114457PathwayЯрославSignalingPW123617CenterPathwayVisualizationContext12389320002501#000099PathwayVisualization114320114457ЯрославSignaling4112396beta-carotene biosynthesisSubPathway111982437Compound2251CellCL:00000002Platelet CL:00002333NeuronCL:00005405HepatocyteCL:00001821Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia419Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote1CytosolGO:000582935ChloroplastGO:000950715NucleusGO:00056345CytoplasmGO:00057374PeroxisomeGO:00057777Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:000578913Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:00057836LysosomeGO:000576410Cell MembraneGO:000588616Lysosomal LumenGO:00432022MitochondrionGO:000573911Extracellular SpaceGO:00056153Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575918Melanosome MembraneGO:003316214Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574124Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575836MembraneGO:001602012Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574331Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032532Inner MembraneGO:007025820Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:00057888Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum GO:00057901LiverBTO:00007597292Endothelium BTO:00003934Adrenal MedullaBTO:00000497183Sympathetic Nervous SystemBTO:000183228StomachBTO:0001307155268Blood VesselBTO:000110274112111PW_BS0000022253541PW_BS00002427151PW_BS0000271321121PW_BS000132124151PW_BS0001241181171PW_BS0001182991101PW_BS000024388161PW_BS0001128511PW_BS0000085411PW_BS00000549711PW_BS00004929111PW_BS000029181311PW_BS0000182137181PW_BS00002413013121PW_BS0001303361121PW_BS0000281115121PW_BS0001113344121PW_BS0000283317121PW_BS000028122551PW_BS000122408451PW_BS000115429151PW_BS000115383751PW_BS0001001251351PW_BS0001251355171PW_BS0001353744171PW_BS0000534641171PW_BS0001153987171PW_BS00011313613171PW_BS0001362975101PW_BS0000244824101PW_BS000115205561PW_BS000024502461PW_BS0001159611PW_BS00000916212PW_BS00001614101PW_BS0000142811611PW_BS0000283211PW_BS000003101711PW_BS000010311511PW_BS000031204111PW_BS00002015111PW_BS0000154311PW_BS000004331811PW_BS0000332441011PW_BS000024221411PW_BS000022422411PW_BS00004213121PW_BS0000131231751PW_BS000123126651PW_BS00012612711651PW_BS00012710813PW_BS0001081471241PW_BS00014715924PW_BS000159188118PW_BS0000241632181PW_BS0001631601181PW_BS00016021013181PW_BS00002421217181PW_BS000024151141PW_BS0001512164181PW_BS0000241985181PW_BS0000242156181PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS0000241644PW_BS0001642863641PW_BS000024226441PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS0000242916491PW_BS0000242924491PW_BS00002429817101PW_BS00002430013101PW_BS0000243016101PW_BS000024302116101PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS000024171211PW_BS000017315123PW_BS00002429341PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS00002413412121PW_BS00013433217121PW_BS0000281136121PW_BS0001131151012PW_BS000115337116121PW_BS0000281122121PW_BS00011212915121PW_BS00012934141121PW_BS0000281141112PW_BS0001141333121PW_BS00013332914121PW_BS00002834524121PW_BS00002834318121PW_BS000028360410121PW_BS000028405105PW_BS000115407251PW_BS0001154141551PW_BS000115409115PW_BS000115406351PW_BS0001154151851PW_BS00011543441051PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS0001004182451PW_BS0001153841251PW_BS0001004436171PW_BS0001153761017PW_BS00005344717171PW_BS000115448116171PW_BS0001151192171PW_BS00011945015171PW_BS0001151371117PW_BS0001371203171PW_BS00012045118171PW_BS000115469410171PW_BS00011539914171PW_BS00011345424171PW_BS00011512112171PW_BS0001214781010PW_BS0001154831110PW_BS0001154793101PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS00011548414101PW_BS0001154957101PW_BS00011548924101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS000115207661PW_BS000024209106PW_BS000024208116PW_BS000024501361PW_BS0001155041861PW_BS000115206261PW_BS00002451541061PW_BS0001153891461PW_BS0001123951361PW_BS000113390761PW_BS0001125062461PW_BS0001153911261PW_BS000112193513PW_BS000019261115PW_BS000026541315PW_BS0000547028511PW_BS000070103331PW_BS000103107313PW_BS000107100521PW_BS000100105113PW_BS000105117131PW_BS0001171553241PW_BS0001551572241PW_BS0001571613181PW_BS00016116611PW_BS0001661783211PW_BS00017815284PW_BS000152101531PW_BS0001011873118PW_BS000024219314PW_BS00002422014PW_BS000024222341PW_BS00002417018PW_BS00017016212181PW_BS000162224241PW_BS0000241951318PW_BS0000242811251PW_BS0000242851041PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS0000243125231PW_BS0000243201123PW_BS00002432711125PW_BS00002834713125PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS000028310312PW_BS00002430412PW_BS000024943PW_BS000094109323PW_BS0001094241155PW_BS0001154251355PW_BS00011545911175PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS0001153612011PW_BS000036111811PW_BS000011951721PW_BS00009514117191PW_BS00014178811PW_BS00007811PW_BS000001718104PW_BS00051241811PW_BS0000412881441PW_BS000024372102PW_BS000028437B-CaroteneHMDB0000561B-Carotene is a carotenoid that is a precursor of vitamin A. It is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (porphyria, erythropoietic). (From Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Engewood, CO, 1995.) -- Pubchem; Carotene is an orange photosynthetic pigment important for photosynthesis. It is responsible for the orange colour of the carrot and many other fruits and vegetables. It contributes to photosynthesis by transmitting the light energy it absorbs to chlorophyll. Chemically, carotene is a terpene. It is the dimer of retinol (vitamin A) and comes in two primary forms: alpha- and beta-carotene. gamma-, delta- and epsilon-carotene also exist. Carotene can be stored in the liver and converted to vitamin A as needed. Beta-carotene is an anti-oxidant and such can be useful for curbing the excess of damaging free radicals in the body. However, the usefulness of beta-carotene as a dietary supplement (i.e. taken as a pill) is still subject to debate. Beta-carotene is fat-soluble, so a small amount of fat is needed to absorb it into the body. -- Wikipedia.7235-40-7C02094528048917579CPD1F-1294444129C\C(\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)=C/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)CC40H56InChI=1S/C40H56/c1-31(19-13-21-33(3)25-27-37-35(5)23-15-29-39(37,7)8)17-11-12-18-32(2)20-14-22-34(4)26-28-38-36(6)24-16-30-40(38,9)10/h11-14,17-22,25-28H,15-16,23-24,29-30H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,19-13+,20-14+,27-25+,28-26+,31-17+,32-18+,33-21+,34-22+OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9Z,11Z,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-yl]cyclohex-1-ene536.888536.438201803-6.1401,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9Z,11Z,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-yl]cyclohex-1-ene00FDB014613(all-e)-1,1'-(3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaene-1,18-diyl)bis;(all-e)-1,1'-(3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaene-1,18-diyl)bis[2,6,6-trimethyl-cyclohexene;All-e-b-carotene;All-epsilon-beta-carotene;All-trans-b-carotene;All-trans-beta-carotene;Betavit;Betacarotene;Carotaben;Carotene base 80s;Food orange 5;Kpmk;Lucaratin;Lucarotin;Lurotin;Provatene;Provatenol;Rovimix b-carotene;Serlabo;Solatene;B-carotene;Beta-carotene;1,1'-[(1e,3e,5e,7e,9e,11e,13e,15e,17e)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaene-1,18-diyl]bis(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexene);Beta-karotinPW_C000437b-carot3233212054225730142778793132122550124125111118126699299128279388578819-cis-β-CaroteneHMDB01122649-cis-beta-Carotene is a cyclic carotene having the structure of β-carotene but with a cis double bond at the 9,10-position (ChEBI: 67188). It is found in human serum and breast milk (PMID: 9164160). Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesise carotenoids de novo, and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important. (PMID: 1416048, 15003396)13312-52-2C20484982862667188CPD-14646C/C(/C=C/C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)CC40H56InChI=1S/C40H56/c1-31(19-13-21-33(3)25-27-37-35(5)23-15-29-39(37,7)8)17-11-12-18-32(2)20-14-22-34(4)26-28-38-36(6)24-16-30-40(38,9)10/h11-14,17-22,25-28H,15-16,23-24,29-30H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,19-13+,20-14+,27-25+,28-26+,31-17+,32-18+,33-21-,34-22+OENHQHLEOONYIE-BVZAMQQESA-N1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15Z,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-yl]cyclohex-1-ene536.888536.438201803-6.1401,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15Z,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-yl]cyclohex-1-ene009-cis-β-carotenePW_C0578819CβC120552259794IronHMDB0015531Iron is a metallic element found in certain minerals, in nearly all soils, and in mineral waters. Iron is required for life. It exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. It can be found primarily in blood and it is an essential constituent of hemoglobin, cytochrome, and other components of respiratory enzyme systems. Its chief functions are in the transport of oxygen to tissue (hemoglobin) and in cellular oxidation mechanisms. Depletion of iron stores may result in iron-deficiency anemia. Iron is used to build up the blood in anemia. In humans, iron is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include the rofecoxib pathway, magnesium salicylate action pathway, etodolac pathway, and diclofenac pathway. Iron is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (APRT), porphyria variegata (PV), adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, and AICA-ribosiduria. The major activity of supplemental iron is in the prevention and treatment of iron-deficiency anemia. Iron has putative immune-enhancing, anticarcinogenic, and cognition-enhancing activities. Iron can be found in a number of food items such as chinese water chestnut, hyssop, daikon radish, and peppermint, which makes it a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.7439-89-6C00023239251824822368DB01592[Fe++]FeInChI=1S/Fe/q+2CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-Nlambda2-iron(2+) ion55.84555.9349421330lambda2-iron(2+) ion22C0002326fe;Eisen;Fe;Fer;Ferrum;HierroPW_C009794Iron1138812665153321635493119294341187330213120562257768313077928336782611327840911178428334789383311208381221209924081212564291213711241215023831217271251234231351235573741238264641239301181240603981242781361258292971259324821260442991272822051273915021274963881065OxygenHMDB0001377Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131).7782-44-7C0000797715379CPD-6641952O=OO2InChI=1S/O2/c1-2MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-Noxidanone31.998831.9898292440singlet oxygen00FDB022589Dioxygen;Molecular oxygen;O2;Oxygen;Oxygen molecule;[oo];Dioxygene;Disauerstoff;E 948;E-948;E948PW_C001065O295911052451650018505854914625286383649106743168820754157634769338362137549201624253122280329426042474713546712354801255493126550812758091085973147612915970061887032163705016073192137533210756021283951511181621611864198118832151189421112057225120631641224728612279226123252491270629112716292130042981301630013026301130383021326022342276174265731576910293770442947721413477350111773631307737733177395332774971137751211577537334776263367772333777736112777471297775634177805114778121337807032978151132783813457880534379111360120047408120383122120426405120542407120553414120594409120601406120883415121045124121104383121605434121656429122117382122573418122689384122798374122822443123027135123060376123128447123139136123163448123176119123187450123219137123226120123459451123609118123669398124163469124214464124669399125145454125275121125425482125706478125731483125737297125740479125884481126100299126272484126522495126721489126825480126964502126986207127198209127214208127219205127222501127305504127345206127557388127574515127835389128081395128095390128312506128432391578829-cis-10'-apo-β-carotenal9-cis-10-Apo-beta-carotenal belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sesterterpenoids. These are terpenes composed of five consecutive isoprene units. 9-cis-10-Apo-beta-carotenal is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. 9-cis-10-apo-beta-carotenal is an intermediate found in the 5-deoxystrigol biosynthesis pathway.C206927067881367192CPD-14647[H]C(=O)\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)CC27H36OInChI=1S/C27H36O/c1-22(12-7-8-13-23(2)16-11-21-28)14-9-15-24(3)18-19-26-25(4)17-10-20-27(26,5)6/h7-9,11-16,18-19,21H,10,17,20H2,1-6H3/b8-7+,14-9+,16-11+,19-18+,22-12+,23-13+,24-15-PJEHRCCPERVGEC-OLTPUEGQSA-N(2E,4E,6E,8E,10E,12Z,14E)-4,9,13-trimethyl-15-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)pentadeca-2,4,6,8,10,12,14-heptaenal376.584376.276615779-5.530(2E,4E,6E,8E,10E,12Z,14E)-4,9,13-trimethyl-15-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)pentadeca-2,4,6,8,10,12,14-heptaenal009-cis-beta-10'-carotenalPW_C0578829C10AβC1205822517456β-IononeHMDB0036565beta-Ionone is found in carrot. beta-Ionone is found in many essential oils including oil of Boronia megastigma (brown boronia) and commercial ionone. beta-Ionone is a flavouring agent.
Beta-ionone has been shown to exhibit anti-proliferative function (PMID 15450939).79-77-6C1228763801432325553581CC(=O)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)CC13H20OInChI=1S/C13H20O/c1-10-6-5-9-13(3,4)12(10)8-7-11(2)14/h7-8H,5-6,9H2,1-4H3/b8-7+PSQYTAPXSHCGMF-BQYQJAHWSA-N(3E)-4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)but-3-en-2-one192.2973192.151415262-3.270β-ionone00C12287(3e)-4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one;(3e)-4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)but-3-en-2-one;(e)-beta -ionone;(e)-beta-ionone;4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-(e)-3-buten-2-one;Fema 2595;Ionone, beta;Trans-beta -ionone;Trans-beta-ionone;[e]-4-[2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl]-3-buten-2-one;B-ionone;Beta -e-ionone;Beta-e-ionone;Beta-ionone;Beta-ionon;(e)-b-ionone;(e)-β-ionone;β-ionone;B-e-ionone;β-e-ionone;B-ionon;β-ionon;Trans-b-ionone;Trans-β-iononePW_C017456βIono12059225544Fe2+HMDB0000692Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. Iron makes up 5% of the Earth's crust and is second in abundance to aluminium among the metals and fourth in abundance among the elements. Physiologically, it. exists as an ion in the body. Iron (as Fe2+, ferrous ion) is a necessary trace element used by all known living organisms. Iron-containing enzymes, usually containing heme prosthetic groups, participate in catalysis of oxidation reactions in biology, and in transport of a number of soluble gases. Iron is an essential constituent of hemoglobin, cytochrome, and other components of respiratory enzyme systems. Its chief functions are in the transport of oxygen to tissue (hemoglobin) and in cellular oxidation mechanisms. Inorganic iron involved in redox reactions is also found in the iron-sulfur clusters of many enzymes, such as nitrogenase (involved in the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen) and hydrogenase. A class of non-heme iron proteins is responsible for a wide range of functions such as ribonucleotide reductase (reduces ribose to deoxyribose; DNA biosynthesis) and purple acid phosphatase (hydrolysis of phosphate esters). When the body is fighting a bacterial infection, the body sequesters iron inside of cells (mostly stored in the storage molecule ferritin) so that it cannot be used by bacteria. Depletion of iron stores may result in iron-deficiency anemia. Iron is used to build up the blood in anemia. Humans experience iron toxicity above 20 milligrams of iron for every kilogram of weight, and 60 milligrams per kilogram is a lethal dose. Over-consumption of iron, often the result of children eating large quantities of ferrous sulfate tablets intended for adult consumption, is the most common toxicological cause of death in children under six. The DRI lists the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for adults as 45 mg/day. For children under fourteen years old the UL is 40 mg/day. Iron is a metal extracted from iron ore, and is almost never found in the free elemental state.15438-31-0C148182728429033Ferric-Hydroxamate-Complexes25394DB01592[Fe++]FeInChI=1S/Fe/q+2CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-Nlambda2-iron(2+) ion55.84555.9349421330lambda2-iron(2+) ion22FDB016251Armco iron;Carbonyl iron;Fe;Ferrovac e;Hematite;Infed;Loha;Limonite;Magnetite;Malleable iron;Metopirone;Metyrapone;Pzho;Pzh2m;Remko;Suy-b 2;Taconite;Venofer;Wrought iron;Fe (ii) ion;Fe(ii);Fe2+;Fe(2+);Ferrous ion;Iron ion(2+)PW_C000544Fe2+3981964136783169220709817772704116370521601206022512143151771791327774011277751129777603417778211112054440712055741412057012212176512412317811912319145012320413512431611812614329912618548112765038857883carlactoneCarlactone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as butenolides. These are dihydrofurans with a carbonyl group at the C2 carbon atom. Carlactone is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. Carlactone is an intermediate found in the 5-deoxystrigol biosynthesis pathway.C206936655927667190CPD-14649C\C(=C\OC1OC(=O)C(C)=C1)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)CC19H26O3InChI=1S/C19H26O3/c1-13(12-21-17-11-15(3)18(20)22-17)8-9-16-14(2)7-6-10-19(16,4)5/h8-9,11-12,17H,6-7,10H2,1-5H3/b9-8+,13-12-OTIYLZVFQIMLQH-FRGMPSNRSA-N3-methyl-5-{[(1Z,3E)-2-methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)buta-1,3-dien-1-yl]oxy}-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one302.414302.188194697-4.4503-methyl-5-{[(1Z,3E)-2-methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)buta-1,3-dien-1-yl]oxy}-5H-furan-2-one00PW_C057883Carlact1206122557884(2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal(2E,4E,6E)-7-Hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain aldehydes. These are an aldehyde with a chain length containing between 6 and 12 carbon atoms (2E,4E,6E)-7-Hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa) (2E,4E,6E)-7-Hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal can be biosynthesized from 4-methylheptane. (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal is a by-product found in the 5-deoxystrigol biosynthesis pathway.C206947067883667191CPD-14650C\C(\C=C\C=O)=C/C=C/OC8H10O2InChI=1S/C8H10O2/c1-8(4-2-6-9)5-3-7-10/h2-7,9H,1H3/b5-3+,6-2+,8-4+TYQZWSFEJJSSQR-YUHMVAQCSA-N(2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal138.166138.068079562-1.841(2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal00PW_C057884246E-HM1206222557885carlactone carboxylateCarlactone carboxylate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as heterocyclic fatty acids. These are fatty acids containing a heterocyclic attached to the acyl chain. Carlactone carboxylate is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. Carlactone carboxylate is an intermediate found in the 5-deoxystrigol biosynthesis pathway.90658467CPD-14651[H]\C(OC1OC(=O)C(C)=C1)=C(\C(\[H])=C(/[H])C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)/C([O-])=OC19H23O5InChI=1S/C19H24O5/c1-12-6-5-9-19(3,4)15(12)8-7-14(17(20)21)11-23-16-10-13(2)18(22)24-16/h7-8,10-11,16H,5-6,9H2,1-4H3,(H,20,21)/p-1/b8-7+,14-11+WUBRWXCVIPHXLX-DQBULIGTSA-M(2E,3E)-2-{[(4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl)oxy]methylidene}-4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)but-3-enoate331.389331.155097421-4.380(2E,3E)-2-{[(4-methyl-5-oxo-2H-furan-2-yl)oxy]methylidene}-4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)but-3-enoate-1-1Carlactonic acidPW_C057885CaCb1206416440034Hydrogen IonHMDB0059597Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [WikiPedia])C000801038153781010[H+]HInChI=1S/p+1GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-Nhydron1.00791.0078250320hydron10H+;H(+);Hydrogen cation;Hydron;ProtonPW_C040034H+2154670875315788318483111621463261464542231492780174250224254424547104576184694705241103532711153531125626108563910756991005720105574211759631476037155607015760931616130159623216664831786601152669210168431886910187710016371682057191206745321974542207472222752521375322107558212757216075901708195225821815182432268413162842022491391959155249119151641201528112181285122462861226628712521227132572231332529415330308423293154235431842401322424053124245432076912293771361337721013477372331778041147795513277990327779913477837934579929130800193688038731080388304807221199382312494823383110550388112855941132803901155373981155391181158563361162051091199734061201934071205491221205934091211704241211714251225694181226153841226871251227581201231831351232181371237424591237434601251414541251881211252731361253594791255504811257304831257362971258092991265174951267174891267664801268233001269025011272132081283085061283613911284303951799HemeHMDB0003178Heme is the color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. A heme or haem is a prosthetic group that consists of an iron atom contained in the center of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin. Not all porphyrins contain iron, but a substantial fraction of porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic subunit; these are known as hemoproteins.14875-96-8C0003217627HEME_A24604415DB02577CC1=C(CCC(O)=O)C2=CC3=[N+]4C(=CC5=C(C)C(C=C)=C6C=C7C(C)=C(C=C)C8=[N+]7[Fe--]4(N2C1=C8)N56)C(C)=C3CCC(O)=OC34H32FeN4O4InChI=1S/C34H34N4O4.Fe/c1-7-21-17(3)25-13-26-19(5)23(9-11-33(39)40)31(37-26)16-32-24(10-12-34(41)42)20(6)28(38-32)15-30-22(8-2)18(4)27(36-30)14-29(21)35-25;/h7-8,13-16H,1-2,9-12H2,3-6H3,(H4,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42);/q;+2/p-2/b25-13-,26-13-,27-14-,28-15-,29-14-,30-15-,31-16-,32-16-;KABFMIBPWCXCRK-RGGAHWMASA-L4,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide616.487616.177297665-5.4824,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide0-2FDB016272(protoporphyrinato)iron;Ferroheme;Ferroheme b;Ferroprotoheme;Ferroprotoporphyrin;Ferroprotoporphyrin ix;Ferrous protoheme;Ferrous protoheme ix;Haem;Hem;Heme;Iron protoporphyrin;Iron protoporphyrin ix;Iron(ii) protoporphyrin ix;Protoferroheme;Protohaem;Protoheme;Protoheme ix;Reduced hematinPW_C001799Heme247163081032486082766512443135449141336196318280629293893238113367263421143734440433148232851709554721235485125551712958301416246786283165971517044160706016173262131183519811898211120651641300929813021300422781776915293769312497735111177364130773673317739833277517115776293367781333478380133786021327896311279932134120431405120603408120955407121085383121658429121746124121910122122570406122691384123065376123133447123144136123228374123521119123650398124216464124297118124463135125142120125277121125742482125896481126196299126499297126512495126718479126827480127224502127357206127632388128070205128083395128086390128309501128434391578795-deoxystrigol5-deoxystrigol, a strigolactone, is the final product of the 5-deoxystrigol biosynthesis pathway. Strigolactones are plant hormones that stimulate the branching and growth of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and inhibit plant shoot branching (Wikipedia). 5-deoxystrigol is the precursor of other
beta-oriented C-ring strigolactones (i.e. strigol-configured strigolactones).C180371510268481466CPD-14652CC1=C[C@H](O\C=C2/[C@H]3CC4=C([C@H]3OC2=O)C(C)(C)CCC4)OC1=OC19H22O5InChI=1S/C19H22O5/c1-10-7-14(23-17(10)20)22-9-13-12-8-11-5-4-6-19(2,3)15(11)16(12)24-18(13)21/h7,9,12,14,16H,4-6,8H2,1-3H3/b13-9+/t12-,14-,16+/m1/s1QXTUQXRFEBHUBA-DYLOANJQSA-N(5R)-5-{[(3E,3aR,8bS)-8,8-dimethyl-2-oxo-2H,3H,3aH,4H,5H,6H,7H,8H,8bH-indeno[1,2-b]furan-3-ylidene]methoxy}-3-methyl-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one330.38330.146723808-3.870(5R)-5-{[(3E,3aR,8bS)-8,8-dimethyl-2-oxo-3aH,4H,5H,6H,7H,8bH-indeno[1,2-b]furan-3-ylidene]methoxy}-3-methyl-5H-furan-2-one00(+)-5-deoxystrigolPW_C0578795-doxol12066164227oxidized electron acceptorCompoundCompoundPW_EC000227ox-e237reduced electron acceptorCompoundCompoundPW_EC000237red-e289PCCompound440CompoundPW_EC000289PC377Phosphatidic AcidCompoundCompoundPW_EC000377PA11491beta-carotene isomeraseQ7XA78Beta-carotene isomerase, located in the chloroplast, catalyzes the first reaction in the 5-deoxystrigol biosynthesis pathway whereby beta-carotene is converted into 9-cis-beta-carotene. It requires iron as a cofactor.D2745.2.1.1412046225114929-cis-beta-carotene 9',10'-cleavage dioxygenaseQ7XJM29-cis-beta-carotene 9',10'-cleavage dioxygenase is also known as carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 7 (CCD7). The enzyme is located in the chloroplast and catalyzes the second reaction in the 5-deoxystrigol biosynthesis whereby 9-cis-beta-carotene is converted to 9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal. It requires Fe2+ as a cofactor.CCD741.13.11.681204822511493carlactone synthaseQ8VY26Carlactone synthase is also known as 10'-apo-β-carotenal 13,14-cleaving dioxygenase or carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 8 (CCD8). The enzyme is located in the chloroplast and catalyzes the third reaction in the 5-deoxystrigol biosynthesis whereby 9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal is converted to carlactone. It requires Fe2+ as a cofactor.CCD841.13.11.691205022511494cytochrome P450 monooxygenaseB9DFU2Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase is theorized to catalyze the fourth reaction in the 5-deoxystrigol biosynthesis whereby carlactone is conveted into carlactone carboxylate. It requires heme as a cofactor. This enzyme could possibly also catalyze the fifth reaction in which 5-deoxystrigol is made.MAX141.14.-.-1205216414449Phospholipase D1Q13393
Implicated as a critical step in numerous cellular pathways, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and the regulation of mitosis. May be involved in the regulation of perinuclear intravesicular membrane traffic (By similarity).
PLD113.1.4.480290813799771815'-nucleotidaseP21589Hydrolyzes extracellular nucleotides into membrane permeable nucleosides.
HMDBP00001NT5E6q14-q21AF06906713.1.3.56000151666241875414800432881356043721361652115350beta-carotene isomerase4PW_P005350126871149165997941204722553519-cis-β-carotene 9′,10′-cleaving dioxygenase4PW_P0053511268811492660544120492255352carlactone synthase4PW_P0053521268911493661544120512255353cytochrome P450 monooxygenase4PW_P00535312690114946621799120531647625Phospholipase D11PW_P007625155111444947439PW_R047439Both1464934371Compoundfalse146494578811Compoundfalse3758553505.2.1.1447440PW_R047440Right146495578811Compoundfalse14649710651Compoundfalse146496578821Compoundfalse146498174561Compoundfalse3758653511.13.11.6847441PW_R047441Right146499578821Compoundfalse14650010652Compoundfalse146501578831Compoundfalse146502578841Compoundfalse3758753521.13.11.6947442PW_R047442Right146503578831Compoundfalse14650410651Compoundfalse1465052271ElementCollectionfalse146506578851Compoundfalse146507400341Compoundfalse1465082371ElementCollectionfalse3758853531.14.-.-47443PW_R047443Right146509578851Compoundfalse1465102271ElementCollectionfalse146511400341Compoundfalse146512578791Compoundfalse1465132371ElementCollectionfalse375895353110818falsePW_R110818Right4031852891ElementCollectionfalse4031863771ElementCollectionfalse10111476253.1.4.427564614372253false89447510regular1001002756462578812253false137447010regular100110275646397942259false111447210regular100252756464106522565false147534710regular78782756465578822253false194946310regular1001202756466174562253false179932310regular10010027564675442259false162447510regular100252756468106522565false209654910regular78782756469578832253false194987810regular1001002756470578842253false209980810regular10013027564715442259false194967519regular100252756472106516465false180074510regular78782756473578851643false137487210regular10011027564744003416455false147074710regular7878275647517991649false162487610regular1002527564764003416455false130074910regular78782756477578791643false89987510regular100100275647817991649false111987710regular100252294822737164false1799102312regular100902294923737164false1449102512regular100902295022737164false1299102212regular100902295123737164false949102512regular100902295228937718false0512regular100902295337737718false400012regular10090979508114912252false10894878subunitregular15070979509114922252false15994908subunitregular15070979510114932252false19246908subunitregular150709795111149416498false15998918subunitregular150709795121149416498false10948928subunitregular15070979513144497182false175208subunitregular1507097951412false008subunitregular1507082913253501143202259752549795083748927564633776890Cofactor82913353511143202259752559795093749027564673776895Cofactor82913453521143202259752569795103749127564713776900Cofactor82913553531143201649752579795113749227564753776907Cofactor82913653531143201649752589795123749327564783776913Cofactor82913776251143207189752599795133776888M994 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5false18trueM 1259.9468550441647 373.261556296296 L 1245 372 L 1251.380887721186 385.5751343230783false3776899M2149 809 C2076 811 1998 811 1999 761 5false18trueM 1259.9468550441647 373.261556296296 L 1245 372 L 1251.380887721186 385.5751343230783false3776900M1544.5 926.5 L1544.5 976.5 L1594.5 926.5 z10true183776901M1949 929 C1919 929 1779 927 1749 927 5false183776902M1800 785 C1800 857 1800 928 1749 927 5false18trueM 1662.9903810567666 1245.5 L 1650 1253 L 1662.9903810567666 1260.5false3776903M1474 928 C1504 928 1569 927 1599 927 5false18trueM 1259.9468550441647 747.261556296296 L 1245 746 L 1251.380887721186 759.5751343230784false3776904M1548 787 C1549 860 1551 929 1599 927 5false18trueM 1259.9468550441647 747.261556296296 L 1245 746 L 1251.380887721186 759.5751343230784false3776905M1799 1084 C1800 996 1800 927 1749 927 5false183776906M1549 1086 C1549 1000 1548 926 1599 927 5false18trueM 1259.9468550441647 747.261556296296 L 1245 746 L 1251.380887721186 759.5751343230784false3776907M1399 1027 L1399 1077 L1449 1027 z10true183776908M1374 928 C1344 928 1274 928 1244 928 5false183776909M1300 789 C1300 863 1300 931 1244 928 5false18trueM 1157.9903810567666 1246.5 L 1145 1254 L 1157.9903810567666 1261.5false3776910M999 926 C1029 926 1064 928 1094 928 5false18trueM 641.9468550441649 653.261556296296 L 627 652 L 633.3808877211858 665.5751343230784false3776911M1299 1083 C1301 998 1298 928 1244 928 5false183776912M1049 1086 C1050 1001 1050 927 1094 928 5false18trueM 641.9468550441649 653.261556296296 L 627 652 L 633.3808877211858 665.5751343230784false3776913M849 1023.5 L849 1073.5 L899 1023.5 z10true183776914M894 526 C864 526 774 525 744 525 5false18trueM 837.0096189432334 859.5 L 850 852 L 837.0096189432334 844.5false3776915M100 55 C130 55 145 55 175 55 5false183776916M400 55 C370 55 355 55 325 55 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false82283311432047439225332280427564613776888Left332280527564623776889Right7780533758582913282283411432047440225332280627564623776891Left332280727564643776892Left332280827564653776893Right332280927564663776894Right7780543758682913382283511432047441225332281027564653776896Left332281127564683776897Left332281227564693776898Right332281327564703776899Right7780553758782913482283611432047442164332281427564693776901Left332281527564723776902Left332281627564733776903Right332281727564743776904Right22086229483776905Left22087229493776906Right7780563758882913582283711432047443164332281827564733776908Left332281927564763776909Left332282027564773776910Right22088229503776911Left22089229513776912Right7780573758982913682283811432011081871822090229523776915Left22091229533776916Right77805810111482913711211211239611432014false59448916regular10874627564613776914Right42739795142637704398321.01.090250323187373927M125 251 C125 201 175 151 225 151 C847 151 1654 151 2276 151 C2326 151 2376 201 2376 251 C2376 553 2376 946 2376 1248 C2376 1298 2326 1348 2276 1348 C1654 1348 847 1348 225 1348 C175 1348 125 1298 125 1248 C125 946 125 553 125 251 1true62251.01197.0373928M36 37 C86 87 136 137 186 187 1false6150.0150.051922615Chloroplast Stroma544267201.01.01601523166938710415322772251122639#EBFFEB41719949