38+,39+,40?,44+,47-,48+/m0/s1SBYLHTNKEWSLBA-CPRJDYHCSA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2-[({[({3-[(2-{[2-({6-[(2S,5R,7S,9R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]-2-methylheptanoyl}sulfanyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid1184.1711183.444253639-3.5011[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2-{[({3-[(2-{[2-({6-[(2S,5R,7S,9R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]-2-methylheptanoyl}sulfanyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxyphosphonic acid0-4FDB0228753-alpha,7-alpha-dihydroxy-5-beta-cholestanoyl-coa;3-alpha,7-alpha-dihydroxy-5-beta-cholestanoyl-coenzyme a;3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-coa;3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-coenzyme a;DhcaPW_C001452DHC-CoA281429281857763433677637334121667429121671408124221464124224374170PyrophosphateHMDB0000250The anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphate anion is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells. This hydrolysis is called pyrophosphorolysis. The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74-, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and rapidly hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate. Pyrophosphate is an osteotoxin (arrests bone development) and an arthritogen (promotes arthritis). It is also a metabotoxin (an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health affects at chronically high levels). Chronically high levels of pyrophosphate are associated with hypophosphatasia. Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase or phosphoethanolaminuria) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease. Hypophosphatasia is associated with a molecular defect in the gene encoding tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is an enzyme that is tethered to the outer surface of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. TNSALP hydrolyzes several substances, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), a major form of vitamin B6. When TSNALP is low, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulates outside of cells and inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite, one of the main components of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults. Vitamin B6 must be dephosphorylated by TNSALP before it can cross the cell membrane. Vitamin B6 deficiency in the brain impairs synthesis of neurotransmitters which can cause seizures. In some cases, a build-up of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints can cause pseudogout.14000-31-8C0001364410218361PPI559142DB04160[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=OO7P2InChI=1S/H4O7P2/c1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6)/p-4XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J(phosphonooxy)phosphonic acid173.9433173.9119253784pyrophosphoric acid0-3FDB021918(4-)diphosphoric acid ion;(p2o74-)diphosphate;Diphosphate;Diphosphoric acid;Ppi;Pyrometaphosphate;Pyrophosphate;Pyrophosphate tetraanion;Pyrophosphate(4-) ion;[o3popo3](4-);Diphosphat;P2o7(4-);Pyrophosphat;Pyrophosphate ion;Phosphonato phosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid ionPW_C000170Ppi12235463842923735328822212173162049241059281529417514486854503489525210452941015409117542410354331185458120554811155591325584133560613556551085879107623916669781997073188713416372721607312198731821382751518283210118691611200222212041164123152251232324912512288125792261269529015219306153751834760174256131542697318772353297731712877635336784163357892833179153112799501347995813080047372804171708563019478638494814125948193829867822311063439111327039511327538911552713611553239911993412212001712412003240612033041012093640712126142912134112112148638312240742212298544412350211912383146412404439812497737512532429712539529912541047912559748412565648512587648112655249112686920512693538812695050112733720612812450819183'-AMPHMDB00035403-AMP, also known as 3'-adenylic acid or AMP 3'-phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ribonucleoside 3'-phosphates. These are ribonucleosides that contain a phosphate group attached to the C-3 carbon of the ribose or deoxyribose moiety. The nucleobases here are limited to purine, pyrimidine, and pyridine derivatives. 3-AMP exists as a solid, slightly soluble (in water), and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-AMP has been primarily detected in saliva. 3-AMP exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 3-AMP is involved in the tryptophan metabolism pathway, the pyrimidine metabolism pathway, congenital bile acid synthesis defect type II pathway, and congenital bile acid synthesis defect type III pathway. 3-AMP is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include Beta ureidopropionase deficiency, dihydropyrimidinase deficiency, 27-hydroxylase deficiency, and the mngie (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy) pathway. 3-AMP is adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2-, 3-, or 5-position.84-21-9C01367412112893137610NC1=C2N=CN([C@@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H]3O)C2=NC=N1C10H14N5O7PInChI=1S/C10H14N5O7P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-6(17)7(4(1-16)21-10)22-23(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1LNQVTSROQXJCDD-KQYNXXCUSA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid347.2212347.063084339-2.005adenosine-3'-phosphate0-2FDB0231933'-adenosine monophosphate;3'-adenylic acid;Amp 3'-phosphate;Adenosine 3'-monophosphate;Adenosine 3'-phosphate;Adenosine-3'-monophosphate;Adenosine-3'-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-3'-phosphate;Synadenylic acid;Yeast adenylic acid;3'-adenosine monophosphoric acid;3'-adenylate;Adenosine 3'-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine 3'-phosphoric acid;Amp 3'-phosphoric acid;SynadenylatePW_C0019183'-AMP27152281629776363367873213212166842912174012412422246412429111812637129912762638829973a,7a-Dihydroxy-5b-cholest-24-enoyl-CoAHMDB00068953alpha,7alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA is an intermediate involved in bile acid synthesis, specifically in the synthesis of chenodeoxyglycocholate. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).C054475280796273934444354CC(CC\C=C(/C)C(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)C(O)C(C)(C)COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2N)C1CCC2C3[C@H](O)C[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)C3CC[C@]12CC48H78N7O19P3SInChI=1S/C48H78N7O19P3S/c1-26(30-10-11-31-36-32(13-16-48(30,31)6)47(5)15-12-29(56)20-28(47)21-33(36)57)8-7-9-27(2)45(62)78-19-18-50-35(58)14-17-51-43(61)40(60)46(3,4)23-71-77(68,69)74-76(66,67)70-22-34-39(73-75(63,64)65)38(59)44(72-34)55-25-54-37-41(49)52-24-53-42(37)55/h9,24-26,28-34,36,38-40,44,56-57,59-60H,7-8,10-23H2,1-6H3,(H,50,58)(H,51,61)(H,66,67)(H,68,69)(H2,49,52,53)(H2,63,64,65)/b27-9+/t26?,28-,29+,30?,31?,32?,33+,34+,36?,38+,39+,40?,44+,47-,48+/m0/s1SEBZZAWTQNNGPK-YOKOLYSVSA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2-({[({[3-({2-[(2-{[(2E)-6-[(2S,5R,7S,9R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]-2-methylhept-2-enoyl]sulfanyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropoxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid1182.1551181.428603575-3.7611[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2-[({[3-({2-[(2-{[(2E)-6-[(2S,5R,7S,9R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]-2-methylhept-2-enoyl]sulfanyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxyphosphonic acid0-4FDB0241423a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholest-24-enoyl-coa;3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholest-24-enoyl-coenzyme a;3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-coa;3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-coenzyme aPW_C002997d5ceCoA2820577638334121674408124226374964FADHMDB0001248FAD, also known as flavitan or adeflavin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). FAD has been found in human liver and muscle tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as feces and blood. Within the cell, FAD is primarily located in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisome. FAD exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the risedronate action pathway, the ibandronate action pathway, the valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation pathway, and the pyrimidine metabolism pathway. FAD is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the oncogenic action OF L-2-hydroxyglutarate in hydroxygluaricaciduria pathway, gaba-transaminase deficiency, 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria/succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, and the saccharopinuria/hyperlysinemia II pathway. FAD is a condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972).146-14-5C0001664397516238FAD559059DB03147CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)N1C=NC3=C1N=CN=C3N)C1=NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=N2C27H33N9O15P2InChI=1S/C27H33N9O15P2/c1-10-3-12-13(4-11(10)2)35(24-18(32-12)25(42)34-27(43)33-24)5-14(37)19(39)15(38)6-48-52(44,45)51-53(46,47)49-7-16-20(40)21(41)26(50-16)36-9-31-17-22(28)29-8-30-23(17)36/h3-4,8-9,14-16,19-21,26,37-41H,5-7H2,1-2H3,(H,44,45)(H,46,47)(H2,28,29,30)(H,34,42,43)/t14-,15+,16+,19-,20+,21+,26+/m0/s1VWWQXMAJTJZDQX-UYBVJOGSSA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}[({[(2R,3S,4S)-5-{7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-2H,3H,4H,10H-benzo[g]pteridin-10-yl}-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl]oxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphinic acid785.5497785.157134455-2.279flavine-adenine dinucleotide0-3FDB0225111h-purin-6-amine flavin dinucleotide;1h-purin-6-amine flavine dinucleotide;Adenine-flavin dinucleotide;Adenine-flavine dinucleotide;Adenine-riboflavin dinuceotide;Adenine-riboflavin dinucleotide;Adenine-riboflavine dinucleotide;Fad;Flamitajin b;Flanin f;Flavin adenine dinucleotide;Flavin adenine dinucleotide oxidized;Flavin-adenine dinucleotide;Flavine adenosine diphosphate;Flavine-adenine dinucleotide;Flavitan;Flaziren;Isoalloxazine-adenine dinucleotide;Riboflavin 5'-adenosine diphosphate;Riboflavin-adenine dinucleotide;Riboflavine-adenine dinucleotide;AdeflavinPW_C000964FAD999114518681923216425317628288251884021188141489421612291622492133582536223723264602364688314741134758104881652681035285102533511154961265511127561311860301556054156608216161161626390164751786499179666610770391637175205732121374652227487223907622411818216118872151189921112296225123282491244315112519227125952261271029112720292130293011304130243623318770802937712613377152134775011137750711277518115775413347761513277726337780543297837534578930331792223367927235880012368800343698071411911995840611999938412005140812010740712043240512045312212049012412127842912129841812141738212148938312274812012277612112280237412282344312306637612308713512316644812384946412386845412397639912404739812534847912537848012542948212547448112569729712597948912610729912627748412689150112692039112696850212698720712701120612731020912743250612760238812784038979833 α,7 α,24-Trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoyl-CoAHMDB00124563 alpha,7 alpha,24-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA is found in the primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway. 3 alpha,7 alpha,24-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA is created from 3 alpha,7 alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA through the action of HSD17B4 (EC4.2.1.107). 3 alpha,7 alpha,24-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA is then converted to 3 alpha,7 alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-24-oxocholestanoyl-CoA by HSD17B4 (EC1.1.1.35).C0544844067527403389554[H][C@@]12C[C@H](O)CC[C@]1(C)C1CC[C@]3(C)C(CCC3C1[C@H](O)C2)C(C)CCC(O)C(C)C(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)C(O)C(C)(C)COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2NC48H80N7O20P3SInChI=1S/C48H80N7O20P3S/c1-25(29-8-9-30-36-31(12-15-48(29,30)6)47(5)14-11-28(56)19-27(47)20-33(36)58)7-10-32(57)26(2)45(63)79-18-17-50-35(59)13-16-51-43(62)40(61)46(3,4)22-72-78(69,70)75-77(67,68)71-21-34-39(74-76(64,65)66)38(60)44(73-34)55-24-54-37-41(49)52-23-53-42(37)55/h23-34,36,38-40,44,56-58,60-61H,7-22H2,1-6H3,(H,50,59)(H,51,62)(H,67,68)(H,69,70)(H2,49,52,53)(H2,64,65,66)/t25?,26?,27-,28+,29?,30?,31?,32?,33+,34+,36?,38+,39+,40?,44+,47-,48+/m0/s1SZBMUAIJWNJARR-ATZLTZGYSA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2-[({[({3-[(2-{[2-({6-[(2S,5R,7S,9R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]-3-hydroxy-2-methylheptanoyl}sulfanyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid1200.171199.439168261-3.2312[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2-{[({3-[(2-{[2-({6-[(2S,5R,7S,9R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]-3-hydroxy-2-methylheptanoyl}sulfanyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxyphosphonic acid0-4C05448PW_C00798337αT5CA28225776393341216784081242283742709Chenodeoxycholoyl-CoAHMDB0006292Chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA is bile acid Coenzyme A ester. In humans, bile acids conjugated with glycine and taurine are the major solutes in bile, and unconjugated bile acids are almost nondetectable in normal bile. Conjugated bile acids are less toxic and are more efficient promoters of intestinal absorption of dietary lipid than unconjugated bile acids. The synthesis of bile acid and amino acid conjugates in human liver is the result of two independent enzymatic reactions with a bile acid coenzyme A thioester intermediate formation of bile acid-CoA esters, considered the rate-limiting step in bile acid amidation and catalyzed by an ATP-dependent microsomal enzyme, bile acid-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.7). In the second reaction, the thioester bond is cleaved, and an amide bond is formed between the bile acid and the amino acids glycine or taurine. The bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.65) catalyzes this reaction in the cytosol prior to secretion into bile. In human liver the formation of bile acid-CoA thioesters is localized both to the microsomal fraction catalysed by an ATP-dependent synthetase and to the peroxisomal fraction catalysed by the thiolase in the last step of the beta-oxidative cleavage of the 5beta-cholestanoyl side chain. The highest specific amidation activity of both chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA is always found in the most peroxisome-rich subcellular fractions. (PMID: 2722825, 10817395, 11673457, 10884298).60731-52-4C05337119662052870110128154[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@H](O)C[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)C(O)C(C)(C)COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2NC45H74N7O19P3SInChI=1S/C45H74N7O19P3S/c1-24(27-7-8-28-34-29(11-14-45(27,28)5)44(4)13-10-26(53)18-25(44)19-30(34)54)6-9-33(56)75-17-16-47-32(55)12-15-48-41(59)38(58)43(2,3)21-68-74(65,66)71-73(63,64)67-20-31-37(70-72(60,61)62)36(57)42(69-31)52-23-51-35-39(46)49-22-50-40(35)52/h22-31,34,36-38,42,53-54,57-58H,6-21H2,1-5H3,(H,47,55)(H,48,59)(H,63,64)(H,65,66)(H2,46,49,50)(H2,60,61,62)/t24-,25+,26-,27-,28+,29+,30-,31-,34+,36-,37-,38?,42-,44+,45-/m1/s1IIWDDMINEZBCTG-POZCYTSJSA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2-({[({[3-({2-[(2-{[(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoyl]sulfanyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropoxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid1142.0911141.397303447-3.0511[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2-[({[3-({2-[(2-{[(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoyl]sulfanyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxyphosphonic acid0-4FDB0238805'-{3-[(3r)-4-{[3-({2-[(3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl)sulfanyl]ethyl}amino)-3-oxopropyl]amino}-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl] dihydrogen diphosphate}3'-phosphoadenosine;Chenodeoxycholoyl coenzyme aPW_C002709ChendCA2824577640334121679408124229374988Propionyl-CoAHMDB0001275Propionyl-CoA is an intermediate in the metabolism of propanoate. Propionic aciduria is caused by an autosomal recessive disorder of propionyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase deficiency (EC 6.4.1.3). In propionic aciduria, propionyl CoA accumulates within the mitochondria in massive quantities; free carnitine is then esterified, creating propionyl carnitine, which is then excreted in the urine. Because the supply of carnitine in the diet and from synthesis is limited, such patients readily develop carnitine deficiency as a result of the increased loss of acylcarnitine derivatives. This condition demands supplementation of free carnitine above the normal dietary intake to continue to remove (detoxify) the accumulating organic acids. Propionyl-CoA is a substrate for Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (medium-chain specific, mitochondrial), Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase 2-like (mitochondrial), Propionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha chain (mitochondrial), Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (mitochondrial), Trifunctional enzyme beta subunit (mitochondrial), 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (peroxisomal), Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (long-chain specific, mitochondrial), Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (mitochondrial), Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (cytoplasmic), 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (mitochondrial) and Propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain (mitochondrial). (PMID: 10650319).317-66-8C0010043916415539PROPIONYL-COA388310CCC(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)C(O)C(C)(C)COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2NC24H40N7O17P3SInChI=1S/C24H40N7O17P3S/c1-4-15(33)52-8-7-26-14(32)5-6-27-22(36)19(35)24(2,3)10-45-51(42,43)48-50(40,41)44-9-13-18(47-49(37,38)39)17(34)23(46-13)31-12-30-16-20(25)28-11-29-21(16)31/h11-13,17-19,23,34-35H,4-10H2,1-3H3,(H,26,32)(H,27,36)(H,40,41)(H,42,43)(H2,25,28,29)(H2,37,38,39)/t13-,17-,18-,19?,23-/m1/s1QAQREVBBADEHPA-UXYNFSPESA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-({[hydroxy({[hydroxy({3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-[(2-{[2-(propanoylsulfanyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]propoxy})phosphoryl]oxy})phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid823.597823.141423115-2.299[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-[({hydroxy[hydroxy(3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-[(2-{[2-(propanoylsulfanyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]propoxy)phosphoryl]oxyphosphoryl}oxy)methyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxyphosphonic acid0-4FDB0225292-methylacetyl-coa;2-methylacetyl-coenzyme a;Propanoyl-coa;Propanoyl-coenzyme a;Propionyl-coa;Propionyl-coenzyme a;Alpha-methylacetyl-coa;Alpha-methylacetyl-coenzyme aPW_C000988PropCoA12778169432285424455491413909122477641334784361127855611178636133120995122121576407121681408122266406123560135124133119124231374124819120125935297126430479126557482126568481127395205127997501128130502128141206171TaurineHMDB0000251Taurine is a sulfur amino acid like methionine, cystine, cysteine and homocysteine. It is a lesser-known amino acid because it is not incorporated into the structural building blocks of protein. Yet taurine is an essential amino acid in pre-term and newborn infants of humans and many other species. Adults can synthesize their own taurine, yet are probably dependent in part on dietary taurine. Taurine is abundant in the brain, heart, breast, gallbladder and kidney and has important roles in health and disease in these organs. Taurine has many diverse biological functions serving as a neurotransmitter in the brain, a stabilizer of cell membranes and a facilitator in the transport of ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Taurine is highly concentrated in animal and fish protein, which are good sources of dietary taurine. It can be synthesized by the body from cysteine when vitamin B6 is present. Deficiency of taurine occurs in premature infants and neonates fed formula milk, and in various disease states. Inborn errors of taurine metabolism have been described. OMIM 168605, an unusual neuropsychiatric disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion through 3 generations of a family. Symptoms began late in the fifth decade in 6 affected persons and death occurred after 4 to 6 years. The earliest and most prominent symptom was mental depression not responsive to antidepressant drugs or electroconvulsive therapy. Sleep disturbances, exhaustion and marked weight loss were features. Parkinsonism developed later, and respiratory failure occurred terminally. OMIM 145350 describes congestive cardiomyopathy and markedly elevated urinary taurine levels (about 5 times normal). Other family members had late or holosystolic mitral valve prolapse and elevated urinary taurine values (about 2.5 times normal). In 2 with mitral valve prolapse, congestive cardiomyopathy eventually developed while the amounts of urinary taurine doubled. Taurine, after GABA, is the second most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its inhibitory effect is one source of taurine's anticonvulsant and antianxiety properties. It also lowers glutamic acid in the brain, and preliminary clinical trials suggest taurine may be useful in some forms of epilepsy. Taurine in the brain is usually associated with zinc or manganese. The amino acids alanine and glutamic acid, as well as pantothenic acid, inhibit taurine metabolism while vitamins A and B6, zinc and manganese help build taurine. Cysteine and B6 are the nutrients most directly involved in taurine synthesis. Taurine levels have been found to decrease significantly in many depressed patients. One reason that the findings are not entirely clear is because taurine is often elevated in the blood of epileptics who need it. It is often difficult to distinguish compensatory changes in human biochemistry from true metabolic or deficiency disease. Low levels of taurine are found in retinitis pigmentosa. Taurine deficiency in experimental animals produces degeneration of light-sensitive cells. Therapeutic applications of taurine to eye disease are likely to be forthcoming. Taurine has many important metabolic roles. Supplements can stimulate prolactin and insulin release. The parathyroid gland makes a peptide hormone called glutataurine (glutamic acid-taurine), which further demonstrates taurine's role in endocrinology. Taurine increases bilirubin and cholesterol excretion in bile, critical to normal gallbladder function. It seems to inhibit the effect of morphine and potentiates the effects of opiate antagonists. Low plasma taurine levels have been found in a variety of conditions, i.e., depression, hypertension, hypothyroidism, gout, institutionalized patients, infertility, obesity, kidney failure and others. (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/).107-35-7C002451123158911091DB01956NCCS(O)(=O)=OC2H7NO3SInChI=1S/C2H7NO3S/c3-1-2-7(4,5)6/h1-3H2,(H,4,5,6)XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N2-aminoethane-1-sulfonic acid125.147125.014663785-0.082taurine00FDB0031911-aminoethane-2-sulfonate;1-aminoethane-2-sulfonic acid;2-aminoethanesulfonate;2-aminoethanesulfonic acid;2-aminoethylsulfonate;2-aminoethylsulfonic acid;2-sulfoethylamine;Aminoethylsulfonate;Aminoethylsulfonic acid;Taurine;B-aminoethylsulfonate;B-aminoethylsulfonic acid;Beta-aminoethylsulfonate;Beta-aminoethylsulfonic acid;Aminoethylsulphonate;Aminoethylsulphonic acid;2-aminoethanesulphonate;2-aminoethanesulphonic acidPW_C000171Taurine1238828262928603163491076350108735418873561874237431842375315776423367767012979015111120930122121684429121712414123496135124233464124263450759Taurochenodesoxycholic acidHMDB0000951Taurochenodesoxycholic acid is a bile acid formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).516-35-8C0546538731616525CHENODEOXYCHOLOYLTAURINE343282DB08833[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@H](O)C[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(=O)NCCS(O)(=O)=OC26H45NO6SInChI=1S/C26H45NO6S/c1-16(4-7-23(30)27-12-13-34(31,32)33)19-5-6-20-24-21(9-11-26(19,20)3)25(2)10-8-18(28)14-17(25)15-22(24)29/h16-22,24,28-29H,4-15H2,1-3H3,(H,27,30)(H,31,32,33)/t16-,17+,18-,19-,20+,21+,22-,24+,25+,26-/m1/s1BHTRKEVKTKCXOH-BJLOMENOSA-N2-[(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanamido]ethane-1-sulfonic acid499.704499.296758867-4.824taurochenodeoxycholate0-1FDB02233512-deoxycholyltaurine;12-desoxycholyltaurine;3a,7a-dihydroxy-n-(2-sulfoethyl)-5b-cholan-24-amide;Chenodeoxycholyltaurine;Chenyltaurine;N-(3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-oyl)-taurine;Taurochenodeoxycholate;Taurochenodeoxycholic acid;Taurochenodesoxycholate;Taurochenodesoxycholic acid;Chenodeoxycholoyltaurine;Taurine chenodeoxycholatePW_C000759Taucoa2827297764333612168542912423446478GlycineHMDB0000123Glycine is a simple, nonessential amino acid, although experimental animals show reduced growth on low-glycine diets. The average adult ingests 3 to 5 grams of glycine daily. Glycine is involved in the body's production of DNA, phospholipids and collagen, and in release of energy. Glycine levels are effectively measured in plasma in both normal patients and those with inborn errors of glycine metabolism. (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/) Nonketotic hyperglycinaemia (OMIM 606899) is an autosomal recessive condition caused by deficient enzyme activity of the glycine cleavage enzyme system (EC 2.1.1.10). The glycine cleavage enzyme system comprises four proteins: P-, T-, H- and L-proteins (EC 1.4.4.2, EC 2.1.2.10 and EC 1.8.1.4 for P-, T- and L-proteins). Mutations have been described in the GLDC (OMIM 238300), AMT (OMIM 238310), and GCSH (OMIM 238330) genes encoding the P-, T-, and H-proteins respectively. The glycine cleavage system catalyses the oxidative conversion of glycine into carbon dioxide and ammonia, with the remaining one-carbon unit transferred to folate as methylenetetrahydrofolate. It is the main catabolic pathway for glycine and it also contributes to one-carbon metabolism. Patients with a deficiency of this enzyme system have increased glycine in plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with an increased CSF: plasma glycine ratio. (PMID 16151895).56-40-6C00037525712715428GLY730DB00145NCC(O)=OC2H5NO2InChI=1S/C2H5NO2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1,3H2,(H,4,5)DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N2-aminoacetic acid75.066675.0320284090.872glycine00FDB0004842-aminoacetate;2-aminoacetic acid;Aciport;Amino-acetate;Amino-acetic acid;Aminoacetate;Aminoacetic acid;Aminoethanoate;Aminoethanoic acid;Glicoamin;Glycocoll;Glycolixir;Glycosthene;Gyn-hydralin;Padil;Aminoessigsaeure;G;Gly;Glycin;Glykokoll;Glyzin;H2n-ch2-cooh;Hgly;LeimzuckerPW_C000078Gly314179818122188127282929542010354541205580133564010756411085863105600714770141607439374411667442151179419811872161124291511523322242419318424203157764433677742111780221327830435180708135120028406120097122120117124121687429122283435122850118124236464124837470125406479125466297125484299126448499126946501127003205127021388128018517496Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugateHMDB0000637Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID:16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.640-79-9C054662283354017215984[H][C@@]12C[C@H](O)CC[C@]1(C)C1CC[C@]3(C)[C@H](CCC3C1[C@H](O)C2)[C@H](C)CCC(=O)NCC(O)=OC26H43NO5InChI=1S/C26H43NO5/c1-15(4-7-22(30)27-14-23(31)32)18-5-6-19-24-20(9-11-26(18,19)3)25(2)10-8-17(28)12-16(25)13-21(24)29/h15-21,24,28-29H,4-14H2,1-3H3,(H,27,30)(H,31,32)/t15-,16+,17-,18-,19?,20?,21-,24?,25+,26-/m1/s1GHCZAUBVMUEKKP-AHBZRTSYSA-N2-[(4R)-4-[(2S,5R,7S,9R,14R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanamido]acetic acid449.6233449.314123491-4.754[(4R)-4-[(2S,5R,7S,9R,14R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanamido]acetic acid0-1FDB022157(23r)-hydroxychenodeoxycholylglycine;12-deoxycholylglycine;12-desoxycholylglycine;3a,7a-dihydroxy-n-(carboxymethyl)-5b-cholan-24-amide;Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate;Chenodeoxycholylglycine;Glycine chenodeoxycholate;Glycochenodeoxycholate;Glycochenodeoxycholic acid;Glycylchenodeoxycholate;Glycylchenodeoxycholic acid;N-(3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-oyl)-glycine;N-(carboxymethyl)-3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-amidePW_C000496Deoxych2830297764533612168842912423746489Glycocholic acidHMDB0000138Glycocholic acid is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID:16949895 ). More specifically, glycocholic acid or cholylglycine, is a crystalline bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. It occurs as a sodium salt in the bile of mammals. Its anion is called glycocholate. As the glycine conjugate of cholic acid, this compound acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. (PubChem). Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487 , 16037564 , 12576301 , 11907135 ).475-31-0C019212361728529746GLYCOCHOLIC_ACID24747221[H][C@@]12CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCC(=O)NCC(O)=O)[C@@]1(C)[C@@H](O)C[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])[C@H](O)CC2C[C@H](O)CC[C@]12CC26H43NO6InChI=1S/C26H43NO6/c1-14(4-7-22(31)27-13-23(32)33)17-5-6-18-24-19(12-21(30)26(17,18)3)25(2)9-8-16(28)10-15(25)11-20(24)29/h14-21,24,28-30H,4-13H2,1-3H3,(H,27,31)(H,32,33)/t14-,15?,16-,17-,18+,19+,20-,21+,24+,25+,26-/m1/s1RFDAIACWWDREDC-MZMBZMQMSA-N2-[(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanamido]acetic acid465.6227465.309038113-4.275[(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanamido]acetic acid0-1FDB0123463a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-oylglycine;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholanic acid-24-glycine;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-n-(carboxymethyl)-5b-cholan-24-amide;Cholylglycine;Glycine cholate;Glycocholate;Glycocholic acid;Glycoreductodehydrocholic acid;Glycylcholate;Glycylcholic acid;N-(carboxymethyl)-3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-amide;N-choloyl-glycine;N-choloylglycinePW_C000089Glycoch28312977646336121689429124238464480Cholic acidHMDB0000619Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, and depends only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine, and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH, and consequently require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135). When present in sufficiently high levels, cholic acid can act as a hepatotoxin and a metabotoxin. A hepatotoxin causes damage to the liver or liver cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Among the primary bile acids, cholic acid is considered to be the least hepatotoxic while deoxycholic acid is the most hepatoxic (PMID: 1641875). The liver toxicity of bile acids appears to be due to their ability to peroxidate lipids and to lyse liver cells. Chronically high levels of cholic acid are associated with familial hypercholanemia. In hypercholanemia, bile acids, including cholic acid, are elevated in the blood. This disease causes liver damage, extensive itching, poor fat absorption, and can lead to rickets due to lack of calcium in bones. The deficiency of normal bile acids in the intestines results in a deficiency of vitamin K, which also adversely affects clotting of the blood. The bile acid ursodiol (ursodeoxycholic acid) can improve symptoms associated with familial hypercholanemia.81-25-4C0069522149316359192176DB02659[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@H](O)C[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])C[C@H](O)[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(O)=OC24H40O5InChI=1S/C24H40O5/c1-13(4-7-21(28)29)16-5-6-17-22-18(12-20(27)24(16,17)3)23(2)9-8-15(25)10-14(23)11-19(22)26/h13-20,22,25-27H,4-12H2,1-3H3,(H,28,29)/t13-,14+,15-,16-,17+,18+,19-,20+,22+,23+,24-/m1/s1BHQCQFFYRZLCQQ-OELDTZBJSA-N(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoic acid408.5714408.28757439-3.744(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoic acid0-1FDB01281017b-[1-methyl-3-carboxypropyl]etiocholane-3a,7a,12a-triol;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-oate;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-oic acid;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholanate;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholanic acid;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholanoate;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholanoic acid;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-b-cholanate;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-b-cholanic acid;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-beta-cholanate;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-beta-cholanic acid;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxycholanate;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxycholanic acid;5b-cholanic acid-3a,7a,12a-triol;5b-cholate;5b-cholic acid;Cholalate;Cholalic acid;Cholalin;Cholate;Cholic acid;Colalin;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholanate;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid;3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholanate;3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholanic acidPW_C000480Cholate28322977647336121690429124239464397Chenodeoxycholic acidHMDB0000518Chenodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135). Usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.474-25-9C0252810133167559728DB06777[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@H](O)C[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(O)=OC24H40O4InChI=1S/C24H40O4/c1-14(4-7-21(27)28)17-5-6-18-22-19(9-11-24(17,18)3)23(2)10-8-16(25)12-15(23)13-20(22)26/h14-20,22,25-26H,4-13H2,1-3H3,(H,27,28)/t14-,15+,16-,17-,18+,19+,20-,22+,23+,24-/m1/s1RUDATBOHQWOJDD-BSWAIDMHSA-N(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoic acid392.572392.292659768-4.303(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoic acid0-1FDB022087(+)-chenodeoxycholate;(+)-chenodeoxycholic acid;(3a,5b,7a)-3,7-dihydroxy-cholan-24-oate;(3a,5b,7a)-3,7-dihydroxy-cholan-24-oic acid;3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b,14a,17b-cholanate;3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b,14a,17b-cholanic acid;3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-oate;3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-oic acid;3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholanate;3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholanic acid;7a-hydroxy-desoxycholsaeure;Chenodeoxycholate;Chenodesoxycholsaeure;3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid;7alpha-hydroxylithocholic acid;Anthropodeoxycholic acid;Anthropodesoxycholic acid;Cdca;Chenic acid;Chenix;Chenodiol;Gallodesoxycholic acid;3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanate;3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholanate;3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid;7a-hydroxylithocholate;7a-hydroxylithocholic acid;7alpha-hydroxylithocholate;7α-hydroxylithocholate;7α-hydroxylithocholic acid;Anthropodeoxycholate;Anthropodesoxycholate;Chenate;GallodesoxycholatePW_C000397Cheno2833297764833612169142912424046411537a-HydroxycholesterolHMDB00014967alpha-hydroxycholesterol is an oxysterol and can serve as a biomarker for lipid peroxidation. (PMID: 17386651) Products of cholesterol oxidation accumulate within atherosclerotic plaque and have been proposed to contribute to inflammatory signalling in the diseased artery. (PMID: 17364953). 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol is a cholesterol oxide that has been described as biomarker of oxidative stress in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. (PMID: 16634125).C035945347773217500CPD-26630776546CC(C)CCC[C@@H](C)[C@H]1CC[C@@H]2C3[C@H](O)C=C4C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3CC[C@]12CC27H46O2InChI=1S/C27H46O2/c1-17(2)7-6-8-18(3)21-9-10-22-25-23(12-14-27(21,22)5)26(4)13-11-20(28)15-19(26)16-24(25)29/h16-18,20-25,28-29H,6-15H2,1-5H3/t18-,20+,21-,22-,23+,24-,25?,26+,27-/m1/s1OYXZMSRRJOYLLO-AWBHSAGMSA-N(1S,2R,5S,9S,11R,14R,15R)-2,15-dimethyl-14-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-7-ene-5,9-diol402.6529402.349780716-5.932(1S,2R,5S,9S,11R,14R,15R)-2,15-dimethyl-14-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-7-ene-5,9-diol00FDB0226557 alpha-hydroxycholesterol;7-a-hydroxycholesterol;7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol;7alpha-hydroxycholesterol;Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha-diolPW_C0011537a-HCol283429776493361216924291242414641144NADHHMDB0001487NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). It forms NADP with the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.(Dorland, 27th ed).58-68-4C0000443915316908NADH388299DB00157NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H29N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H29N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,33)(H,34,35)(H,36,37)(H2,22,24,25)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BOPGDPNILDQYTO-NNYOXOHSSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy})phosphinic acid665.441665.124771695-2.358NADH0-2FDB0226491,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dpnh;Dihydrocodehydrogenase i;Dihydrocozymase;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide;Enada;Nadh;Nadh2;Reduced codehydrogenase i;Reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Reduced nicotinamide adenine diphosphate;Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide;B-dpnh;B-nadh;Beta-dpnh;Beta-nadh;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced);Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidePW_C001144NADH1434153349086481011152127551469542230492781172836293109948061848121848212849046495931516995524010353321115358112546612354791255593135569810057371085829141591514759451516027155607916163871647217867711176893160701118870991637172205719520674622228244226836022590862241180919811821216123202491300329813015300132552234240332242618315771071327712313377208134773713317765133677668334777003327770713077917113779863478000936880691119938221241105493881128549411583811811995540612017240712037812212098640812116242512124412612169342912181838312261638412274512012312744712313813612355137412373446012381444312424246412437139812518912112534547912553148112576229712580829912592648212651649512676748012688850112738550212809039012836239112842939514827a,12a-Dihydroxy-cholestene-3-oneHMDB00021977a,12a-Dihydroxy-cholestene-3-one belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cholesterols and derivatives. Cholesterols and derivatives are compounds containing a 3-hydroxylated cholestane core. 7a,12a-Dihydroxy-cholestene-3-one is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. 7a,12a-Dihydroxy-cholestene-3-one has been found throughout all human tissues, and has also been primarily detected in urine. Within the cell, 7a,12a-dihydroxy-cholestene-3-one is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP), mitochondria and cytoplasm. In humans, 7a,12a-dihydroxy-cholestene-3-one is involved in congenital bile acid synthesis defect type III pathway, bile acid biosynthesis pathway, the cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) pathway, and congenital bile acid synthesis defect type II pathway. 7a,12a-Dihydroxy-cholestene-3-one is also involved in a few metabolic disorders, which include the familial hypercholanemia (fhca) pathway, the zellweger syndrome pathway, and 27-hydroxylase deficiency. 7a,12a-Dihydroxy-cholestene-3-one is an intermediate in bile acid synthesis; is considerably higher in patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) than in the normal liver. (PMID 7017048).C05457212522772847713628315[H][C@@]12CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@@]1(C)[C@@H](O)C[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])[C@H](O)CC2CC(=O)C=C[C@]12CC27H44O3InChI=1S/C27H44O3/c1-16(2)7-6-8-17(3)20-9-10-21-25-22(15-24(30)27(20,21)5)26(4)12-11-19(28)13-18(26)14-23(25)29/h11-12,16-18,20-25,29-30H,6-10,13-15H2,1-5H3/t17-,18?,20-,21+,22+,23-,24+,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1VJGNBLOGSXHTLR-JFXJTJEYSA-N(1S,2R,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-9,16-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyl-14-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-3-en-5-one416.6365416.329045274-5.162(1S,2R,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-9,16-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyl-14-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-3-en-5-one00FDB0228997-a,12-a-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one;7-a,12-a-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one;7-a,12-alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one;7-a,12-alpha-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one;7-alpha,12-alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one;7-alpha,12-alpha-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one;7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-cholestene-3-onePW_C0014827DC3O2838297765233612169542912424446447CholesterolHMDB0000067Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The name originates from the Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), and the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol. This is because researchers first identified cholesterol in solid form in gallstones in 1784. In the body, cholesterol can exist in either the free form or as an ester with a single fatty acid (of 10-20 carbons in length) covalently attached to the hydroxyl group at position 3 of the cholesterol ring. Due to the mechanism of synthesis, plasma cholesterol esters tend to contain relatively high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Most of the cholesterol consumed as a dietary lipid exists as cholesterol esters. Cholesterol esters have a lower solubility in water than cholesterol and are more hydrophobic. They are hydrolyzed by the pancreatic enzyme cholesterol esterase to produce cholesterol and free fatty acids. Cholesterol has vital structural roles in membranes and in lipid metabolism in general. It is a biosynthetic precursor of bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, estrogens, progesterones, androgens and aldosterone). In addition, it contributes to the development and functioning of the central nervous system, and it has major functions in signal transduction and sperm development. Cholesterol is a ubiquitous component of all animal tissues where much of it is located in the membranes, although it is not evenly distributed. The highest proportion of unesterified cholesterol is in the plasma membrane (roughly 30-50% of the lipid in the membrane or 60-80% of the cholesterol in the cell), while mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have very low cholesterol contents. Cholesterol is also enriched in early and recycling endosomes, but not in late endosomes. The brain contains more cholesterol than any other organ where it comprises roughly a quarter of the total free cholesterol in the human body. Of all the organic constituents of blood, only glucose is present in a higher molar concentration than cholesterol. Cholesterol esters appear to be the preferred form for transport in plasma and as a biologically inert storage (de-toxified) form. They do not contribute to membranes but are packed into intracellular lipid particles. Cholesterol molecules (i.e. cholesterol esters) are transported throughout the body via lipoprotein particles. The largest lipoproteins, which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver, are called chylomicrons. They carry mostly triglyceride fats and cholesterol that are from food, especially internal cholesterol secreted by the liver into the bile. In the liver, chylomicron particles give up triglycerides and some cholesterol. They are then converted into low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, which carry triglycerides and cholesterol on to other body cells. In healthy individuals, the LDL particles are large and relatively few in number. In contrast, large numbers of small LDL particles are strongly associated with promoting atheromatous disease within the arteries. (Lack of information on LDL particle number and size is one of the major problems of conventional lipid tests.). In conditions with elevated concentrations of oxidized LDL particles, especially small LDL particles, cholesterol promotes atheroma plaque deposits in the walls of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major contributor to coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease. There is a worldwide trend to believe that lower total cholesterol levels tend to correlate with lower atherosclerosis event rates (though some studies refute this idea). As a result, cholesterol has become a very large focus for the scientific community trying to determine the proper amount of cholesterol needed in a healthy diet. However, the primary association of atherosclerosis with cholesterol has always been specifically with cholesterol transport patterns, not total cholesterol per se. For example, total cholesterol can be low, yet made up primarily of small LDL and small HDL particles and atheroma growth rates are high. In contrast, however, if LDL particle number is low (mostly large particles) and a large percentage of the HDL particles are large (HDL is actively reverse transporting cholesterol), then atheroma growth rates are usually low, even negative, for any given total cholesterol concentration. These effects are further complicated by the relative concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in the endothelium since ADMA down-regulates production of nitric oxide, a relaxant of the endothelium. Thus, high levels of ADMA, associated with highly oxidized levels of LDL, pose a heightened risk factor for vascular disease. Chronically high levels of cholesterol are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism, including cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, cholesteryl ester storage disease, congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, hypercholesterolemia, and Zellweger syndrome. In chronically high levels, cholesterol can function as an atherogen (causes atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease). Specifically, chronically high levels (from diet or from genetic predisposition or from diseases such as hyperlipidemia) of cholesterol and cholesterol esters lead to an excess of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. In healthy individuals, the LDL particles are large and relatively few in number. In contrast, large numbers of small LDL particles are strongly associated with promoting atheromatous disease within the arteries. In conditions with elevated concentrations of oxidized LDL particles, especially small LDL particles, cholesterol promotes atheroma plaque deposits in the walls of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major contributor to coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease. Resistin, a protein secreted by fat tissue, has been shown to increase the production of LDL in human liver cells and also degrades LDL receptors in the liver. As a result, the liver is less able to clear cholesterol from the bloodstream. Resistin accelerates the accumulation of LDL in arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease.57-88-5C00187599716113CHOLESTEROL5775DB04540[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC=C4C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)CC27H46OInChI=1S/C27H46O/c1-18(2)7-6-8-19(3)23-11-12-24-22-10-9-20-17-21(28)13-15-26(20,4)25(22)14-16-27(23,24)5/h9,18-19,21-25,28H,6-8,10-17H2,1-5H3/t19-,21+,22+,23-,24+,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N(1S,2R,5S,10S,11S,14R,15R)-2,15-dimethyl-14-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-7-en-5-ol386.6535386.354866094-7.141(1S,2R,5S,10S,11S,14R,15R)-2,15-dimethyl-14-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-7-en-5-ol00FDB013269(+)-ent-cholesterol;(-)-cholesterol;(20bfh)-cholest-5-en-3b-ol;(3b)-cholest-5-en-3-ol;(3beta)-cholest-5-en-3-ol;20-epi-cholesterol;20-iso-cholesterol;20bfh-cholest-5-en-3b-ol;3beta-hydroxycholest-5-ene;5-cholesten-3b-ol;5-cholesten-3beta-ol;5:6-cholesten-3-ol;5:6-cholesten-3beta-ol;Cholest-5-en-3-ol;Cholest-5-en-3b-ol;Cholest-5-en-3beta-ol;Cholesterin;Cholesterine;Cholesterol;Cholesterol base h;Cholesteryl alcohol;Cholestrin;Cholestrol;Cordulan;Dastar;Dusoline;Dusoran;Dythol;Epicholesterin;Epicholesterol;Fancol ch;Hydrocerin;Kathro;Lanol;Liquid crystal cn/9;Nimco cholesterol base h;Nimco cholesterol base no. 712;Super hartolan;TegolanPW_C000047Lanol829216584923303284029284515734121375672107649160776533367768511478951331789881121215163831216974291217314091218314071240743981242464641242821371243841192900CE(22:2(13Z,16Z))HMDB0006737Cholesteryl docosadienoic acid is a cholesteryl ester. A cholesteryl ester is an ester of cholesterol. Fatty acid esters of cholesterol constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima (the innermost layer of an artery, in direct contact with the flowing blood) is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels. It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, in large part to the deposition of lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides).C0253053477893Cholesterol-estersCCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[C@H]1CC[C@]2(C)C3CC[C@]4(C)C(CCC4C3CC=C2C1)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)CC49H84O2InChI=1S/C49H84O2/c1-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-24-25-29-47(50)51-42-34-36-48(5)41(38-42)30-31-43-45-33-32-44(40(4)28-26-27-39(2)3)49(45,6)37-35-46(43)48/h11-12,14-15,30,39-40,42-46H,7-10,13,16-29,31-38H2,1-6H3/b12-11-,15-14-/t40-,42+,43?,44?,45?,46?,48+,49-/m1/s1YSGVSTJGBYXXIM-OVUVNFMNSA-N(2R,5S,15R)-2,15-dimethyl-14-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-7-en-5-yl (13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoate705.1901704.647131932-8.080(2R,5S,15R)-2,15-dimethyl-14-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-7-en-5-yl (13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoate00FDB02405113,16-docosadienoate;13,16-docosadienoic acid;22:2 cholesterol ester;Cholest-5-en-3beta-yl (13z,16z-docosadienoate;Cholest-5-en-3beta-yl (13z,16z-docosadienoate);Cholest-5-en-3beta-yl (13z,16z-docosadienoic acid;Cholesteryl docosadienoate;Cholesteryl docosadienoic acidPW_C00290013,16-D2842292846157765433677686114121698429121732409124248464124283137145Palmitic acidHMDB0000220Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid, is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids. As a consequence, palmitic acid is a major body component of animals. In humans, one analysis found it to make up 21–30% (molar) of human depot fat (PMID: 13756126), and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk (PMID: 352132). Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mould release agents. These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil. To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm tree (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate. Aluminium salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm. The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and palmitic acid (Wikipedia). Palmitic acid is also used in the determination of water hardness and is a surfactant of Levovist, an intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent.57-10-3C0024998515756CPD-8475960DB03796CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=OC16H32O2InChI=1S/C16H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16(17)18/h2-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18)IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-Nhexadecanoic acid256.4241256.240230268-5.801palmitic acid0-1FDB0116791-hexyldecanoate;1-hexyldecanoic acid;1-pentadecanecarboxylic acid;C16 fatty acid;Cetylic acid;Edenor c16;Emersol 140;Emersol 143;Glycon p-45;Hexadecanoate;Hexadecanoic acid;Hexadecanoic acid palmitic acid;Hexadecoate;Hexadecoic acid;Hexadecylic acid;Hexaectylic acid;Hydrofol;Hydrofol acid 1690;Hystrene 8016;Hystrene 9016;Industrene 4516;Kortacid 1698;Loxiol ep 278;Lunac p 95;Lunac p 95kc;Lunac p 98;N-hexadecanoate;N-hexadecanoic acid;N-hexadecoate;N-hexadecoic acid;Pam;Plm;Palmitate;Palmitic acid;Palmitinate;Palmitinic acid;Palmitinsaeure;Palmitoate;Palmitoic acid;Pentadecanecarboxylate;Pentadecanecarboxylic acid;Prifac 2960;Prifrac 2960;Pristerene 4934;Univol u332;C16:0;Ch3-[ch2]14-cooh;1-pentadecanecarboxylate;Cetylate;Hexadecylate;Hexaectylate;Hexadecanoate (n-c16:0);FA(16:0)PW_C00014516:08763878222177142181221851528432928988524910464471056448107651510869571606975199713016383112109223170129161511291822642523320425243184252531577232329776553367786113277894112780601157806111412024438212066540712142740512142940912143112412169942912291839912327911912398537612398713712398911812424946412559448412663729912712238912821338829897a,12a-Dihydroxy-5b-cholestan-3-oneHMDB00068877alpha,12alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-3-one is an intermediate in bile acid biosynthesis. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).C05453534779032288[H][C@]12CCC(C(C)CCCC(C)C)[C@@]1(C)C([H])(O)C[C@@]1([H])C2[C@H](O)CC2CC(=O)CC[C@]12CC27H46O3InChI=1S/C27H46O3/c1-16(2)7-6-8-17(3)20-9-10-21-25-22(15-24(30)27(20,21)5)26(4)12-11-19(28)13-18(26)14-23(25)29/h16-18,20-25,29-30H,6-15H2,1-5H3/t17?,18?,20?,21-,22+,23-,24-,25?,26+,27-/m1/s1HHVQPBXBALLUDF-JEUKKHAPSA-N(1S,2S,9R,11R,15R)-9,16-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyl-14-(6-methylheptan-2-yl)tetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-5-one418.6523418.344695338-5.082(1S,2S,9R,11R,15R)-9,16-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyl-14-(6-methylheptan-2-yl)tetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-5-one00FDB0241345b-cholestane-7a,12a-diol-3-one;5beta-cholestane-7alpha,12alpha-diol-3-one;7a,12a-dihydroxy-5b-cholestan-3-one;7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-3-onePW_C0029897DHCone2847297765633612170142912425146411255-b-Cholestane-3a ,7a ,12a-triolHMDB00014575-b-Cholestane-3a ,7a ,12a-triol is an intermediate in Bile acid biosynthesis. 5-b-Cholestane-3a ,7a ,12a-triol is the second to last step of synthesis of 5beta-Cyprinolsulfate. It is converted from 7alpha,12alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-3-one via enzymatic reaction then it is coneverted to 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-Tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestane via the enzyme cytochrome P450(EC.1.14.13.15). This compound inhibits la-Hydroxylation, (PMID: 7937829). It is the byproduct of Cholestanetetraol 26-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.161), and the reaction that cataylzes it is classified as a small molecule reaction. (BioCyc).547-96-6C05454160520164965-BETA-CHOLESTANE-3-ALPHA7-TETRAOL141053[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@H](O)C[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])C[C@H](O)[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)CC27H48O3InChI=1S/C27H48O3/c1-16(2)7-6-8-17(3)20-9-10-21-25-22(15-24(30)27(20,21)5)26(4)12-11-19(28)13-18(26)14-23(25)29/h16-25,28-30H,6-15H2,1-5H3/t17-,18+,19-,20-,21+,22+,23-,24+,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1RIVQQZVHIVNQFH-XJZYBRFWSA-N(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-2,15-dimethyl-14-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecane-5,9,16-triol420.6682420.360345402-4.903(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-2,15-dimethyl-14-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecane-5,9,16-triol00FDB0226353alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestane;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxycoprostane;5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-triol;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholestane;3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanePW_C0011255C3712T2848297765733612170242912425246495327-Deoxy-5b-cyprinolHMDB000123127-Deoxy-5b-cyprinol is an intermediate in Bile acid synthesis pathway, in a sequence of reactions catalyzed by sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27) in the oxidation of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,27-tetrol into 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid (PMID: 8496170). 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,25-tetrol 3-glucuronide, a metabolite of 27-Deoxy-5b-cyprinol, is the major bile alcohol component in serum from cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis patients (PMID: 7920441).862-53-3C05446193321172785-BETA-CHOLESTANE-3-ALPHA7-TETRAOL167758[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@H](O)C[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])C[C@H](O)[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)COC27H48O4InChI=1S/C27H48O4/c1-16(15-28)6-5-7-17(2)20-8-9-21-25-22(14-24(31)27(20,21)4)26(3)11-10-19(29)12-18(26)13-23(25)30/h16-25,28-31H,5-15H2,1-4H3/t16?,17-,18+,19-,20-,21+,22+,23-,24+,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1XJZGNVBLVFOSKJ-XZULNKEGSA-N(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-14-[(2R)-7-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecane-5,9,16-triol436.6676436.355260024-4.3245-cttl00FDB022502(25r)-5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha,26-tetraol;3a,7a,12a,26-tetrahydroxy-5b-cholestane;5-b-cholestane-3a-7-tetraol;5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha-7-alpha-12-alpha-26-tetraol;5-beta-cholestane-3a-7-tetraol;5b-cholestane-3a,7a,12a,26-tetrol;5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetraol;5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol;5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27alpha-tetrol;(3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-cholestane-3,7,12,26-tetrol;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestane;5beta-cholestane 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol;5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetraol;Cholestane-3,7,12,26(27)-tetrol;Cholestane-3,7,12,26-tetrol;Cholestane-3,7,12,27-tetrol;(3a,5b,7a,12a)-cholestane-3,7,12,26-tetrol;(3α,5β,7α,12α)-cholestane-3,7,12,26-tetrol;5β-cholestane-3α,7α,12α,26-tetrol;3α,7α,12α,26-tetrahydroxy-5β-cholestane;5b-cholestane 3a,7a,12a,27-tetrol;5β-cholestane 3α,7α,12α,27-tetrol;5b-cholestane-3a,7a,12a,26-tetraol;5β-cholestane-3α,7α,12α,26-tetraolPW_C000953D5bCypl2849297765833612170342912425346429905b-Cyprinol sulfateHMDB00068885b-Cyprinol sulfate is an intermediate in bile acid biosynthesis. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).C05468534779042149CC(CCCC(CO)COS(O)(=O)=O)C1CCC2C3[C@H](O)CC4C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)C3C[C@@H](O)[C@]12CC27H48O8SInChI=1S/C27H48O8S/c1-16(5-4-6-17(14-28)15-35-36(32,33)34)20-7-8-21-25-22(13-24(31)27(20,21)3)26(2)10-9-19(29)11-18(26)12-23(25)30/h16-25,28-31H,4-15H2,1-3H3,(H,32,33,34)/t16?,17?,18?,19-,20?,21?,22?,23-,24-,25?,26+,27-/m1/s1KAOLEMQCYWHOJQ-UQACNIHJSA-N(3-hydroxy-2-{4-[(2S,5R,9R,15R,16R)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]pentyl}propoxy)sulfonic acid532.73532.306989202-3.9853-hydroxy-2-{4-[(2S,5R,9R,15R,16R)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]pentyl}propoxysulfonic acid0-1FDB0241355b-cyprinosulfate;5beta-cyprinol sulfate;5beta-cyprinolsulfate;5b-cyprinosulphate;5beta-cyprinol sulphate;5beta-cyprinolsulphatePW_C0029905bCypS2851297765933612170442912425546419133a,7a,12a-Trihydroxy-5b-cholestan-26-alHMDB00035333alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al is an intermediate in bile acid biosynthesis. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135). 3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholestane-27-al is an enzymatically generated intermediate in the oxidation process of 5b-cholestane-3a,7a,12a,27-tetrol into 3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholestanoic acid in liver mitochondria. Mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.60) appears to perform multiple monooxygenations in this conversion. (PMID: 8496170).3836-01-9C0130143947916466ALPHA-N-DIACETYLNEURAMINYL-23-BETA-D-ETC388578[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@H](O)C[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])C[C@H](O)[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C=OC27H46O4InChI=1S/C27H46O4/c1-16(15-28)6-5-7-17(2)20-8-9-21-25-22(14-24(31)27(20,21)4)26(3)11-10-19(29)12-18(26)13-23(25)30/h15-25,29-31H,5-14H2,1-4H3/t16?,17-,18+,19-,20-,21+,22+,23-,24+,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1USFJGINJGUIFSY-XZULNKEGSA-N(6R)-2-methyl-6-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]heptanal434.6517434.33960996-4.523(6R)-2-methyl-6-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]heptanal00FDB023188(6r)-2-methyl-6-[(3r,5s,7r,8r,9s,10s,12s,13r,14s,17r)-3,7,12-trihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]heptanal;3,7,12-trihydroxycholestan-26-al;3-alpha-7-alpha-12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestan-26-al;3alpha,7-alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al;(3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-3,7,12-trihydroxycholestan-26-al;(3a,5b,7a,12a)-3,7,12-trihydroxycholestan-26-al;(3α,5β,7α,12α)-3,7,12-trihydroxycholestan-26-al;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholestan-26-al;3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestan-26-alPW_C00191337THCAL2852297766033612170542912425646419853α,7α,12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoic acidHMDB00006013alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoic acid is a bile acid. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine, and the portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH, and consequently require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).547-98-8C0472212231218402109066[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@H](O)C[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])C[C@H](O)[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C(O)=OC27H46O5InChI=1S/C27H46O5/c1-15(6-5-7-16(2)25(31)32)19-8-9-20-24-21(14-23(30)27(19,20)4)26(3)11-10-18(28)12-17(26)13-22(24)29/h15-24,28-30H,5-14H2,1-4H3,(H,31,32)/t15-,16?,17+,18-,19-,20+,21+,22-,23+,24+,26+,27-/m1/s1CNWPIIOQKZNXBB-VCVMUKOKSA-N(6R)-2-methyl-6-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]heptanoic acid450.6511450.334524582-4.304(6R)-2-methyl-6-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]heptanoic acid0-1FDB0232413a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholestan-26-oate;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholestan-26-oic acid;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxycoprostanate;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxycoprostanic acid;5b-cholestane-3a,7a,12a-triol-26-oate;5b-cholestane-3a,7a,12a-triol-26-oic acid;Coprocholate;Coprocholic acid;(3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-3,7,12-trihydroxycholestan-26-oic acid;3,7,12-trihydroxycholestan-26-oic acid;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oate;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanate;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate;(3a,5b,7a,12a)-3,7,12-trihydroxycholestan-26-oate;(3a,5b,7a,12a)-3,7,12-trihydroxycholestan-26-oic acid;(3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-3,7,12-trihydroxycholestan-26-oate;(3α,5β,7α,12α)-3,7,12-trihydroxycholestan-26-oate;(3α,5β,7α,12α)-3,7,12-trihydroxycholestan-26-oic acid;3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestan-26-oate;3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestan-26-oic acid;3,7,12-trihydroxycholestan-26-oate;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholestanate;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholestanic acid;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanic acid;3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanate;3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanic acid;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholestanoate;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholestanoic acid;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoic acid;3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoate;3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoic acid;Trihydroxycoprostanic acid;Trihydroxycoprostanoic acidPW_C001985Coproch2853297766133612170642912425746429933a,7a,12a-Trihydroxy-5b-24-oxocholestanoyl-CoAHMDB00068913alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-24-oxocholestanoyl-CoA is an intermediate in bile acid synthesis. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).C0546744069027379389566[H][C@@]12CCC(C(C)CCC(=O)C(C)C(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)C(O)C(C)(C)COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]3O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]3OP(O)(O)=O)N3C=NC4=C3N=CN=C4N)C1(C)[C@@H](O)C[C@@]1([H])C2[C@H](O)C[C@]2([H])C[C@H](O)CCC12CC48H78N7O21P3SInChI=1S/C48H78N7O21P3S/c1-24(28-8-9-29-36-30(19-34(59)48(28,29)6)47(5)13-11-27(56)17-26(47)18-32(36)58)7-10-31(57)25(2)45(64)80-16-15-50-35(60)12-14-51-43(63)40(62)46(3,4)21-73-79(70,71)76-78(68,69)72-20-33-39(75-77(65,66)67)38(61)44(74-33)55-23-54-37-41(49)52-22-53-42(37)55/h22-30,32-34,36,38-40,44,56,58-59,61-62H,7-21H2,1-6H3,(H,50,60)(H,51,63)(H,68,69)(H,70,71)(H2,49,52,53)(H2,65,66,67)/t24?,25?,26-,27+,28?,29-,30-,32+,33+,34-,36?,38+,39+,40?,44+,47?,48?/m0/s1AWLXQJGPNLCTLM-XFQWJXLTSA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-({[hydroxy({[hydroxy({3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-[(2-{[2-({2-methyl-3-oxo-6-[(1S,5R,7S,9R,11S,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]heptanoyl}sulfanyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]propoxy})phosphoryl]oxy})phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid1214.1541213.418432819-3.0012[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-[({hydroxy[hydroxy(3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-[(2-{[2-({2-methyl-3-oxo-6-[(1S,5R,7S,9R,11S,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]heptanoyl}sulfanyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]propoxy)phosphoryl]oxyphosphoryl}oxy)methyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxyphosphonic acid0-4FDB024138(24r,25r)-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5-beta-cholestan-26-oyl-coa;(24r,25r)-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5-beta-cholestan-26-oyl-coenzyme a;24-oxo-25(r)-trihydroxycoprostanoyl-coa;24-oxo-25(r)-trihydroxycoprostanoyl-coenzyme a;25(r)-24-oxo-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxycoprostanoyl-coa;25(r)-24-oxo-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxycoprostanoyl-coenzyme a;25(r)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholestanoyl-coa;25(r)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholestanoyl-coenzyme a;25(r)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-24-on-26-oyl-coa;25(r)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-24-on-26-oyl-coenzyme a;25(r)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol-24-on-26-oyl-coa;25(r)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol-24-on-26-oyl-coenzyme a;3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5-beta-cholestan-26-oyl-coa;3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5-beta-cholestan-26-oyl-coenzyme a;3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-24-oxo-5-beta-cholestanoyl-coa;3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-24-oxo-5-beta-cholestanoyl-coenzyme a;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-24-oxocholestanoyl-coa;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-24-oxocholestanoyl-coenzyme a;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholestanoyl-coa;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholestanoyl-coenzyme a;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-24-oxocholestanoyl-coa;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-24-oxocholestanoyl-coenzyme a;R-trhoccoa;R-trhoccoenzyme aPW_C002993toCOA2854292856577662336776643341217074291217084081242584641242593741034Adenosine diphosphateHMDB0001341Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases.58-64-0C00008602216761ADP5800NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H15N5O10P2InChI=1S/C10H15N5O10P2/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(24-10)1-23-27(21,22)25-26(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-KQYNXXCUSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid427.2011427.029414749-2.126adenosine-diphosphate0-2FDB021817Adp;Adenosindiphosphorsaeure;Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenosine diphosphate;Adenosine pyrophosphate;Adenosine-5'-diphosphate;Adenosine-5-diphosphate;Adenosine-diphosphate;5'-adenylphosphoric acid;Adenosine 5'-diphosphate;H3adp;5'-adenylphosphate;Adenosine 5'-diphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-diphosphoric acidPW_C001034ADP23413484152248213801596315978310611415182190149210418211310216158240859243527272847273646285529316572363561440023447631477091503626515775208975217100531511153491125392103544612055441295572133562410857411175764101584914358561465878107589914759261516050155611116162311666495178670094684118868721607159205718720672082107226213723121173001987303216739121774102187433163748322281872251185127711905170120132811218028513262223153293084232831542398313426223224269631877029253770871327721613477306329774723337766333678039332780433507817012878215351782443537841433578495115787053317884913078920334800303688062211880651135806761199482712411328338811620410911994412211999440612015640712031838212036641212124842912139412312139943312147240812189938312197641012206412512208540512240542212244543512297339912301344612381846412395344712395846812403037412445239812452944412461513612463637612494747212497537512501247012533429712537347912549229912551748112564548412612548512621930012623549512624247812655049112659749912691550112773351612778039512779739012780320912812250812816851712831338929913a,7a,12a-Trihydroxy-5b-cholest-24-enoyl-CoAHMDB00068893alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA is an intermediate in bile acid synthesis. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).C054605280797275054444355CC(CC\C=C(/C)C(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)C(O)C(C)(C)COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2N)C1CCC2C3[C@H](O)C[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CCC4(C)C3C[C@H](O)C12CC48H78N7O20P3SInChI=1S/C48H78N7O20P3S/c1-25(29-10-11-30-36-31(20-34(58)48(29,30)6)47(5)14-12-28(56)18-27(47)19-32(36)57)8-7-9-26(2)45(63)79-17-16-50-35(59)13-15-51-43(62)40(61)46(3,4)22-72-78(69,70)75-77(67,68)71-21-33-39(74-76(64,65)66)38(60)44(73-33)55-24-54-37-41(49)52-23-53-42(37)55/h9,23-25,27-34,36,38-40,44,56-58,60-61H,7-8,10-22H2,1-6H3,(H,50,59)(H,51,62)(H,67,68)(H,69,70)(H2,49,52,53)(H2,64,65,66)/b26-9+/t25?,27-,28+,29?,30?,31?,32+,33+,34-,36?,38+,39+,40?,44+,47?,48?/m0/s1QVDPWQVOSKJUES-WYOYJMLVSA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-({[hydroxy({hydroxy[3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-({2-[(2-{[(2E)-2-methyl-6-[(5R,7S,9R,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]hept-2-enoyl]sulfanyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)propoxy]phosphoryl}oxy)phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid1198.1541197.423518197-3.3712[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-[({hydroxy[hydroxy(3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-({2-[(2-{[(2E)-2-methyl-6-[(5R,7S,9R,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]hept-2-enoyl]sulfanyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)propoxy)phosphoryl]oxyphosphoryl}oxy)methyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxyphosphonic acid0-4FDB024136(24e)-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholest-24-enoyl-coa;(24e)-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholest-24-enoyl-coenzyme a;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholest-24-enoyl coa;3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholest-24-enoyl coenzyme a;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl coa;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl coenzyme a;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-coa;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-coenzyme aPW_C002991aTrCCoA285757766533412170940812426037429923a,7a,12a,24-Tetrahydroxy-5b-cholestanoyl-CoAHMDB00068903a,7a,12a,24-Tetrahydroxy-5b-cholestanoyl-CoA is an intermediate in bile acid synthesis. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).C0545044067727458389556[H][C@@]12C[C@H](O)CCC1(C)C1C[C@H](O)C3(C)C(CCC3C1[C@H](O)C2)C(C)CCC(O)C(C)C(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)C(O)C(C)(C)COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2NC48H80N7O21P3SInChI=1S/C48H80N7O21P3S/c1-24(28-8-9-29-36-30(19-34(59)48(28,29)6)47(5)13-11-27(56)17-26(47)18-32(36)58)7-10-31(57)25(2)45(64)80-16-15-50-35(60)12-14-51-43(63)40(62)46(3,4)21-73-79(70,71)76-78(68,69)72-20-33-39(75-77(65,66)67)38(61)44(74-33)55-23-54-37-41(49)52-22-53-42(37)55/h22-34,36,38-40,44,56-59,61-62H,7-21H2,1-6H3,(H,50,60)(H,51,63)(H,68,69)(H,70,71)(H2,49,52,53)(H2,65,66,67)/t24?,25?,26-,27+,28?,29?,30?,31?,32+,33+,34-,36?,38+,39+,40?,44+,47?,48?/m0/s1PXHZOQNODUPJKC-QVXJXFLKSA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-({[hydroxy({[hydroxy({3-hydroxy-3-[(2-{[2-({3-hydroxy-2-methyl-6-[(5R,7S,9R,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]heptanoyl}sulfanyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]-2,2-dimethylpropoxy})phosphoryl]oxy})phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid1216.1691215.434082883-3.0113[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-[({hydroxy[hydroxy(3-hydroxy-3-[(2-{[2-({3-hydroxy-2-methyl-6-[(5R,7S,9R,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]heptanoyl}sulfanyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]-2,2-dimethylpropoxy)phosphoryl]oxyphosphoryl}oxy)methyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxyphosphonic acid0-4FDB024137(24r,25r)-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5-beta-cholestanoyl-coa;(24r,25r)-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5-beta-cholestanoyl-coenzyme a;3a,7a,12a,24-tetrahydroxy-5b-cholestanoyl-coa;3a,7a,12a,24-tetrahydroxy-5b-cholestanoyl-coenzyme a;3a,7a,12a,24z-tetrahydroxy-5b-cholestanoyl-coa;3a,7a,12a,24z-tetrahydroxy-5b-cholestanoyl-coenzyme a;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-coa;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-coenzyme a;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24zeta-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-coa;3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24zeta-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-coenzyme aPW_C002992aTC-CoA28585776663341217104081242613741062Choloyl-CoAHMDB0001374Choloyl-CoA is an intermediate metabolite in the Bile acid biosynthesis (KEGG). The conjugation of bile acids to glycine and taurine for excretion into bile occurs via a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme Bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (BACAT) catalyzes.C0179443957315519CPD-202388658[H][C@@]12CCC(C(C)CCC(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)C(O)C(C)(C)COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]3O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]3OP(O)(O)=O)N3C=NC4=C3N=CN=C4N)C1(C)[C@@H](O)C[C@@]1([H])C2[C@H](O)CC2C[C@H](O)CCC12CC45H74N7O20P3SInChI=1S/C45H74N7O20P3S/c1-23(26-7-8-27-34-28(18-31(55)45(26,27)5)44(4)12-10-25(53)16-24(44)17-29(34)54)6-9-33(57)76-15-14-47-32(56)11-13-48-41(60)38(59)43(2,3)20-69-75(66,67)72-74(64,65)68-19-30-37(71-73(61,62)63)36(58)42(70-30)52-22-51-35-39(46)49-21-50-40(35)52/h21-31,34,36-38,42,53-55,58-59H,6-20H2,1-5H3,(H,47,56)(H,48,60)(H,64,65)(H,66,67)(H2,46,49,50)(H2,61,62,63)/t23?,24?,25-,26?,27+,28+,29-,30-,31+,34?,36-,37-,38?,42-,44?,45?/m1/s1ZKWNOTQHFKYUNU-TVKZAFKCSA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-({[hydroxy({[hydroxy({3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-[(2-{[2-({4-[(1S,5R,9R,11S,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoyl}sulfanyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]propoxy})phosphoryl]oxy})phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid1158.091157.392218069-2.8912[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-[({hydroxy[hydroxy(3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-[(2-{[2-({4-[(1S,5R,9R,11S,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoyl}sulfanyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]propoxy)phosphoryl]oxyphosphoryl}oxy)methyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxyphosphonic acid0-4FDB0225867-alpha-12-alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxo-5-beta-cholyl-coa;Choloyl-coa;Choloyl-coenzyme a;Cholyl-coa;Cholyl-coenzyme aPW_C001062ChoylCA285957766933412171140812426237425Taurocholic acidHMDB0000036Taurocholic acid is a bile acid and is the product of the conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine, and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH, and consequently require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135). Taurocholic acid, as with all bile acids, acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic (a bile purging agent). Hydrolysis of taurocholic acid yields taurine, a nonessential amino acid. Taurocholic acid is one of the main components of urinary nonsulfated bile acids in biliary atresia. Raised levels of taurocholate in fetal serum in obstetric cholestasis may result in the development of a fetal dysrhythmia and sudden intra-uterine death (PMID: 3944741, 11256973).81-24-3C05122667528865CPD-37436423DB04348[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@H](O)C[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])C[C@H](O)[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(=O)NCCS(O)(=O)=OC26H45NO7SInChI=1S/C26H45NO7S/c1-15(4-7-23(31)27-10-11-35(32,33)34)18-5-6-19-24-20(14-22(30)26(18,19)3)25(2)9-8-17(28)12-16(25)13-21(24)29/h15-22,24,28-30H,4-14H2,1-3H3,(H,27,31)(H,32,33,34)/t15-,16+,17-,18-,19+,20+,21-,22+,24+,25+,26-/m1/s1WBWWGRHZICKQGZ-HZAMXZRMSA-N2-[(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanamido]ethane-1-sulfonic acid515.703515.291673489-3.8352-[(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanamido]ethanesulfonic acid0-1FDB0123353a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholanic acid-24-taurine;Cholaic acid;Cholic acid taurine conjugate;Cholyltaurine;N-choloyl-taurine;N-choloyltaurine;TaurocholatePW_C000025Cholaic28613177671129121713414124264450109524-HydroxycholesterolHMDB000141924-Hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) is almost exclusively formed in the brain. The enzymatic conversion of CNS cholesterol to 24OHC, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, is the major pathway for brain cholesterol elimination and brain cholesterol homeostasis maintenance. The enzyme mediating this conversion has been characterized at the molecular level as cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.98, CYP46) and is mainly located in neurons. Like other oxysterols, 24OHC is efficiently converted into normal bile acids or excreted in bile in its sulfated and glucuronidated form. Levels of 24OHC in the circulation decrease with age in infants and children. In adults, however, the levels appear to be stable. There is accumulating evidence pointing toward a potentially important link between cholesterol, beta-amyloid, and Alzheimer's disease. Patients with active demyelinating diseases had increased levels of 24OHC in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with Alzheimer's disease have slightly increased levels of 24OHC in CSF. Patients with multiple sclerosis have a tendency to have higher levels of 24OHC during active periods. (PMID: 15061359, 14574622).474-73-7C1355012194834310CPD-7239108790[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC=C4C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CC[C@H](O)C(C)CC27H46O2InChI=1S/C27H46O2/c1-17(2)25(29)11-6-18(3)22-9-10-23-21-8-7-19-16-20(28)12-14-26(19,4)24(21)13-15-27(22,23)5/h7,17-18,20-25,28-29H,6,8-16H2,1-5H3/t18-,20+,21+,22-,23+,24+,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1IOWMKBFJCNLRTC-XWXSNNQWSA-N(1S,2R,5S,10S,11S,14R,15R)-14-[(2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-7-en-5-ol402.6529402.349780716-6.00224(S)-hydroxycholesterol00FDB022611(24s)-24-hydroxycholesterol;(24s)-cholest-5-ene-3b,24-diol;(24s)-cholest-5-ene-3beta,24-diol;24(s)-hydroxycholesterol;24-hydroxycholesterol;24s-cholest-5-ene-3b,24-diol;24s-hydroxycholesterol;Cerebrosterin;Cerebrosterol;Cholest-5-en-3b,24s-diol;Cholest-5-en-3beta,24s-diol;Cholest-5-ene-3,24-diol;Cholest-5-ene-3b,24b-diol;24s-hydroxy-cholesterol;Cholest-5-en-3β,24s-diolPW_C00109524-HCol287529776743361217164291242674647230(24R)-Cholest-5-ene-3-β,7-α,24-triol HMDB0011644(24R)-Cholest-5-ene-3-beta,7-alpha,24-triol is a hydroxysterol and a bile acid intermediate. It is produced from the reaction of 24(R)-Hydroxycholesterol with the enzyme CYP39A, which is also known as 24-hydroxycholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.99). This enzyme catalyzes the following reaction: (24R)-cholest-5-ene-3beta,24-diol + NADPH + H+ O2 = (24R)-cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,24-triol + NADP+ + H2O. This leads to the 7-alpha hydroxylation of 24(R)-hydroxycholesterol. This enzyme can act on both the 24R and 24S isomers.534810105-ALPHA-CHOLESTA-724-DIEN-3-BETA-OL[H][C@@]12CCC([C@H](C)CC[C@@H](O)C(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])[C@H](O)C=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]12CC27H46O3InChI=1S/C27H46O3/c1-16(2)23(29)9-6-17(3)20-7-8-21-25-22(11-13-27(20,21)5)26(4)12-10-19(28)14-18(26)15-24(25)30/h15-17,19-25,28-30H,6-14H2,1-5H3/t17-,19+,20?,21+,22+,23-,24-,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1ZNCHPOYZMVVJCK-DPFMVWRKSA-N(1S,2R,5S,9S,10S,11S,15R)-14-[(2R,5R)-5-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-7-ene-5,9-diol418.6523418.344695338-4.693(1S,2R,5S,9S,10S,11S,15R)-14-[(2R,5R)-5-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-7-ene-5,9-diol00(24r)-cholest-5-ene 3-b,7-a,24-triol;(24r)-cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,24-triol;5a-cholesta-7,24-dien-3-b-ol;5a-cholesta-7,24-dien-3-beta-olPW_C00723024RCiol28772977675336121718429124269464268725-HydroxycholesterolHMDB000624725-Hydroxycholesterol is steroid derivative that suppresses the cleavage of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs). It also induces apoptosis through down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression and activation of caspases. 25-Hydroxycholesterol also enhances Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta-induced) IL-8 production.(PMID: 17086498 ). 25-hydroxycholesterol is endogenously produced from cholesterol at early time intervals after cholesterol ingestion. It inhibits HMG-CoA reductase and so it also plays a significant role in the in vivo regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis after an acute dietary cholesterol challenge.2140-46-7C155195347780737616CPD-7241[H]C12CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCCC(C)(C)O)[C@@]1(C)CCC1([H])[C@@]2([H])CC=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]12CC27H46O2InChI=1S/C27H46O2/c1-18(7-6-14-25(2,3)29)22-10-11-23-21-9-8-19-17-20(28)12-15-26(19,4)24(21)13-16-27(22,23)5/h8,18,20-24,28-29H,6-7,9-17H2,1-5H3/t18-,20+,21+,22-,23?,24?,26+,27-/m1/s1INBGSXNNRGWLJU-POAVOMIWSA-N(2R,5S,10S,14R,15R)-14-[(2R)-6-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-7-en-5-ol402.6529402.349780716-6.222(2R,5S,10S,14R,15R)-14-[(2R)-6-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-7-en-5-ol00FDB023859(beta)-cholest-5-ene-3-25-diol;25-hydroxy-cholesterol;25-hydroxycholest-5-en-3-ol;5-cholestene-3beta-25-diol;Cholest-5-en-3beta-25-diol;Cholest-5-ene-3-b,25-diol;Cholest-5-ene-3-beta,25-diol;Cholest-5-ene-3beta-25-diolPW_C00268725-HC2879297767633612172042912427146427027-a,25-DihydroxycholesterolHMDB00062807 alpha-hydroxylation is not directly involved, positively or negatively, in the action of 25- or 27-hydroxycholesterol as suppressors of HMG-CoA reductase activity. Human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) and the human melanoma cell line SK-MEL-2 converted 25-hydroxycholesterol into 7 alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol and 7 alpha,25-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one while the virus-transformed fibroblast line 90VA-VI, the colon carcinoma cell line WiDr and the breast cancer cell line MDA-231 did not express 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity. The 7 alpha-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholesterol in HDF could be stimulated by dexamethasone and cortisol and inhibited by metyrapone. An unidentified, possibly 4-hydroxylated, metabolite was formed by 90VA-VI cells and a polar, probably conjugated, metabolite was formed by WiDr cells. The 7 alpha-hydroxylated metabolites of 25-hydroxycholesterol suppressed the activity of HMG-CoA reductase to a similar extent as 25-hydroxycholesterol in HDF but not in 90VA-VI cells, while the 7 alpha-hydroxylated metabolites of 27-hydroxycholesterol suppressed the activity of HMG-CoA reductase also in 90VA-VI cells. (PMID: 9059514).64907-22-8C155201195419737623CPD-724310128492[H][C@@]12CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCCC(C)(C)O)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])[C@H](O)C=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]12CC27H46O3InChI=1S/C27H46O3/c1-17(7-6-12-25(2,3)30)20-8-9-21-24-22(11-14-27(20,21)5)26(4)13-10-19(28)15-18(26)16-23(24)29/h16-17,19-24,28-30H,6-15H2,1-5H3/t17-,19+,20-,21+,22+,23-,24+,26+,27-/m1/s1BQMSKLCEWBSPPY-IKVTXIKFSA-N(1S,2R,5S,9S,10S,11S,14R,15R)-14-[(2R)-6-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-7-ene-5,9-diol418.6523418.344695338-4.9137α,25-dihydroxycholesterol00FDB0238747-a,25-dihydroxycholesterol;7-alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol;7alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol;Cholest-5-ene-3-b,7-a,25-triol;Cholest-5-ene-3-beta,7-alpha,25-triol;Cholest-5-ene-3b,7a,25-triol;Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,25-triol;3beta,7alpha,25-trihydroxycholest-5-ene;5-cholesten-3beta,7alpha,25-triol;3b,7a,25-trihydroxycholest-5-ene;3β,7α,25-trihydroxycholest-5-ene;7a,25-dihydroxycholesterol;7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol;5-cholesten-3b,7a,25-triol;5-cholesten-3β,7α,25-triol;Cholest-5-ene-3β,7α,25-triolPW_C0027027DHChol28942977677336121721429124272464141427-HydroxycholesterolHMDB000210327-Hydroxycholesterol (27-HC), also known as (25R)-cholest-5-ene-3β,26-diol or by its conventional name 26-hydroxycholesterol, is an oxygenated derivative of cholesterol and a major oxysterol in circulation (PMID: 7749852). 27-Hydroxycholesterol is the product of the enzyme sterol 27-hydroxylase. The enzyme is critical for the degradation of the steroid side-chain and a genetic deficiency of the enzyme leads to reduced formation of bile acids in humans. There is a correlation between 27-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol in the circulation, and females have lower levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol than males. A strong correlation is observed between circulating levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol, in both healthy subjects and subjects with hypercholesterolemia and documented atherosclerosis. 27-Hydroxycholesterol is metabolized by an oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase in the liver. Changes in the activity of this enzyme may lead to the accumulation of 27-hydroxycholesterol in the circulation. It has been reported that patients with a genetic deficiency of oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase in the liver had markedly increased levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol in the circulation. However, under normal conditions and in the absence of liver or kidney disease, changes in the levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol in the circulation are likely to be caused by changes in the rate of synthesis of these steroids rather than by the rate of metabolism. There are three possible explanations for the high concentrations of 27-hydroxycholesterol found in the circulation of three subjects with atherosclerosis: (1) increased expression of sterol 27-hydroxylase owing to a genetic factor or some other factor completely unrelated to atherosclerosis, (2) the extrahepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase may be up-regulated by circulating factors (e.g. cytokines) that are directly or indirectly related to the development of atherosclerosis, and (3) the high amounts of cholesterol accumulating in macrophages in some patients with atherosclerosis may result in an increased flux of 27-hydroxycholesterol from the macrophages to the circulation. Since there is a close relation between levels of cholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol in the circulation, the possibility must be considered that the flux of 27-hydroxycholesterol into the brain may be part of the yet unexplained link between hypercholesterolemia and Alzheimer's disease. 27-Hydroxysterol is the most dominant oxysterol in human atheromas where it may reflect a mechanism for eliminating excessive cholesterol, and thus have a protective role. Hypercholesterolemia and chronic low-grade immunological activation are pivotal in the development of atherosclerosis. However, the interconnections between these two factors are not well known. The CD40 system, as measured by the plasma level of soluble CD40 (sCD40), is associated with cholesterol metabolism in hypercholesterolemic patients. When combined, a decreased cholesterol synthesis rate and increased levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol may be a consequence of high levels of cellular cholesterol, and therefore be related to sCD40. However, sCD40 had no significant correlation with total plasma cholesterol. This suggests that the cellular cholesterol synthesis rate and 27-hydroxycholesterol production are more importantly linked with the plasma levels of sCD40 than total cholesterol (PMID: 16081359, 17012138, 11504730, 9144161).20380-11-4C063401239767659127-HYDROXYCHOLESTEROL110495[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC=C4C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC[C@@H](C)COC27H46O2InChI=1S/C27H46O2/c1-18(17-28)6-5-7-19(2)23-10-11-24-22-9-8-20-16-21(29)12-14-26(20,3)25(22)13-15-27(23,24)4/h8,18-19,21-25,28-29H,5-7,9-17H2,1-4H3/t18-,19-,21+,22+,23-,24+,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1FYHRJWMENCALJY-YSQMORBQSA-N(1S,2R,5S,10S,11S,14R,15R)-14-[(2R,6R)-7-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-7-en-5-ol402.6529402.349780716-6.282(1S,2R,5S,10S,11S,14R,15R)-14-[(2R,6R)-7-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-7-en-5-ol00FDB022846(25r)-26-hydroxycholesterol;(25r)-cholest-5-ene-3b,26-diol;(25r)-cholest-5-ene-3beta,26-diol;(3-beta)-cholest-5-ene-3,26-diol;(3b,25r)-cholest-5-ene-3,26-diol;(3beta,25r)-cholest-5-ene-3,26,diol;26-hydroxycholesterol(25r);Cholest-(25r)-5-en-3beta,26-diol;Cholest-5-ene-3-b,27-diol;Cholest-5-ene-3-beta,26-diol;Cholest-5-ene-3-beta,27-diol;Cholest-5-ene-3beta,26-diol;Cholest-5-ene-3beta,27-diol;27-hydroxycholesterol;5-cholestene-3beta,27-diol;(25r)-cholest-5-ene-3β,26-diol;5-cholestene-3b,27-diol;5-cholestene-3β,27-diol;Cholest-5-ene-3b,27-diol;Cholest-5-ene-3β,27-diolPW_C00141427-HC2897297767833612172242912427346427037-a,27-DihydroxycholesterolHMDB00062817-a,27-dihydroxycholesterol is an intermediate in bile acid biosynthesis. The enzyme 27-Hydroxycholesterol 7alpha-monooxygenase [EC:1.14.13.60] catalyzes the production of this metabolite from 27-hydroxycholesterol. This enzyme reaction is irreversible and occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum.4725-24-0C0634144098518431CPD-7243389810[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@H](O)C=C4C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)COC27H46O3InChI=1S/C27H46O3/c1-17(16-28)6-5-7-18(2)21-8-9-22-25-23(11-13-27(21,22)4)26(3)12-10-20(29)14-19(26)15-24(25)30/h15,17-18,20-25,28-30H,5-14,16H2,1-4H3/t17?,18-,20+,21-,22+,23+,24-,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1RXMHNAKZMGJANZ-DTTSCKGMSA-N(1S,2R,5S,9S,10S,11S,14R,15R)-14-[(2R)-7-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-7-ene-5,9-diol418.6523418.344695338-4.9237α,27-dihydroxycholesterol00FDB0238755-cholestene-3beta,7alpha,26-triol;7-alpha,27-dihydroxycholesterol;7alpha,26-dihydroxycholesterol;7alpha,27-dihydroxycholesterol;Cholest-5-ene-3,7,27-triol;Cholest-5-ene-3- b,7-a,27-triol;Cholest-5-ene-3-b,7-a,27-triol;Cholest-5-ene-3-beta,7-alpha,27-triol;Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,26-triol;Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,27-triol;5-cholestene-3b,7a,26-triol;5-cholestene-3β,7α,26-triol;7a,26-dihydroxycholesterol;7α,26-dihydroxycholesterol;7-a,27-dihydroxycholesterol;7-α,27-dihydroxycholesterol;Cholest-5-ene-3b,7a,26-triol;Cholest-5-ene-3β,7α,26-triol;Cholest-5-ene-3b,7a,27-triol;Cholest-5-ene-3β,7α,27-triolPW_C0027037a27Dih2900297767933612172342912427446479803 β-Hydroxy-5-cholestenoateHMDB00124533 beta-Hydroxy-5-cholestenoate is found in the primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway. 3 beta-Hydroxy-5-cholestenoate is created from Cholest-5-ene-3 beta,26-diol through the action of CYP27A (E1.14.13.15). 3 beta-Hydroxy-5-cholestenoate is then converted to 3 beta,7alpha-Dihydroxy-5-cholestenoate by the action of CYP7B (E1.14.13.100).6561-58-6C1733353481407C[C@H](CCCC(C)C(O)=O)C1CCC2C3CC=C4C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)C3CC[C@]12CC27H44O3InChI=1S/C27H44O3/c1-17(6-5-7-18(2)25(29)30)22-10-11-23-21-9-8-19-16-20(28)12-14-26(19,3)24(21)13-15-27(22,23)4/h8,17-18,20-24,28H,5-7,9-16H2,1-4H3,(H,29,30)/t17-,18?,20+,21?,22?,23?,24?,26+,27-/m1/s1WVXOMPRLWLXFAP-UBJAGWMESA-N(6R)-6-[(2R,5S,15R)-5-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-7-en-14-yl]-2-methylheptanoic acid416.6365416.329045274-5.932(6R)-6-[(2R,5S,15R)-5-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-7-en-14-yl]-2-methylheptanoic acid0-1C17333(3beta)-3-hydroxy-cholest-5-en-26-oate;(3beta)-3-hydroxy-cholest-5-en-26-oic acid;3 beta-hydroxycholest-5-en-27-oate;3 beta-hydroxycholest-5-en-27-oic acid;3-hcoa;3-hydroxy-5-cholesten-26-oate;3-hydroxy-5-cholesten-26-oic acid;3-hydroxy-5-cholestenoate;3-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid;3beta-hydroxy-5-cholesten-26-oate;3beta-hydroxy-5-cholesten-26-oic acid;3beta-hydroxy-5-cholestenoate;3beta-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acidPW_C0079803βh5c2902297768033612172442912427546479813β,7α-Dihydroxy-5-cholestenoateHMDB00124543beta,7alpha-Dihydroxy-5-cholestenoate is found in the primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway. It is created from 3beta-Hydroxy-5-cholestenoate through the action of CYP7B (E1.14.13.100). 3beta,7alpha-Dihydroxy-5-cholestenoate is then converted into 7alpha-Hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoate by the action of HSD3B7 (EC:1.1.1.181).115538-84-6C173353081084810152338764[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@H](O)C=C4C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C(O)=OC27H44O4InChI=1S/C27H44O4/c1-16(6-5-7-17(2)25(30)31)20-8-9-21-24-22(11-13-27(20,21)4)26(3)12-10-19(28)14-18(26)15-23(24)29/h15-17,19-24,28-29H,5-14H2,1-4H3,(H,30,31)/t16-,17?,19+,20-,21+,22+,23-,24+,26+,27-/m1/s1GYJSAWZGYQXRBS-GRJZKGIBSA-N(6R)-6-[(1S,2R,5S,9S,10S,11S,14R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-7-en-14-yl]-2-methylheptanoic acid432.645432.323959897-4.803(6R)-6-[(1S,2R,5S,9S,10S,11S,14R,15R)-5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-7-en-14-yl]-2-methylheptanoic acid0-1C17335(3beta,7alpha)-3,7-dihydroxy-cholest-5-en-26-oate;(3beta,7alpha)-3,7-dihydroxy-cholest-5-en-26-oic acid;3 beta,7 alpha-dihydroxy-5-cholesten-26-oate;3 beta,7 alpha-dihydroxy-5-cholesten-26-oic acid;3,7-dihydroxy-5-cholestenoate;3,7-dihydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid;3beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-5-cholesten-26-oate;3beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-5-cholesten-26-oic acidPW_C0079813β7αd5c2903297768133612172542912427646479857α-Hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoateHMDB00124587alpha-Hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoate, also known as 7-Hoca, is a member of the class of compounds known as monohydroxy bile acids, alcohols, and derivatives. Thes compounds are bile acids, alcohols, or any of their derivatives bearing a hydroxyl group. 7alpha-Hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoate is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7alpha-Hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoate is involved in metabolic disorders such as 27-hydroxylase deficiency, familial hypercholanemia (FHCA), and Zellweger syndrome. 7alpha-Hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoate is involved in the primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway. 7alpha-Hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoate is created from either 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-5-cholestenoate or 7alpha,26-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one through the actions of HSD3B7 (EC 1.1.1.181) or CYP27A (EC 1.14.13.15), respectively.115538-85-7C173373081085830362338765[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@H](O)CC4=CC(=O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C(O)=OC27H42O4InChI=1S/C27H42O4/c1-16(6-5-7-17(2)25(30)31)20-8-9-21-24-22(11-13-27(20,21)4)26(3)12-10-19(28)14-18(26)15-23(24)29/h14,16-17,20-24,29H,5-13,15H2,1-4H3,(H,30,31)/t16-,17?,20-,21+,22+,23-,24+,26+,27-/m1/s1SATGKQGFUDXGAX-MYWFJNCASA-N(6R)-6-[(1S,2R,9R,10S,11S,14R,15R)-9-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyl-5-oxotetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-en-14-yl]-2-methylheptanoic acid430.629430.308309832-5.062(6R)-6-[(1S,2R,9R,10S,11S,14R,15R)-9-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyl-5-oxotetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-en-14-yl]-2-methylheptanoic acid0-1C173377α-Hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoate;7α-Hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoic acid;(7α)-7-Hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid;(7α)-7-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oate;7α-Hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid;7alpha-Hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoic acid;(7alpha)-7-Hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid;(7alpha)-7-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oate;7alpha-Hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid;7-HocaPW_C0079857αH304C290429776823361217264291242774649794IronHMDB0015531Iron is a metallic element found in certain minerals, in nearly all soils, and in mineral waters. Iron is required for life. It exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. It can be found primarily in blood and it is an essential constituent of hemoglobin, cytochrome, and other components of respiratory enzyme systems. Its chief functions are in the transport of oxygen to tissue (hemoglobin) and in cellular oxidation mechanisms. Depletion of iron stores may result in iron-deficiency anemia. Iron is used to build up the blood in anemia. In humans, iron is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include the rofecoxib pathway, magnesium salicylate action pathway, etodolac pathway, and diclofenac pathway. Iron is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (APRT), porphyria variegata (PV), adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, and AICA-ribosiduria. The major activity of supplemental iron is in the prevention and treatment of iron-deficiency anemia. Iron has putative immune-enhancing, anticarcinogenic, and cognition-enhancing activities. Iron can be found in a number of food items such as chinese water chestnut, hyssop, daikon radish, and peppermint, which makes it a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.7439-89-6C00023239251824822368DB01592[Fe++]FeInChI=1S/Fe/q+2CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-Nlambda2-iron(2+) ion55.84555.9349421330lambda2-iron(2+) ion22C0002326fe;Eisen;Fe;Fer;Ferrum;HierroPW_C009794Iron11388126651533216354931192943411873302131205622577683130779283367826113278409111784283347893833112083812212099240812125642912137112412150238312172712512342313512355737412382646412393011812406039812427813612582929712593248212604429912728220512739150212749638879867 α,26-Dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-oneHMDB00124597 alpha,26-Dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is involved in primary bile acid biosynthesis. 7 alpha,26-Dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is produced from 7 alpha,27-Dihydroxycholesterol through the action of HSD3B7 (EC:1.1.1.181). 7 alpha,26-Dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one can then be converted to 7 alpha-Hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoate by CYP27A (EC:1.14.13.15).4675-38-1C1733653481412CC(CO)CCC[C@@H](C)C1CCC2C3[C@H](O)CC4=CC(=O)CC[C@]4(C)C3CC[C@]12CC27H44O3InChI=1S/C27H44O3/c1-17(16-28)6-5-7-18(2)21-8-9-22-25-23(11-13-27(21,22)4)26(3)12-10-20(29)14-19(26)15-24(25)30/h14,17-18,21-25,28,30H,5-13,15-16H2,1-4H3/t17?,18-,21?,22?,23?,24-,25?,26+,27-/m1/s1KVJVJJWIEXCECB-JZGXDVPNSA-N(2R,9R,15R)-9-hydroxy-14-[(2R)-7-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-6-en-5-one416.6365416.329045274-5.162(2R,9R,15R)-9-hydroxy-14-[(2R)-7-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]heptadec-6-en-5-one00C17336(7alpha)-7,26-dihydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one;4-cholesten-7alpha,26-diol-3-one;7,26-dhxyclso;7alpha,26-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one;7alpha,26-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-onePW_C007986Dchnone29012943431877684130121729125124280136573LithocholyltaurineHMDB0000722Lithocholyltaurine is a bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. Lithocholic acid, a hydrophobic secondary bile acid, is well known to cause intrahepatic cholestasis. There have been extensive studies on the mechanisms of lithocholate-induced cholestasis in animals. Lithocholate diminishes both the bile acid-dependent and independent bile flow. In humans, elevated levels of lithocholic acid are found in patients with chronic cholestatic liver disease. Lithocholyltaurine impairs both the bile canalicular contractions and the canalicular bile secretion, possibly by acting directly on the canalicular membranes in lithocholyltaurine-induced cholestasis. Lithocholyltaurine induce acute cholestasis-associated with retrieval of the bile salt export pump. The bile salt export pump (BSEP) of hepatocyte secretes conjugated bile salts across the canalicular membrane in an ATP-dependent manner. Hepatic retention of bile acids may lead to liver injury by hepatocyte apoptosis and eventually deterioration of cholestatic liver diseases. One mechanism of induced apoptosis by lithocholyltaurine is the induction of transcriptional activity of AP-1 (activation protein-1). (PMID: 16981261, 15763547, 16332456, 18164257).516-90-5C025925347771636259TAUROLITHOCHOLATE-SULFATEC[C@H](CCC(=O)NCCS(O)(=O)=O)C1CCC2C3CCC4C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)C3CC[C@]12CC26H45NO5SInChI=1S/C26H45NO5S/c1-17(4-9-24(29)27-14-15-33(30,31)32)21-7-8-22-20-6-5-18-16-19(28)10-12-25(18,2)23(20)11-13-26(21,22)3/h17-23,28H,4-16H2,1-3H3,(H,27,29)(H,30,31,32)/t17-,18?,19-,20?,21?,22?,23?,25+,26-/m1/s1QBYUNVOYXHFVKC-LVMSMGIASA-N2-[(4R)-4-[(2S,5R,15R)-5-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanamido]ethane-1-sulfonic acid483.704483.301844245-6.2432-[(4R)-4-[(2S,5R,15R)-5-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanamido]ethanesulfonic acid0-1FDB0222032-[(3alpha-hydroxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholan-24-yl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid;2-[[(3a,5b)-3-hydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl]amino]-ethanesulfonate;2-[[(3a,5b)-3-hydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl]amino]-ethanesulfonic acid;3a-hydroxy-5b-cholanoyltaurine;3a-hydroxy-n-(2-sulfoethyl)-5b-cholan-24-amide;Cholane ethanesulfonic acid deriv.;Lithocholic acid taurine conjugate;Lithocholic acid taurine conjugic acid;N-(3a-hydroxy-5b-cholan-24-oyl)-taurine;Taurolithocholate;Taurolithocholic acidPW_C000573Lithoch29661577687114121733409124284137550Lithocholic acid glycine conjugateHMDB0000698Lithocholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID:16949895). Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).474-74-8C1555711524537998103116[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(=O)NCC(O)=OC26H43NO4InChI=1S/C26H43NO4/c1-16(4-9-23(29)27-15-24(30)31)20-7-8-21-19-6-5-17-14-18(28)10-12-25(17,2)22(19)11-13-26(20,21)3/h16-22,28H,4-15H2,1-3H3,(H,27,29)(H,30,31)/t16-,17-,18-,19+,20-,21+,22+,25+,26-/m1/s1XBSQTYHEGZTYJE-OETIFKLTSA-N2-[(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7R,10R,11S,14R,15R)-5-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanamido]acetic acid433.6239433.319208869-5.453[(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7R,10R,11S,14R,15R)-5-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanamido]acetic acid0-1FDB0221873a-hydroxy-5b-cholanic acid glycine ester;3a-hydroxy-5b-cholanoylglycine;3a-hydroxy-n-(carboxymethyl)-5b-cholan-24-amide;3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oate;3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid;3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid n-(carboxymethyl)amide;Glycolithocholate;Glycolithocholic acid;Lithocholic acid glycine conjugate;Lithocholic acid glycine conjugic acid;Lithocholoyglycine;Lithocholylglycine;N-(3a-hydroxy-5b-cholan-24-oyl)-glycine;N-(3a-hydroxy-5b-cholanoyl)glycine;N-(carboxymethyl)-3a-hydroxy-5b-cholan-24-amide;N-((3-alpha,5-beta)-3-hydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl)glycine;Lithocholate glycine conjugate;N-((3-a,5-b)-3-hydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl)glycine;N-((3-α,5-β)-3-hydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl)glycinePW_C000550LitCAGC29671577688114121734409124285137608Lithocholic acidHMDB0000761Lithocholic acid, also known as 3α-hydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid or LCA, is a secondary bile acid. It is formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, and is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, and depends only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine, and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH, and consequently require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135). When present in sufficiently high levels, lithocholic acid can act as an oncometabolite. An oncometabolite is a compound that when present at chronically high levels promotes tumour growth and survival. Chronically high levels of lithocholic acid are associated with several forms of cancer including colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, and many other GI cancers. High bile acid levels lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, disruption of the cell membrane and mitochondria, induction of DNA damage, mutation and apoptosis, and the development of reduced apoptosis capability upon chronic exposure (PMID: 24884764). Dietary fibre can bind to lithocholic acid and aid in its excretion in stool. As such, fibre can protect against colon cancer.434-13-9C039909903163259519[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(O)=OC24H40O3InChI=1S/C24H40O3/c1-15(4-9-22(26)27)19-7-8-20-18-6-5-16-14-17(25)10-12-23(16,2)21(18)11-13-24(19,20)3/h15-21,25H,4-14H2,1-3H3,(H,26,27)/t15-,16-,17-,18+,19-,20+,21+,23+,24-/m1/s1SMEROWZSTRWXGI-HVATVPOCSA-N(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7R,10R,11S,14R,15R)-5-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoic acid376.5726376.297745146-5.872(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7R,10R,11S,14R,15R)-5-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoic acid0-1FDB022230(3a,5b)-3-hydroxy-cholan-24-oate;(3a,5b)-3-hydroxy-cholan-24-oic acid;3a-hydroxy-5b-cholan-24-oate;3a-hydroxy-5b-cholan-24-oic acid;LithocholatePW_C000608Lithoch29681577689114121735409124286137715Taurodeoxycholic acidHMDB0000896Taurodeoxycholic acid is a bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).516-50-7C05463273376894102015539[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])C[C@H](O)[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(=O)NCCS(O)(=O)=OC26H45NO6SInChI=1S/C26H45NO6S/c1-16(4-9-24(30)27-12-13-34(31,32)33)20-7-8-21-19-6-5-17-14-18(28)10-11-25(17,2)22(19)15-23(29)26(20,21)3/h16-23,28-29H,4-15H2,1-3H3,(H,27,30)(H,31,32,33)/t16-,17-,18-,19+,20-,21+,22+,23+,25+,26-/m1/s1AWDRATDZQPNJFN-VAYUFCLWSA-N2-[(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,16-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanamido]ethane-1-sulfonic acid499.704499.296758867-4.8142-[(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,16-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanamido]ethanesulfonic acid0-1FDB022304Deoxycholyltaurine;Deoxytaurocholate;Deoxytaurocholic acid;N-(3a,12a-dihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-oyl)-taurine;Sodium taurodeoxycholate;Sodium taurodeoxylate;Taurodeoxycholic acid;Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium salt;Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium salt hydrate;Taurodesoxycholate;Taurodesoxycholic acid;Tudcabil;TaurodeoxycholatePW_C000715TDCA29721577690114121736409124287137491Deoxycholic acid glycine conjugateHMDB0000631Deoxycholic acid glycine conjugate, or Deoxygcholylglycine, is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID:16949895). As a bile salt it acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.360-65-6C05464 228335392747117215983[H][C@]12CCC3C4CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCC(=O)NCC(O)=O)[C@@]4(C)[C@@H](O)CC3[C@@]1(C)CC[C@@H](O)C2C26H43NO5InChI=1S/C26H43NO5/c1-15(4-9-23(30)27-14-24(31)32)19-7-8-20-18-6-5-16-12-17(28)10-11-25(16,2)21(18)13-22(29)26(19,20)3/h15-22,28-29H,4-14H2,1-3H3,(H,27,30)(H,31,32)/t15-,16-,17-,18?,19-,20?,21?,22+,25+,26-/m1/s1WVULKSPCQVQLCU-ZMBDPXIHSA-N2-[(4R)-4-[(2S,5R,7R,14R,15R,16S)-5,16-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanamido]acetic acid449.6233449.314123491-4.764[(4R)-4-[(2S,5R,7R,14R,15R,16S)-5,16-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanamido]acetic acid0-1FDB022152Deoxycholic acid glycine conjugate;Deoxycholylglycine;Deoxyglycocholate;Deoxyglycocholic acid;Glycodeoxycholate;Glycodeoxycholic acid;Glycodesoxycholate;Glycodesoxycholic acid;Glycyldeoxycholate;Glycyldeoxycholic acid;N-(3a,12a-dihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-oyl)-glycine;N-(carboxymethyl)-3a,12a-dihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-amidePW_C000491Deoxygl29731577691114121737409124288137487Deoxycholic acidHMDB0000626Deoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid produced in the liver and is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, and depends only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine, and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH, and consequently require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135). When present in sufficiently high levels, deoxycholic acid can act as a hepatotoxin, a metabotoxin, and an oncometabolite. A hepatotoxin causes damage to the liver or liver cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. An oncometabolite is a compound, when present at chronically high levels, that promotes tumour growth and survival. Among the primary bile acids, cholic acid is considered to be the least hepatotoxic while deoxycholic acid is the most hepatoxic (PMID: 1641875). The liver toxicity of bile acids appears to be due to their ability to peroxidate lipids and to lyse liver cells. High bile acid levels lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, disruption of the cell membrane and mitochondria, induction of DNA damage, mutation and apoptosis, and the development of reduced apoptosis capability upon chronic exposure (PMID: 24884764). Chronically high levels of deoxycholic acid are associated with familial hypercholanemia. In hypercholanemia, bile acids, including deoxycholic acid, are elevated in the blood. This disease causes liver damage, extensive itching, poor fat absorption, and can lead to rickets due to lack of calcium in bones. The deficiency of normal bile acids in the intestines results in a deficiency of vitamin K, which also adversely affects clotting of the blood. The bile acid ursodiol (ursodeoxycholic acid) can improve symptoms associated with familial hypercholanemia. Chronically high levels of deoxycholic acid are also associated with several forms of cancer including colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, and many other GI cancers.83-44-3C0448322252828834193196DB07690[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])C[C@H](O)[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(O)=OC24H40O4InChI=1S/C24H40O4/c1-14(4-9-22(27)28)18-7-8-19-17-6-5-15-12-16(25)10-11-23(15,2)20(17)13-21(26)24(18,19)3/h14-21,25-26H,4-13H2,1-3H3,(H,27,28)/t14-,15-,16-,17+,18-,19+,20+,21+,23+,24-/m1/s1KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-LLQZFEROSA-N(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,16-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoic acid392.572392.292659768-4.353(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,16-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoic acid0-1FDB0127805b-cholanic acid-3a,12a-diol;5b-deoxycholate;5b-deoxycholic acid;7-deoxycholate;7-deoxycholic acid;Cholerebic;Cholorebic;Degalol;Deoxy-cholate;Deoxy-cholic acid;Deoxycholatate;Deoxycholate;Deoxycholatic acid;Deoxycholic acid;(3alpha,5alpha,12alpha)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid;(3alpha,5beta,12alpha)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid;3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid;7alpha-deoxycholic acid;Desoxycholic acid;Desoxycholsaeure;(3a,5a,12a)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-oate;(3a,5a,12a)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid;(3alpha,5alpha,12alpha)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-oate;(3α,5α,12α)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-oate;(3α,5α,12α)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid;(3a,5b,12a)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-oate;(3a,5b,12a)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid;(3alpha,5beta,12alpha)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-oate;(3α,5β,12α)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-oate;(3α,5β,12α)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid;3a,12a-dihydroxy-5b-cholanate;3a,12a-dihydroxy-5b-cholanic acid;3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanate;3α,12α-dihydroxy-5β-cholanate;3α,12α-dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid;7a-deoxycholate;7a-deoxycholic acid;7alpha-deoxycholate;7α-deoxycholate;7α-deoxycholic acid;DesoxycholatePW_C000487Dochoa2974156614107661510842476318424773157769211412173840912428913741AcceptorCompoundPW_EC00004115339ChEBIAccepto40Reduced acceptorCompoundPW_EC00004015022ChEBIRA55AH2CompoundPW_EC00005517499ChEBIAH256ACompoundPW_EC00005613193ChEBIA165303-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenaseQ6LDE7
Besides being a 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, the enzyme can accomplish diverse functions: as quinone reductase, as an aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase, as dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, and as 9-, 11-, and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase.
Akr1c9171.1.1.50124211118124254464124351135165333-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenaseP31210
Efficiently catalyzes the reduction of progesterone, androstenedione, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone to 5-beta-reduced metabolites. The bile acid intermediates 7-alpha,12-alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and 7-alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one can also act as substrates.
Akr1d1171.3.1.312421346412435313512528011816535Sterol 26-hydroxylase, mitochondrialQ64639
Catalyzes the first step in the oxidation of the side chain of sterol intermediates; the 27-hydroxylation of 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-triol. Has also a vitamin D3-25-hydroxylase activity.
Cyp27a1171.14.15.1512421746416539Bile acyl-CoA synthetaseQ9ES38
Acyl-CoA synthetase involved in bile acid metabolism. Proposed to catalyze the first step in the conjugation of C24 bile acids (choloneates) to glycine and taurine before excretion into bile canaliculi by activating them to their CoA thioesters. Seems to activate secondary bile acids entering the liver from the enterohepatic circulation.
Slc27a5176.2.1.712422346416543Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemaseO09176
Racemization of 2-methyl-branched fatty acid CoA esters. Responsible for the conversion of pristanoyl-CoA and C27-bile acyl-CoAs to their (S)-stereoisomers. Has a role in drug metabolism as well as probably in lipid metabolism. The 2-arylpropionic acid (2-APA's) derivatives, including ibuprofen, are the most widely used anti-inflammatory analgesic cyclooxygenase inhibitors. The (-)-R-enantiomer, which is inactive in terms of cyclooxygenase inhibition, is epimerized in vivo via this enzyme to the cyclooxygenase-inhibiting (+)-S-enantiomer.
Amacr175.1.99.412422537416549Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 2P97562
Oxidizes the CoA esters of the bile acid intermediates di- and tri-hydroxycoprostanic acids.
Acox2171.17.99.312422737416553Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2P70540
Bifunctional enzyme acting on the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway for fatty acids. Catalyzes the formation of 3-ketoacyl-CoA intermediates from both straight-chain and 2-methyl-branched-chain fatty acids.
Hsd17b4171.1.1.n12; 4.2.1.107; 4.2.1.11912423037416559Non-specific lipid-transfer proteinQ642G0
Mediates in vitro the transfer of all common phospholipids, cholesterol and gangliosides between membranes. May play a role in regulating steroidogenesis.
Scp2172.3.1.17612423237416564Bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferaseQ5M8A2
Involved in bile acid metabolism. In liver hepatocytes catalyzes the second step in the conjugation of C24 bile acids (choloneates) to glycine and taurine before excretion into bile canaliculi. The major components of bile are cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. In a first step the bile acids are converted to an acyl-CoA thioester, either in peroxisomes (primary bile acids deriving from the cholesterol pathway), or cytoplasmic at the endoplasmic reticulum (secondary bile acids). May catalyze the conjugation of primary or secondary bile acids, or both. The conjugation increases the detergent properties of bile acids in the intestine, which facilitates lipid and fat-soluble vitamin absorption. In turn, bile acids are deconjugated by bacteria in the intestine and are recycled back to the liver for reconjugation (secondary bile acids). May also act as an acyl-CoA thioesterase that regulates intracellular levels of free fatty acids. In vitro, catalyzes the hydrolysis of long- and very long-chain saturated acyl-CoAs to the free fatty acid and coenzyme A (CoASH), and conjugates glycine to these acyl-CoAs.
Baat172.3.1.65; 3.1.2.2124235464124266450165683 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7O35048
The 3-beta-HSD enzymatic system plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of all classes of hormonal steroids. HSD VII is active against four 7-alpha-hydroxylated sterols. Does not metabolize several different C(19/21) steroids as substrates. Involved in bile acid synthesis. Plays a key role in cell positioning and movement in lymphoid tissues by mediating degradation of 7-alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7-alpha,25-OHC): 7-alpha,25-OHC acts as a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor GPR183/EBI2, a chemotactic receptor for a number of lymphoid cells.
Hsd3b7171.1.1.-; 1.1.1.18112424346412428113616040Prostacyclin synthaseQ62969
Catalyzes the isomerization of prostaglandin H2 to prostacyclin (= prostaglandin I2).
Ptgis175.3.99.412365139812424546416573Cholesterol 7-alpha-monooxygenaseP51543
Catalyzes a rate-limiting step in cholesterol catabolism and bile acid biosynthesis by introducing a hydrophilic moiety at position 7 of cholesterol. Important for cholesterol homeostasis.
Cyp7a1171.14.14.2312424746416458Lysosomal acid lipase/cholesteryl ester hydrolaseQ64194
Crucial for the intracellular hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides that have been internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis of lipoprotein particles. Important in mediating the effect of LDL (low density lipoprotein) uptake on suppression of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and activation of endogenous cellular cholesteryl ester formation (By similarity).
Lipa173.1.1.1312408544312425046415432Cytochrome P450 3A9Q64631
This isozyme seems to be implicated in olfaction. Active in the demethylation of erythromycin as well as benzphetamine.
Cyp3a9171.14.14.11231461361231584471242684641252973981336011181657625-hydroxycholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylaseQ63688
Oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase that mediates formation of 7-alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7-alpha,25-OHC) from 25-hydroxycholesterol. Plays a key role in cell positioning and movement in lymphoid tissues: 7-alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7-alpha,25-OHC) acts as a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor GPR183/EBI2, a chemotactic receptor for a number of lymphoid cells.
Cyp7b1171.14.14.2912427046416580Cholesterol 25-hydroxylaseQ4QQV7
Catalyzes the formation of 25-hydroxycholesterol from cholesterol, leading to repress cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes. Plays a key role in cell positioning and movement in lymphoid tissues: 25-hydroxycholesterol is an intermediate in biosynthesis of 7-alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7-alpha,25-OHC), an oxysterol that acts as a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor GPR183/EBI2, a chemotactic receptor for a number of lymphoid cells. May play an important role in regulating lipid metabolism by synthesizing a corepressor that blocks sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) processing. In testis, production of 25-hydroxycholesterol by macrophages may play a role in Leydig cell differentiation.
Ch25h171.14.99.381242791369193Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C417PW_P009193174491653091943-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase17PW_P009194174501653319195Sterol 26-hydroxylase, mitochondrial17PW_P009195174511653519196Bile acyl-CoA synthetase17PW_P009196174521653919197Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase17PW_P009197174531654319198Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 217PW_P009198174541654919199Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 217PW_P009199174551655319200Non-specific lipid-transfer protein17PW_P009200174561655919201Bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase17PW_P0092011745716564192023 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 717PW_P0092021745816568192037-alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one 12-alpha-hydroxylase17PW_P009203174591604019204Cholesterol 7-alpha-monooxygenase17PW_P009204174601657319166Lysosomal acid lipase/cholesteryl ester hydrolase17PW_P009166174211645819205Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase17PW_P00920517461154321920624-hydroxycholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase17PW_P00920617462165761920725-hydroxycholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase17PW_P009207174631657619208Cholesterol 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431Compoundtrue55022114201Compoundtrue13782892041.14.13.17147572falsePW_R147572Right55022214141Compoundfalse5502231461Compoundtrue55022410651Compoundtrue55022527031Compoundfalse5502261431Compoundtrue55022714201Compoundtrue13782992071.14.13.100147573falsePW_R147573Right55022814141Compoundfalse5502291463Compoundtrue55023010653Compoundtrue55023179801Compoundfalse5502321433Compoundtrue55023314204Compoundtrue13783091951.14.13.15147574falsePW_R147574Right55023479801Compoundfalse5502351461Compoundtrue55023610651Compoundtrue55023779811Compoundfalse5502381431Compoundtrue55023914201Compoundtrue13783192071.14.13.100147575falsePW_R147575Right55024079811Compoundfalse5502417211Compoundtrue55024279851Compoundfalse55024311441Compoundtrue1378329202147576falsePW_R147576Right55024429911Compoundfalse55024514201Compoundtrue55024629921Compoundfalse1378339199147577falsePW_R147577Right55024729931Compoundfalse55024810991Compoundtrue55024910621Compoundfalse5502509881Compoundtrue13783492002.3.1.176147578falsePW_R147578Right550251471Compoundfalse550252551ElementCollectiontrue55025310651Compoundtrue55025426871Compoundfalse550255561ElementCollectiontrue55025614201Compoundtrue13783592081.14.99.38147579falsePW_R147579Right55025727031Compoundfalse5502581431Compoundtrue55025979861Compoundfalse5502601461Compoundtrue1378369202147580falsePW_R147580Right55026129971Compoundfalse55026214201Compoundtrue55026379831Compoundfalse13783791998030PW_T0080308288471Compound137464Right8031PW_T008031828929001Compound137464Right2661374299411881false83557010regular200190266137572111859false71056010regular50302661376299511881false20057010regular200190266137714311861false46556010regular50302661378133646481false140057010regular200190266137914646462false130556010regular5030266138014346461false106556010regular5030266138114646462false17279510regular50302661382106546465false37376610regular78782661383798246481false204108010regular200200266138414346461false189101510regular50302661385142046449false37999010regular7878266138617994649false33289010regular100252661387299646481false769108510regular200200266138817994649false539113510regular10025266138925946481false1319108010regular200200266139017994649false1079113510regular10025266139141446442false1484136010regular50302661392109946485false1304135510regular50302661393145246481false1317164010regular200200266139417046445false1300152310regular63432661395191846444false1480153010regular50302661396145237481false842164010regular2002002661397142037449false772183510regular78782661398299737481false367164010regular20020026613999643749false642169510regular100252661400798337481false367203510regular2002002661401270937481false367243010regular2001902661402142037449false282236010regular7878266140398837481false562227010regular2001902661404270937481false997243010regular2001902661405109937485false882241510regular503026614061714643false592271510regular100100266140775946481false677300010regular2001902661408784643false1162273010regular100100266140949646481false992300510regular20020026614108946481false1202286510regular200190266141141446442false1322274510regular5030266141248046481false1327237510regular200190266141339746481false1522300810regular2001902661414191846444false1612268310regular5030266141517046445false1475278110regular63432661416115346481false190540010regular200190266141772146459false187570510regular50302661418114446460false163072010regular5030266141914646462false158589710regular50302661420106546465false162196810regular78782661421148246481false205595910regular200200266142214346461false185599410regular50302661423142046449false192078910regular7878266142417994649false175085710regular1002526614254746481false250553310regular200190266142614646462false237067310regular50302661427106546465false235148910regular7878266142814346461false216051010regular50302661429142046449false207566010regular7878266143017994649false220057810regular100252661431290046481false309053310regular2001902661432142046449false300547810regular787826614331454643false271045810regular100100266143414646462false231096910regular50302661435298946481false263595910regular200200266143614346461false255596910regular50302661437112546481false313096010regular200200266143814646462false3295119510regular50302661439106546465false3110119010regular7878266144095346481false3130143510regular200190266144114346461false3295135510regular50302661442142046449false3112132510regular7878266144317994649false3270127010regular10025266144414346461false284596910regular5030266144514646462false305597010regular50302661446299046481false2710143510regular200190266144714646462false3375144210regular50302661448106546465false3361157810regular78782661449191346481false3720143410regular200200266145014346461false3620144410regular50302661451142046449false3605158410regular7878266145217994649false3475148210regular100252661453198546481false4265143410regular200200266145417994649false4045148410regular10025266145541446442false4255167910regular50302661456109946485false4430168410regular50302661457299346481false4273194910regular2002002661458103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720 C1760 670 1810 620 1860 620 C1966 620 2105 620 2211 620 C2261 620 2311 670 2311 720 C2311 751 2311 790 2311 821 C2311 871 2261 921 2211 921 C2105 921 1966 921 1860 921 C1810 921 1760 871 1760 821 C1760 790 1760 751 1760 720 91true6551.0301.0368531M4746 935 C4746 885 4796 835 4846 835 C4879 835 4921 835 4954 835 C5004 835 5054 885 5054 935 C5054 1048 5054 1195 5054 1308 C5054 1358 5004 1408 4954 1408 C4921 1408 4879 1408 4846 1408 C4796 1408 4746 1358 4746 1308 C4746 1195 4746 1048 4746 935 91true6308.0573.0368532M4790 2375 C4790 2325 4840 2275 4890 2275 C4922 2275 4962 2275 4994 2275 C5044 2275 5094 2325 5094 2375 C5094 2499 5094 2661 5094 2785 C5094 2835 5044 2885 4994 2885 C4962 2885 4922 2885 4890 2885 C4840 2885 4790 2835 4790 2785 C4790 2661 4790 2499 4790 2375 91true6304.0610.0368533M111 455 C111 405 161 355 211 355 C1793 355 3848 355 5430 355 C5480 355 5530 405 5530 455 C5530 1290 5530 2374 5530 3209 C5530 3259 5480 3309 5430 3309 C3848 3309 1793 3309 211 3309 C161 3309 111 3259 111 3209 C111 2374 111 1290 111 455 1true65419.02954.044731315Extracellular space225105201.01.01601544731415Intracellular space245445201.01.01601544731515Endoplasmic Reticurum1725720201.01.01601544731615Endoplasmic Reticurum4790795201.01.01601544731715Endoplamic Reticurum47502570201.01.01601544731815Endoplasmic Reticurum12051455201.01.01601544731915Mitochondria375915201.01.01601544732015Liver66085201.01.01601544732115Mitochondria5951080201.01.01601544732215Blood Vesicle249015201.01.01601544732315Lysosome2820655201.01.0160151798966411542083245420324445212017989733015152111612123627014#FBEBFC4102510891798982405165021681739420626914#FBEBFC42038952Zellweger SyndromeZellweger syndrome (Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome; Cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome) phenotype is caused by mutations in any of several different genes involved in peroxisome biogenesis, Peroxins (PEX proteins, peroxisomal transport proteins) proteins 1,2,3,5,6,12,14, and 26. Peroxin proteins serve several functions including the recognition of cytoplasmic proteins that contain peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS) that tag them for transport by peroxismnal proteins to the peroxisome. Zellweger syndrome is characterized by accumulation of cholesterol in plasma, tissues and cerebrospinal fluid, decreased chenodeoxycholic acid and increased concentration of bile alcohols and their glyconjugates. Increased concentrations of cholestanol and apolipoprotein B are also observed in spinal fluid. Symptoms include dementia, psychiatric disturbances, pyramidal and/or cerebellar signs, and seizures.DiseasePW_X009181CompleteContext9181497487981CompoundIncreased497491985CompoundIncreased4975016549ProteinMutated4975116559ProteinMutated4975214TissueDamaged497531TissueDamaged4975412TissueDamaged4975511TissueDamaged4975615TissueDamaged497576TissueDamaged2779543119940Schutgens RB, Wanders RJ, Heymans HS, Schram AW, Tager JM, Schrakamp G, van den Bosch H: Zellweger syndrome: biochemical procedures in diagnosis, prevention and treatment. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1987;10 Suppl 1:33-45.9181Context