117321PathwayZidovudine Action Pathway (New)
Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections.
When HIV infects a cell, the virus first binds and fuses with the cell, releasing its nucleocapsid containing its RNA and reverse transcriptase into the cytosol of the cell. The reverse transcriptase converts the viral RNA into viral DNA in the cytosol. The viral DNA goes to the nucleus through the nuclear pore complex where it undergoes the process of transcription. The new viral RNA formed from transcription is transported back to the cytosol through the nuclear pore complex and translation occurs to produce viral proteins. These viral proteins are assembled and new HIV viruses bud from the cell.
Zidovudine enters the cell via solute carrier family 22 member 6 and is converted into zidovudine monophosphate by thymidine kinase. Thymidylate kinase then converts zidovudine monophosphate into zidovudine diphosphate. Zidovudine diphosphate is metabolized to zidovudine triphosphate via nucleoside diphosphate kinase A.
Zidovudine triphosphate is an analog of deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP). Zidovudine diphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by competing with its substrate, dGTP and by incorporation into viral DNA. Zidovudine triphosphate lacks the 3'-OH group which is needed to form the 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage essential for DNA chain elongation, therefore, once Zidovudine triphosphate gets incorporated into DNA, this causes DNA chain termination, preventing the growth of viral DNA. Less viral proteins are therefore produced, and there is a reduction in new viruses being formed.
Zidovudine has a high frequency of side effects that limits its use. Side effects of taking zidovudine may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, myalgia, insomnia, bone marrow suppression, peripheral myopathy, elevated liver enzyme, lactic acidosis and hepatotoxicity.
Drug ActionPW126451CenterPathwayVisualizationContext12672736002500#000099PathwayVisualization117156117321Zidovudine Pathway (New)
Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections.
When HIV infects a cell, the virus first binds and fuses with the cell, releasing its nucleocapsid containing its RNA and reverse transcriptase into the cytosol of the cell. The reverse transcriptase converts the viral RNA into viral DNA in the cytosol. The viral DNA goes to the nucleus through the nuclear pore complex where it undergoes the process of transcription. The new viral RNA formed from transcription is transported back to the cytosol through the nuclear pore complex and translation occurs to produce viral proteins. These viral proteins are assembled and new HIV viruses bud from the cell.
Zidovudine enters the cell via solute carrier family 22 member 6 and is converted into zidovudine monophosphate by thymidine kinase. Thymidylate kinase then converts zidovudine monophosphate into zidovudine diphosphate. Zidovudine diphosphate is metabolized to zidovudine triphosphate via nucleoside diphosphate kinase A.
Zidovudine triphosphate is an analog of deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP). Zidovudine diphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by competing with its substrate, dGTP and by incorporation into viral DNA. Zidovudine triphosphate lacks the 3'-OH group which is needed to form the 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage essential for DNA chain elongation, therefore, once Zidovudine triphosphate gets incorporated into DNA, this causes DNA chain termination, preventing the growth of viral DNA. Less viral proteins are therefore produced, and there is a reduction in new viruses being formed.
Zidovudine has a high frequency of side effects that limits its use. Side effects of taking zidovudine may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, myalgia, insomnia, bone marrow suppression, peripheral myopathy, elevated liver enzyme, lactic acidosis and hepatotoxicity.
Drug133689032119306Edwards Z, Ingold CJ, Azmat CE: Zidovudine 117321Pathway336891Andrade, C. H., Freitas, L. M., & Oliveira, V. de. (2011). Twenty-six years of HIV science: An overview of anti-HIV drugs metabolism. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 47(2), 209–230. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502011000200003117321Pathway336892Safrin S (2017). Antiviral agents. Katzung B.G.(Ed.), Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 14e. McGraw-Hill. https://accessmedicine-mhmedical-com.login.ezproxy.library.ualberta.ca/content.aspx?bookid=2249§ionid=175223510117321Pathway336893Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Guo AC, Lo EJ, Marcu A, Grant JR, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Sayeeda Z, Assempour N, Iynkkaran I, Liu Y, Maciejewski A, Gale N, Wilson A, Chin L, Cummings R, Le D, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M: DrugBank 5.0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D1074-D1082. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1037.117321Pathway336894Ritter, James (2020). Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology (9th ed). Antiviral drugs. Retrieved from: https://www-clinicalkey-com.login.ezproxy.library.ualberta.ca/#!/browse/book/3-s2.0-C2016004202X117321Pathway1CellCL:00000002Platelet CL:00002335HepatocyteCL:00001823NeuronCL:00005404CardiomyocyteCL:00007468Beta cellCL:00006397Epithelial CellCL:000006612AstrocyteCL:000012718ErythrocyteCL:00002321Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia410Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly202Spathaspora passalidarum340170EukaryoteSpathaspora passalidarum186Human immunodeficiency virus type 111676EukaryoteHIV-15CytoplasmGO:00057371CytosolGO:00058293Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575914Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:00057412MitochondrionGO:000573915NucleusGO:00056344PeroxisomeGO:000577713Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:00057837Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:000578910Cell MembraneGO:000588627Peroxisome MembraneGO:000577831Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562011Extracellular SpaceGO:000561535ChloroplastGO:000950712Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574332Inner MembraneGO:007025819Sarcoplasmic ReticulumGO:001652925Golgi ApparatusGO:000579426Golgi Apparatus MembraneGO:000013924Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575836MembraneGO:001602053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032549Nuclear EnvelopeGO:000563556Basal Cell MembraneGO:00099252Endothelium BTO:00003931LiverBTO:00007597297Nervous SystemBTO:000148418PancreasBTO:000098825IntestineBTO:00006488Blood VesselBTO:000110274115cardiocyteBTO:000153928StomachBTO:00013071552624BrainBTO:000014289166KidneyBTO:00006717188511PW_BS0000081985181PW_BS0000241115121PW_BS000111122551PW_BS0001221355171PW_BS0001352111PW_BS0000024311PW_BS00000416212PW_BS000016221411PW_BS00002213121PW_BS0000133211515PW_BS0000325411PW_BS000005397113PW_BS0000393211PW_BS000003181311PW_BS000018101711PW_BS00001049711PW_BS00004914101PW_BS0000145811411PW_BS000058592711PW_BS00005927151PW_BS00002746114PW_BS00004629111PW_BS0000296618518PW_BS00006672513PW_BS000072612517PW_BS0000615181PW_BS000051231511PW_BS000023311511PW_BS000031918511PW_BS000091541315PW_BS000054892PW_BS000089261115PW_BS000026711PW_BS000007971521PW_BS000097100521PW_BS0001001041431PW_BS000104101531PW_BS0001011122121PW_BS000112103331PW_BS000103117131PW_BS0001171181171PW_BS0001181203171PW_BS00012012915121PW_BS0001291321121PW_BS0001321333121PW_BS00013310813PW_BS00010814315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS000146107313PW_BS0001071471241PW_BS000147151141PW_BS0001511553241PW_BS0001551613181PW_BS00016116611PW_BS0001661783211PW_BS000178188118PW_BS0000241601181PW_BS00016019914181PW_BS000024205561PW_BS000024206261PW_BS00002421013181PW_BS0000242137181PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS0000242164181PW_BS0000242171518PW_BS00002421815181PW_BS0000241632181PW_BS000163222341PW_BS0000241901118PW_BS0000242253541PW_BS0000242771218PW_BS00002417018PW_BS0001702811251PW_BS0000241644PW_BS0001642851041PW_BS000024226441PW_BS0000242905491PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS000024315123PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS000024253541PW_BS00002413412121PW_BS00013432914121PW_BS0000283331212PW_BS0000283361121PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS000028350114121PW_BS00002812815121PW_BS0001283511512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS00002833527121PW_BS0000281151012PW_BS00011513013121PW_BS0001303317121PW_BS0000283344121PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS000028184121PW_BS0000241192171PW_BS00011911PW_BS000001124151PW_BS000124943PW_BS000094388161PW_BS000112109323PW_BS000109406351PW_BS000115407251PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS000100412125PW_BS000115429151PW_BS0001151231751PW_BS00012343311451PW_BS000115408451PW_BS0001154101551PW_BS0001151251351PW_BS000125383751PW_BS000100405105PW_BS0001154222751PW_BS000115435155PW_BS00011539914171PW_BS0001134461217PW_BS0001154641171PW_BS00011544717171PW_BS000115468114171PW_BS0001153744171PW_BS00005344415171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS0001363987171PW_BS0001133761017PW_BS00005347225177PW_BS00011537527171PW_BS0000534701517PW_BS0001152975101PW_BS0000244793101PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS0000244812101PW_BS00011548414101PW_BS00011548515101PW_BS00011530013101PW_BS0000244957101PW_BS0001154781010PW_BS00011549127101PW_BS0001154991510PW_BS000115501361PW_BS0001153891461PW_BS0001125161561PW_BS0001153951361PW_BS000113390761PW_BS000112209106PW_BS0000245082761PW_BS000115517156PW_BS0001158911421PW_BS00055215111PW_BS000015471914PW_BS00004731323PW_BS000024215114PW_BS000021432511PW_BS000043562611PW_BS00005621425181PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS0000242881441PW_BS00002435625121PW_BS000028372102PW_BS0000284192551PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS0001154824101PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS000115502461PW_BS0001155072561PW_BS000115171211PW_BS000017422411PW_BS0000427028511PW_BS000070105113PW_BS0001051572241PW_BS00015715924PW_BS00015915284PW_BS0001521873118PW_BS000024219314PW_BS00002422014PW_BS00002421217181PW_BS00002416212181PW_BS000162224241PW_BS0000241951318PW_BS0000242863641PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS0000243125231PW_BS0000243201123PW_BS00002429341PW_BS0000241141112PW_BS00011432711125PW_BS00002834713125PW_BS00002834524121PW_BS000028310312PW_BS00002430412PW_BS000024409115PW_BS0001154241155PW_BS0001154251355PW_BS0001154182451PW_BS0001153841251PW_BS0001001371117PW_BS00013745911175PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS00011545424171PW_BS00011512112171PW_BS0001214831110PW_BS00011548924101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS000115208116PW_BS0000245062461PW_BS0001153911261PW_BS00011288231202PW_BS00055288312021PW_BS000552167311PW_BS000167168321PW_BS000168788241113PW_BS00052459724112PW_BS000336185321PW_BS00002482311861PW_BS00054810761118PW_BS0005787684911PW_BS00051783265611PW_BS0005485511215PW_BS0000555311015PW_BS0000538998ZidovudineHMDB0014638A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia. [PubChem]30516-87-1C07210353701011032555DB00495CC1=CN([C@H]2C[C@H](N=[N+]=[N-])[C@@H](CO)O2)C(=O)NC1=OC10H13N5O4InChI=1S/C10H13N5O4/c1-5-3-15(10(18)12-9(5)17)8-2-6(13-14-11)7(4-16)19-8/h3,6-8,16H,2,4H2,1H3,(H,12,17,18)/t6-,7+,8+/m0/s1HBOMLICNUCNMMY-XLPZGREQSA-N1-[(2R,4S,5S)-4-azido-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-5-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione267.2413267.096753929-1.212zidovudine00Azidothymidine;Azt;Zidovudin;ZidovudinumPW_C008998Zidovu1112dGTPHMDB0001440Under normal physiologic conditions, deoxyguanosine (dGuo) undergoes phosphorolysis by purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP, EC 2.4.2.1, an enzyme involved in the recycling of nucleosides and deoxynucleosides in cellular remodeling). However, when PNP is inhibited, deoxycytidine kinase (dCK, EC 2.7.1.74) shunts unmetabolized dGuo into deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP), which accumulates and blocks DNA synthesis. Deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase results in defective T-cell immunity. A correlation between the degree of T cell inhibition and the level of dCK activity is observed. (PMID: 11287638, 402573).2564-35-4C002866510316497DGTP58613NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@H]2C[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O2)C(=O)N1C10H16N5O13P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-10-13-8-7(9(17)14-10)12-3-15(8)6-1-4(16)5(26-6)2-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h3-6,16H,1-2H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,18,19,20)(H3,11,13,14,17)/t4-,5+,6+/m0/s1HAAZLUGHYHWQIW-KVQBGUIXSA-N({[({[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid507.181506.995745159-1.967dGTP0-3FDB022623Deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate;2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate;2'-deoxyguanosine triphosphate;Deoxyguanosine triphosphate;2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Deoxyguanosine triphosphoric acidPW_C001112dGTP180281177619878671111121856122124409135108890Zidovudine monophosphate65374[H][C@@]1(C[C@]([H])(N=[N+]=[N-])[C@@]([H])(COP(O)(O)=O)O1)N1C=C(C)C(O)=NC1=OC10H14N5O7PInChI=1S/C10H14N5O7P/c1-5-3-15(10(17)12-9(5)16)8-2-6(13-14-11)7(22-8)4-21-23(18,19)20/h3,6-8H,2,4H2,1H3,(H,12,16,17)(H2,18,19,20)/t6-,7+,8+/m0/s1OIFWQOKDSPDILA-XLPZGREQSA-N{[(2S,3S,5R)-3-azido-5-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy}phosphonic acid347.2212347.063084339-1.993[(2S,3S,5R)-3-azido-5-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxyphosphonic acid0-2AZTMP;Zidovudine monophosphate;ZDVMP;Zdv 5'-monophosphate;Zidovudine 5'-monophosphate;ZDV-monophosphatePW_C108890414Adenosine triphosphateHMDB0000538Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).56-65-5C00002595715422ATP5742DB00171NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H16N5O13P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid507.181506.995745159-2.057adenosine triphosphate0-3FDB0218135'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acidPW_C000414ATP92214608266164142247813733327995934399763210518211210214649215614216058240559243427272646281229302966316372361661361751439923447431476891486454503289503526515575205975215100525010452911015313111534611253901035406117543011854431205542129555613255691335603135562110858461435854146587610758971475924151604815561091616230166649317868391886870160697619971572057184206720921072252137229211729819873022167390217740821874321637481222749919081862251184727711903170120102811203916412178285125782261269129013264223153273084232631542621322426943187702825377218134772333297746833377632336780373327804135078168128782143517824035378411335784941157885013078865331789193348002836880046184806741198562919482612411323494113282388116280109119914122119992406120154407120245382120362412121246429121392123121397433121471408121974410122065125122079383122083405122402422122444435122919399123009446123816464123951447123956468124029374124527444124616136124630398124634376124943472124972375125011470125304297125371479125392299125515481125595484126123485126220300126234495126240478126547491126596499126913501127123389127731516127781395127796390127801209128119508128167517140770891108891Zidovudine diphosphate455742[H][C@@]1(C[C@]([H])(N=[N+]=[N-])[C@@]([H])(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O1)N1C=C(C)C(O)=NC1=OC10H15N5O10P2InChI=1S/C10H15N5O10P2/c1-5-3-15(10(17)12-9(5)16)8-2-6(13-14-11)7(24-8)4-23-27(21,22)25-26(18,19)20/h3,6-8H,2,4H2,1H3,(H,21,22)(H,12,16,17)(H2,18,19,20)/t6-,7+,8+/m0/s1QOYVAFWJURKBJG-XLPZGREQSA-N[({[(2S,3S,5R)-3-azido-5-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid427.2011427.029414749-1.654{[(2S,3S,5R)-3-azido-5-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxyphosphonic acid0-3AZTDP;Zidovudine diphosphate;UNII-K7ZG448V5M;K7ZG448V5M;3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine 5'-diphosphatePW_C1088911034Adenosine diphosphateHMDB0001341Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases.58-64-0C00008602216761ADP5800NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H15N5O10P2InChI=1S/C10H15N5O10P2/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(24-10)1-23-27(21,22)25-26(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-KQYNXXCUSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid427.2011427.029414749-2.126adenosine-diphosphate0-2FDB021817Adp;Adenosindiphosphorsaeure;Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenosine diphosphate;Adenosine pyrophosphate;Adenosine-5'-diphosphate;Adenosine-5-diphosphate;Adenosine-diphosphate;5'-adenylphosphoric acid;Adenosine 5'-diphosphate;H3adp;5'-adenylphosphate;Adenosine 5'-diphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-diphosphoric acidPW_C001034ADP23413484152248213801596315978310611415182190149210418211310216158240859243527272847273646285529316572363561440023447631477091503626515775208975217100531511153491125392103544612055441295572133562410857411175764101584914358561465878107589914759261516050155611116162311666495178670094684118868721607159205718720672082107226213723121173001987303216739121774102187433163748322281872251185127711905170120132811218028513262223153293084232831542398313426223224269631877029253770871327721613477306329774723337766333678039332780433507817012878215351782443537841433578495115787053317884913078920334800303688062211880651135806761199482712411328338811620410911994412211999440612015640712031838212036641212124842912139412312139943312147240812189938312197641012206412512208540512240542212244543512297339912301344612381846412395344712395846812403037412445239812452944412461513612463637612494747212497537512501247012533429712537347912549229912551748112564548412612548512621930012623549512624247812655049112659749912691550112773351612778039512779739012780320912812250812816851712831338940735Zidovudine 5'-TriphosphateHMDB0061727Zidovudine triphosphate, also known as azt-TP or azt triphosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. These are pyrimidine nucleotides with triphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety lacking a hydroxyl group at positions 2 and 3. Zidovudine triphosphate is soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa).7218765158[H][C@@]1(C[C@]([H])(N=[N+]=[N-])[C@@]([H])(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O1)N1C=C(C)C(O)=NC1=OC10H16N5O13P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c1-5-3-15(10(17)12-9(5)16)8-2-6(13-14-11)7(26-8)4-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h3,6-8H,2,4H2,1H3,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H,12,16,17)(H2,18,19,20)/t6-,7+,8+/m0/s1GLWHPRRGGYLLRV-XLPZGREQSA-N({[({[(2S,3S,5R)-3-azido-5-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid507.181506.995745159-1.475({[(2S,3S,5R)-3-azido-5-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxyphosphonic acid0-4Zidovudine 5'-triphosphate;Combivir;Zidovudine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Zidovudine triphosphoric acidPW_C040735Zidovud423MagnesiumHMDB0000547Magnesium salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilatation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide; the undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base, and is commonly used as an antacid.22537-22-0C003058881842013-HYDROXY-MAGNESIUM-PROTOPORP865DB01378[Mg++]MgInChI=1S/Mg/q+2JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-Nmagnesium(2+) ion24.30523.9850418980magnesium(2+) ion22FDB003518Magnesium;Magnesium ions;Magnesium ion;Magnesium, doubly charged positive ion;Magnesium, ion (mg(2+));Mg(2+);Mg2+PW_C000423Mg2+8682274268164762727268115819188832293639983399221116746148349152943176414212410241159294223312629337374540314774914869544974565253104532911153561125376103590614759341516038155609416162501666484178659416468811606979199717020571942067227213723321172502147310216731319874732221176313211843210123122251232424912513288125812261272929015275285153373087713713377236329779373367839333478417335784891157852233178536356785741308002036880045184800483728062311880654135808651580965253818415193832383949002710859622311055939011568739811997440612007012212024738212070240712098140812118112412126542912131941912192412512208640512240842212275912012292139912330711912354637412383546412388945512447713612463737612497837512544729712559848412566947912577748112592148212594729912597349512600049012624347812655349112675330012712538912716450112738050212740738812745150712780420912812550812834739514077389140034Hydrogen IonHMDB0059597Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [WikiPedia])C000801038153781010[H+]HInChI=1S/p+1GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-Nhydron1.00791.0078250320hydron10H+;H(+);Hydrogen cation;Hydron;ProtonPW_C040034H+21546708753157883184831116214632614645422314927801742502242544245471045761846947052411035327111535311256261085639107569910057201055742117596314760371556070157609316161301596232166648317866011526692101684318869101877100163716820571912067453219745422074722227525213753221075582127572160759017081952258218151824322684131628420224913919591552491191516412015281121812851224628612266287125212271325722313325294153303084232931542354318424013224240531242454320769122937713613377210134773723317780411477955132779903277799134778379345799291308001936880387310803883048072211993823124948233831105503881128559411328039011553739811553911811585633611620510911997340612019340712054912212059340912117042412117142512256941812261538412268712512275812012318313512321813712374245912374346012514145412518812112527313612535947912555048112573048312573629712580929912651749512671748912676648012682330012690250112721320812830850612836139112843039514069288214069388314069916714070716814071514140742788140743597140760185612Viral ProteinsProteinComplexProteinComplexPW_EC000612352DNADNAPW_NA0003521400328231423282143001107623604Nuclear pore complex protein Nup98-Nup96P52948
Plays a role in the nuclear pore complex (NPC) assembly and/or maintenance. NUP98 and NUP96 are involved in the bidirectional transport across the NPC. May anchor NUP153 and TPR to the NPC. In cooperation with DHX9, plays a role in transcription and alternative splicing activation of a subset of genes (PubMed:28221134). Involved in the localization of DHX9 in discrete intranuclear foci (GLFG-body) (PubMed:28221134).
NUP9813.4.21.-1400412314100876823605Nuclear pore complex P529481140042233206Solute carrier family 22 member 6Q4U2R8Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of endogenous dicarboxylic acid (glutarate, ketoglutarate, etc). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of p- aminohippurate (PAH), ochratoxin (OTA), acyclovir (ACV), 3'-azido- 3-'deoxythymidine (AZT), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro- phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), hippurate (HA), indoleacetate (IA), indoxyl sulfate (IS) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2- furanpropionate (CMPF), cidofovir, adefovir, 9-(2- phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine (PMEG), 9-(2- phosphonylmethoxyethyl) diaminopurine (PMEDAP) and edaravone sulfate. PAH uptake is inhibited by p- chloromercuribenzenesulphonate (PCMBS), diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), sulindac, diclofenac, carprofen, glutarate and okadaic acid. PAH uptake is inhibited by benzothiazolylcysteine (BTC), S-chlorotrifluoroethylcysteine (CTFC), cysteine S-conjugates S-dichlorovinylcysteine (DCVC), furosemide, steviol, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), calcium ionophore A23187, benzylpenicillin, furosemide, indomethacin, bumetamide, losartan, probenecid, phenol red, urate, and alpha-ketoglutarateHMDBP07986SLC22A611q12.3AF1040381845414140131308140150832144270551442715323596Reverse transcriptase proteinQ9WJQ2reverse transcriptase18613994223139943214003182380Thymidylate kinaseP23919Catalyzes the conversion of dTMP to dTDP.
HMDBP00083DTYMK2q37.3BC00182712.7.4.9138908814233321429871076105Nucleoside diphosphate kinase AP15531Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. Possesses nucleoside-diphosphate kinase, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, geranyl and farnesyl pyrophosphate kinase, histidine protein kinase and 3'-5' exonuclease activities. Involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and development, signal transduction, G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis, and gene expression. Required for neural development including neural patterning and cell fate determination.
HMDBP00109NME117q21.3X1762012.7.4.672926337473557241082343208476531477591143513322372Thymidine kinase, cytosolicP04183HMDBP03814TK117q23.2-q25.3K0258112.7.1.212761213673216613890481396662314298510761639Sodium/nucleoside cotransporter 1O00337Sodium-dependent and pyrimidine-selective. Exhibits the transport characteristics of the nucleoside transport system cit or N2 subtype (N2/cit) (selective for pyrimidine nucleosides and adenosine). It also transports the antiviral pyrimidine nucleoside analogs 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC). It may be involved in the intestinal absorption and renal handling of pyrimidine nucleoside analogs used to treat acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It has the following selective inhibition: adenosine, thymidine, cytidine, uridine >> guanosine, inosine.
HMDBP01844SLC28A115q25.3U629671848514142099751142100532371Solute carrier family 28 member 3Q9HAS3Sodium-dependent, pyrimidine- and purine-selective. Involved in the homeostasis of endogenous nucleosides. Exhibits the transport characteristics of the nucleoside transport system cib or N3 subtype (N3/cib) (with marked transport of both thymidine and inosine). Employs a 2:1 sodium/nucleoside ratio. Also able to transport gemcitabine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), ribavirin and 3-deazauridineHMDBP03808SLC28A39q22.2AK2928491143509534277Solute carrier family 22 member 7Q9Y694Mediates sodium-independent multispecific organic anion transport. Transport of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2, tetracycline, bumetanide, estrone sulfate, glutarate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, allopurinol, 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, L-ascorbic acid, salicylate, ethotrexate, and alpha- ketoglutarateHMDBP09068SLC22A76p21.1AF097518114139530814397053144083755801Solute carrier family 22 member 8Q8TCC7SLC22A818455229141003308141265832143879511439278681439465314395268114395310671442933091921Solute carrier family 22 member 11Q9NSA0Mediates saturable uptake of estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and related compoundsHMDBP02397SLC22A1111q13.1AK0752241541Solute carrier family 22 member 61PW_P000541573320614533Reverse Transcriptase186PW_P014533245142359614192Thymidylate kinase1PW_P01419224133801389078206Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A1PW_P0002062241056934231704Thymidine kinase, cytosolic1PW_P000704797237211055Sodium/nucleoside cotransporter 11PW_P001055120016391832Solute carrier family 28 member 31PW_P0008329572371112770Solute carrier family 22 member 71PW_P012770225024277135621141096Solute carrier family 22 member 81PW_P00109612575801112720Solute carrier family 22 member 111PW_P01272022452192113550714218143PW_R218143Right84092011121Compoundfalse8409213521NucleicAcidfalse20751414533212803PW_R212803Right8180481088901Compoundfalse8180494141Compoundfalse8180501088911Compoundfalse81805110341Compoundfalse202442141922.7.4.9212804PW_R212804Right8180521088911Compoundfalse8180534141Compoundfalse818054407351Compoundfalse81805510341Compoundfalse202443206212801PW_R212801Right81804089981Compoundfalse8180414141Compoundfalse8180421088901Compoundfalse81804310341Compoundfalse818044400341Compoundfalse20244170410763PW_T010763Active1113889981Compound158Right19315412020-06-23T11:58:26-06:002020-06-23T11:58:26-06:00308193210552020-06-23T11:58:26-06:002020-06-23T11:58:26-06:0030819338322020-06-23T11:58:26-06:002020-06-23T11:58:26-06:003081934127702020-06-23T11:58:26-06:002020-06-23T11:58:26-06:00308193510962020-06-23T11:58:26-06:002020-06-23T11:58:26-06:003081936127202020-06-23T11:58:26-06:002020-06-23T11:58:26-06:003083838InhibitionPW_I003838767540735Compound1767614533ProteinComplex13145933899815157false3009510regular200190314593489988157false30048010regular20019031459431112281false206993210regular2001903145945108890281false30093010regular2001903145948414242false54093010regular50303145949108891281false85593010regular20019031459501034243false785108010regular50303145951414242false105591510regular5030314595240735281false143093010regular20019031459531034243false1355109010regular5030314595442329false118598510regular100253145955414242false47069010regular503031459561034243false26288510regular5030314595740034255false48284110regular7878244016121442false1485314212regular150704696352122true157998714150nucleic_acidregular1507012148322360476876false1820143320subunitregular1507012148332360576false1120272820subunitregular150701214834320630876false3253408subunitregular1507012148372359622false17999928subunitregular1507012148398022false6009908subunitregular150701214840105217false11359858subunitregular180851214841237228false3327578subunitregular140859565835411171561209306121483495658614533117156212093091214837956588141921171562120931112148399565892061171562120931212148404604231459544299416Cofactor9565907041171562120931312148414299380M1874 1062 C1875 1118 1876 1108.1666870117188 1874 1154.1666870117188 5false18true1543.0713449077346,1016.3627876355049 1550,1029.6666870117188 1558.0571872830603,1017.0143459996495false4299381M1875 890.5 C1876 942.5 1874 944 1874 992 5false18falsefalse4299382M1896 1361.8333435058594 C1895 1438.8333435058594 1895 1544.8333435058594 1895 1590.8333435058594 83false5falsefalsetrue1542.5,1398.3429624490927 1550,1411.3333435058594 1557.5,1398.3429624490927false4299383M1426 1678.8333129882812 C1470 1678.8333129882812 1770 1675.8333129882812 1808 1676.8333129882812 218false18trueM 1168.9903810567666 1496.8333129882812 L 1156 1504.3333129882812 L 1168.9903810567666 1511.8333129882812false4299384M1392 1842.5 C1405 1870.5 1461 1991.5 1477 2024.5 218false18trueM 1149.58403510137 1816.5831231661625 L 1162 1825 L 1163.081246709313 1810.0390205683718false4299385M1555 2541.5 C1556 2579.5 1556 2630.5 1556 2705.5 218false18trueM 1093.5 2493.0096189432334 L 1101 2506 L 1108.5 2493.0096189432334false4299386M1038 2765.166748046875 C1109 2765.166748046875 1426 2764.166748046875 1485 2764.166748046875 83false18trueM 734.9903810567666 2553.166748046875 L 722 2560.666748046875 L 734.9903810567666 2568.166748046875false4299387M1144 3178.166748046875 C1188 3180.166748046875 1439 3177.5 1485 3177.5 218false5trueM 1112.0096189432334 2905.5 L 1125 2898 L 1112.0096189432334 2890.5false4299388M967 2891.166748046875 C967 2940.166748046875 967 2981.166748046875 967 3052.166748046875 218false18trueM 644.844329429519 2763.4835625939295 L 652 2776.666748046875 L 659.8391382198117 2763.878162825253false4299389M400 285 C400 315 400 310 400 340 83false184299390M400 480 C400 450 400 440 400 410 83false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false4299401M2069 1027 C2039 1027 1979 1027 1949 1027 5false18trueM 1766.9903810567666 764.5 L 1754 772 L 1766.9903810567666 779.5false4299402M1729 1022 C1759 1022 1769 1027 1799 1027 5true18trueM 214.94685504416483 130.26155629629605 L 200 129 L 206.38088772118584 142.57513432307834false4299408M500 1025 C530 1025 570 1025 600 1025 5false184299409M565 960 C563 991 570 1025 600 1025 5false184299410M855 1025 C825 1025 780 1025 750 1025 5false18trueM 214.94685504416483 130.26155629629605 L 200 129 L 206.38088772118584 142.57513432307834false4299411M810 1080 C810 1046 780 1025 750 1025 5false18trueM 214.94685504416483 130.26155629629605 L 200 129 L 206.38088772118584 142.57513432307834false4299412M1055 1025 C1085 1025 1105 1025 1135 1025 5false184299413M1080 945 C1084 979 1105 1025 1135 1025 5false184299414M1430 1025 C1400 1025 1345 1025 1315 1025 5false18trueM 214.94685504416483 130.26155629629605 L 200 129 L 206.38088772118584 142.57513432307834false4299415M1380 1090 C1374 1035 1345 1025 1315 1025 5false18trueM 214.94685504416483 130.26155629629605 L 200 129 L 206.38088772118584 142.57513432307834false4299416M1525 530 L1525 580 L1575 530 z10true184299417M1630 1025 C1660 1025 1672 1025 1702 1025 148true184299418M1799 1027 C1769 1027 1660 1025 1630 1025 148false18falsetrueM 208.565967322979 116.68642197321769 L 200 129 L 191.434032677021 141.31357802678234299419M400 670 C400 700 401 727 402 757 5false184299420M470 705 C424 709 402 727 402 757 5false184299421M400 930 C399 901 400 870 402 842 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 38.26155629629604 L 11 37 L 17.380887721185843 50.575134323078345false4299422M312 900 C358 902 402 872 402 842 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 38.26155629629604 L 11 37 L 17.380887721185843 50.575134323078345false4299423M482 880 C427 879 402 872 402 842 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 38.26155629629604 L 11 37 L 17.380887721185843 50.575134323078345false9240451171562181432375729531459434299401Left240846964299402Right8776472075149565869240471171562128032375730131459454299408Left375730231459484299409Left375730331459494299410Right375730431459504299411Right8776492024429565889240481171562128042375730531459494299412Left375730631459514299413Left375730731459524299414Right375730831459534299415Right8776502024439565899240491171562128012375730931459344299419Left375731031459554299420Left375731131459454299421Right375731231459564299422Right375731331459574299423Right8776512024419565901033511076311715620828231459334299389Left20828331459344299390Right4916195658319311199438381171562324031459524299417Left157119565864299418Right77177429938077178429938177179429938277180429938377181429938477182429938577183429938677184429938777185429938869924401555212148325553121483347519930518892.22.2031432726747520018656341.31.30212571145475201188011411.01.0021267815447520217456361.31.30212571145475203181511561.01.00212678154475204128515621.91.9066678154475205183016011.01.00612678154475206189516061.01.00512678154475207172511080.80.80252400274475208124520010.40.406412000184547520946026520.40.40104217851645475210150027021.01.00612571145475211156526971.01.0071257114547521294526791.01.0061257114547521384526791.01.00312571145475214139530640.80.8025240027447521518069531.31.30174710210148396142221291.91.9-105232803604839628765141.01.002149024048396516691710.40.402132748701472821M123 476.5 C123 426.5 173 376.5 223 376.5 C845 376.5 1655 376.5 2277 376.5 C2327 376.5 2377 426.5 2377 476.5 C2377 1354.5 2377 2494.5 2377 3372.5 C2377 3422.5 2327 3472.5 2277 3472.5 C1655 3472.5 845 3472.5 223 3472.5 C173 3472.5 123 3422.5 123 3372.5 C123 2494.5 123 1354.5 123 476.5 1true60.00.0472822M1179 1570.5 C1179 1520.5 1229 1470.5 1279 1470.5 C1503 1470.5 1794 1470.5 2018 1470.5 C2068 1470.5 2118 1520.5 2118 1570.5 C2118 1965.5 2118 2477.5 2118 2872.5 C2118 2922.5 2068 2972.5 2018 2972.5 C1794 2972.5 1503 2972.5 1279 2972.5 C1229 2972.5 1179 2922.5 1179 2872.5 C1179 2477.5 1179 1965.5 1179 1570.5 93true60.00.0885263235HIV Infected Cell680299201.91.920015885264235Integration14951625201.31.320015885265235Nucleus13151408201.61.620015885266235Viral RNA1715805201.61.620015885267235Viral DNA17501286201.31.32001588526815Less Viral DNA is transported into the nucleus, therefore, less viral DNA is integrated into the host DNA.14801786202.22.216015885269235Transcription14452287201.91.920015885270235Translation7653264201.91.92001588527115Less viral proteins produced, fewer viruses can form.17193033202.82.816015885272235Cytosol5701233201.91.92001588527315Zidovudine triphosphate inhibits the activity of reverse transcriptase by competing with its substrate dGTP. Zidovudine triphosphate gets incorporated into viral DNA, but since it lacks the 3'-OH group which is needed to form the 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage essential for DNA chain elongation, this causes DNA chain termination, preventing the growth of viral DNA.1961422201.91.916015885274235Extracellular Space675145201.61.620015885275235Viral mRNA14102809201.61.620015885277235Viral mRNA7852803201.61.620015885278235Viral DNA17431721201.61.6200152815697792090115014432145300039#FFF9C949951557