117993PathwayZidovudine MetabolismMetabolicPW127122CenterPathwayVisualizationContext12739832505100#000099PathwayVisualization117828117993Zidovudine MetabolismMetabolic1118482ExcretionSubPathway120382113306Compound51120383113307Compound511203848998Compound511CellCL:00000002Platelet CL:00002334CardiomyocyteCL:00007465HepatocyteCL:00001823NeuronCL:000054012AstrocyteCL:00001277Epithelial CellCL:00000669Pancreatic Beta CellCL:00001691Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia4202Spathaspora passalidarum340170EukaryoteSpathaspora passalidarum19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote138human0046323Eukaryote157Acinetobacter baumannii 107673Prokaryote15Plasmodium falciparum5833Eukaryote6LysosomeGO:00057644PeroxisomeGO:000577713Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:00057835CytoplasmGO:000573710Cell MembraneGO:000588616Lysosomal LumenGO:00432022MitochondrionGO:00057397Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:00057891CytosolGO:000582911Extracellular SpaceGO:00056153Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575918Melanosome MembraneGO:003316214Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574124Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575835ChloroplastGO:000950736MembraneGO:001602012Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574319Sarcoplasmic ReticulumGO:001652932Inner MembraneGO:007025831Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032525Golgi ApparatusGO:000579420Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578821SynapseGO:004520215NucleusGO:000563440PeriplasmGO:00425978Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum GO:00057902Endothelium BTO:00003931LiverBTO:00007597294Adrenal MedullaBTO:00000497185cardiocyteBTO:000153928StomachBTO:0001307155268Blood VesselBTO:0001102741124BrainBTO:0000142891625IntestineBTO:00006487Nervous SystemBTO:000148411HeartBTO:000056273106KidneyBTO:000067171832Adrenal CortexBTO:000004518PancreasBTO:00009889611PW_BS0000095411PW_BS00000516212PW_BS000016181311PW_BS0000188511PW_BS00000814101PW_BS0000142811611PW_BS0000283211PW_BS000003101711PW_BS000010311511PW_BS000031204111PW_BS00002015111PW_BS0000154311PW_BS000004331811PW_BS0000332111PW_BS00000249711PW_BS0000492441011PW_BS000024221411PW_BS00002229111PW_BS000029422411PW_BS00004213121PW_BS0000131231751PW_BS0001231251351PW_BS000125126651PW_BS00012612711651PW_BS00012710813PW_BS0001081471241PW_BS00014715924PW_BS000159188118PW_BS0000241632181PW_BS0001631601181PW_BS0001602137181PW_BS00002421013181PW_BS00002421217181PW_BS000024151141PW_BS0001512164181PW_BS0000241985181PW_BS0000242156181PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS0000242253541PW_BS0000241644PW_BS0001642863641PW_BS000024226441PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS0000242916491PW_BS0000242924491PW_BS00002429817101PW_BS00002430013101PW_BS0000243016101PW_BS000024302116101PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS000024171211PW_BS000017315123PW_BS00002429341PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS00002413412121PW_BS0001341115121PW_BS00011113013121PW_BS0001303317121PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS0000281136121PW_BS0001131151012PW_BS0001153344121PW_BS0000283361121PW_BS000028337116121PW_BS0000281122121PW_BS00011212915121PW_BS00012934141121PW_BS0000281141112PW_BS0001141333121PW_BS00013332914121PW_BS0000281321121PW_BS00013234524121PW_BS00002834318121PW_BS000028360410121PW_BS000028408451PW_BS000115122551PW_BS000122405105PW_BS000115407251PW_BS0001154141551PW_BS000115409115PW_BS000115406351PW_BS0001154151851PW_BS000115124151PW_BS000124383751PW_BS00010043441051PW_BS000115429151PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS0001004182451PW_BS0001153841251PW_BS0001003744171PW_BS0000534436171PW_BS0001151355171PW_BS0001353761017PW_BS00005344717171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS000136448116171PW_BS0001151192171PW_BS00011945015171PW_BS0001151371117PW_BS0001371203171PW_BS00012045118171PW_BS0001151181171PW_BS0001183987171PW_BS000113469410171PW_BS0001154641171PW_BS00011539914171PW_BS00011345424171PW_BS00011512112171PW_BS0001214824101PW_BS0001154781010PW_BS0001154831110PW_BS0001152975101PW_BS0000244793101PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS00002448414101PW_BS0001154957101PW_BS00011548924101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS000115502461PW_BS000115207661PW_BS000024209106PW_BS000024208116PW_BS000024205561PW_BS000024501361PW_BS0001155041861PW_BS000115206261PW_BS000024388161PW_BS00011251541061PW_BS0001153891461PW_BS0001123951361PW_BS000113390761PW_BS0001125062461PW_BS0001153911261PW_BS0001123551914PW_BS000035117131PW_BS00011717018PW_BS000170224241PW_BS000024222341PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS000024943PW_BS000094168321PW_BS000168261115PW_BS000026541315PW_BS0000547028511PW_BS000070103331PW_BS000103107313PW_BS000107100521PW_BS000100105113PW_BS0001051553241PW_BS0001551572241PW_BS0001571613181PW_BS00016116611PW_BS0001661783211PW_BS00017815284PW_BS000152101531PW_BS0001011873118PW_BS000024219314PW_BS00002422014PW_BS00002416212181PW_BS0001621951318PW_BS0000242811251PW_BS0000242851041PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS0000243125231PW_BS0000243201123PW_BS00002432711125PW_BS00002834713125PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS000028310312PW_BS00002430412PW_BS000024109323PW_BS0001094241155PW_BS0001154251355PW_BS00011545911175PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS00011588231202PW_BS00055288312021PW_BS000552167311PW_BS000167788241113PW_BS00052459724112PW_BS000336185321PW_BS000024432511PW_BS00004360251PW_BS00006046114PW_BS00004672513PW_BS000072612517PW_BS0000613612011PW_BS0000363772113PW_BS00003793252011PW_BS00009327151PW_BS000027711PW_BS000007971521PW_BS000097110231PW_BS0001106131PW_BS000006140103PW_BS00014014315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS000146951721PW_BS00009511PW_BS0000011802211PW_BS00018021425181PW_BS0000241901118PW_BS0000242771218PW_BS00002465111PW_BS0000652905491PW_BS000024253541PW_BS0000243331212PW_BS0000283522512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS00002835625121PW_BS0000283702601PW_BS000028228361PW_BS000024232403PW_BS000024412125PW_BS0001154192551PW_BS000115436255PW_BS0001154461217PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS0001154712517PW_BS00011547225177PW_BS00011548718101PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS0001155072561PW_BS0001155131761PW_BS0001157906111PW_BS0005248346111PW_BS000549111811PW_BS00001114117191PW_BS00014178811PW_BS0000789225711PW_BS0000929731715PW_BS000569849101381PW_BS0005495311015PW_BS00005375251017PW_BS00007580811574PW_BS0005483542510127PW_BS00002861517151PW_BS00050332517231PW_BS00002484711PW_BS000549844131381PW_BS000549608321PW_BS00050169181019PW_BS000069392171PW_BS00017199611315PW_BS000569112125717PW_BS0005807725111PW_BS0000775181PW_BS0000518998ZidovudineHMDB0014638A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia. [PubChem]30516-87-1C07210353701011032555DB00495CC1=CN([C@H]2C[C@H](N=[N+]=[N-])[C@@H](CO)O2)C(=O)NC1=OC10H13N5O4InChI=1S/C10H13N5O4/c1-5-3-15(10(18)12-9(5)17)8-2-6(13-14-11)7(4-16)19-8/h3,6-8,16H,2,4H2,1H3,(H,12,17,18)/t6-,7+,8+/m0/s1HBOMLICNUCNMMY-XLPZGREQSA-N1-[(2R,4S,5S)-4-azido-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-5-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione267.2413267.096753929-1.212zidovudine00Azidothymidine;Azt;Zidovudin;ZidovudinumPW_C008998Zidovu1065OxygenHMDB0001377Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131).7782-44-7C0000797715379CPD-6641952O=OO2InChI=1S/O2/c1-2MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-Ndioxygen31.998831.9898292440singlet oxygen00FDB022589Dioxygen;Molecular oxygen;O2;Oxygen;Oxygen molecule;[oo];Dioxygene;Disauerstoff;E 948;E-948;E948PW_C001065O295911052451650018505854914625286383649106743168820754157634769338362137549201624253122280329426042474713546712354801255493126550812758091085973147612915970061887032163705016073192137533210756021283951511181621611864198118832151189421112057225120631641224728612279226123252491270629112716292130042981301630013026301130383021326022342276174265731576910293770442947721413477350111773631307737733177395332774971137751211577537334776263367772333777736112777471297775634177805114778121337807032978151132783813457880534379111360120047408120383122120426405120542407120553414120594409120601406120883415121045124121104383121605434121656429122117382122573418122689384122798374122822443123027135123060376123128447123139136123163448123176119123187450123219137123226120123459451123609118123669398124163469124214464124669399125145454125275121125425482125706478125731483125737297125740479125884481126100299126272484126522495126721489126825480126964502126986207127198209127214208127219205127222501127305504127345206127557388127574515127835389128081395128095390128312506128432391891FMNH2HMDB0001142FMNH2 is the reduced form of flavin mononucleotide. It is a substrate of the enzyme FMN reductase (EC 1.5.1.29), an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ <=> FMN + NAD(P)H + H+. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase. During a catalytic cycle, the reversible interconversion of oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH•) and reduced (FMNH2) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases. FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers.5666-16-0C0184744539516048FMNH2393046CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)COP(O)(O)=O)C1=C(N2)C(=O)NC(=O)N1C17H23N4O9PInChI=1S/C17H23N4O9P/c1-7-3-9-10(4-8(7)2)21(15-13(18-9)16(25)20-17(26)19-15)5-11(22)14(24)12(23)6-30-31(27,28)29/h3-4,11-12,14,18,22-24H,5-6H2,1-2H3,(H2,27,28,29)(H2,19,20,25,26)/t11-,12+,14-/m0/s1YTNIXZGTHTVJBW-SCRDCRAPSA-N{[(2R,3S,4S)-5-{7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1H,2H,3H,4H,5H,10H-benzo[g]pteridin-10-yl}-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl]oxy}phosphonic acid458.3597458.120264866-2.858fmnh(.)0-2FDB022449Fmnh2;Reduced fmn;Reduced flavin mononucleotide;1,5-dihydroriboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate);Flavin mononucleotide (reduced);Fmnh;1,5-dihydroriboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphoric acid)PW_C000891FMNH21195422514070149146NADPHHMDB0000221Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed.).53-57-6C000052283351216474NADPH17215925NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H30N7O17P3InChI=1S/C21H30N7O17P3/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(30)11(43-21)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(42-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)32/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-31H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,32)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H2,22,24,25)(H2,33,34,35)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1ACFIXJIJDZMPPO-NNYOXOHSSA-N{[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-[({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid745.4209745.091102105-2.149nadph0-4FDB0219092'-(dihydrogen phosphate) 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) adenosine 5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-b-d-ribofuranosylnicotinamide;2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) adenosine 5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylnicotinamide;Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) p'-5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) p'-5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;Dihydrocodehydrogenase ii;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-p;Dihydrotriphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced;Nadp-reduced;Nadph;Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Reduced codehydrase ii;Reduced coenzyme ii;Reduced cozymase ii;Reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide;Triphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced;B-nadph;B-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;B-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Beta-nadph;Beta-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;Beta-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate - reducedPW_C000146NADPH185819037781079658211883721609291615494687314793144797145310111578910859721476128159627135677911770681887103163715420572051607315213734521075592127591170819422582191518421224118121981189321112006222121501641224528612596226126482494234331543746322769112937716613277385331773943327746013077504112775111157762333680712119113164941201054071204254051204521221206161231211411251212754291214021241214833831230593761230861351232414471237121361238464641239611181240413981254724811256962971262142991265294951270092061275723881281013901407061681088873'-Amino-3'-deoxythymidine108074CC1=CN([C@H]2C[C@H](N)[C@@H](CO)O2)C(=O)N=C1OC10H15N3O4InChI=1S/C10H15N3O4/c1-5-3-13(10(16)12-9(5)15)8-2-6(11)7(4-14)17-8/h3,6-8,14H,2,4,11H2,1H3,(H,12,15,16)/t6-,7+,8+/m0/s1ADVCGXWUUOVPPB-XLPZGREQSA-N1-[(2R,4S,5S)-4-amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-2-one241.247241.106255975-1.4331-[(2R,4S,5S)-4-amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-5-methylpyrimidin-2-one01PW_C10888740034Hydrogen IonHMDB0059597Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [WikiPedia])C000801038153781010[H+]HInChI=1S/p+1GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-Nhydron1.00791.0078250320hydron10H+;H(+);Hydrogen cation;Hydron;ProtonPW_C040034H+215467087531578831848311162146326146454223149278017425022425442454710457618469470524110353271115353112562610856391075699100572010557421175963147603715560701576093161613015962321666483178660115266921016843188691018771001637168205719120674532197454220747222275252137532210755821275721607590170819522582181518243226841316284202249139195915524911915164120152811218128512246286122662871252122713257223133252941533030842329315423543184240132242405312424543207691229377136133772101347737233177804114779551327799032777991347783793457992913080019368803873108038830480722119938231249482338311055038811285594113280390115537398115539118115856336116205109119973406120193407120549122120593409121170424121171425122569418122615384122687125122758120123183135123218137123742459123743460125141454125188121125273136125359479125550481125730483125736297125809299126517495126717489126766480126823300126902501127213208128308506128361391128430395140692882140693883140699167140707168140715141407427881407435971407601851420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O5589491095139415131621448113526156242865210691207703382318838210943113774914655415904320182425322226786027274627781728052931437031647236346145983647273749419350302751567519597521410052279452361035297105531911153431135355112540211054701235483125549212655071275534130553711455411295591135560811856221085691657591405778101584114358531465877107589095591014759401516032155605915760871616123163613315962151621816664771786507180660015267131176840188688816071622057181207719320672112117228213723821472432157295198735021673882107401212746722274922247500190758817082012258237226841416292652611850277119221641201128112213285122502861226428712327249125202271263265126932901270529112715292130072981301930013025301130373021326122313327294153403084232731542695318436913227691429377019253771021327713113377215134773783317739733277471333775161157753633477628336777223377775934177816343779823477807132978235352782423537827035679113360800143688003937080591228806561199383038394794384110557390110639391115844398119879232119915122119963406120008407120046408120113124120365412120430405120438409120606415120794414121158425121240429121351121121381419121607434122118382122384436122753120122797374122804443123012446123064376123072137123131447123142136123162448123231451123384450123730460123810464123940455124165469124670399124938471124945472125305297125353479125386481125424482125480299125682483125707478125745487126054490126238495126273484126764480126896501126963502127017388127177208127199209127227504127506507127576515127836389128082395128176513140674790140675834140755185104784FMNThe trianion arising from deprotonation of the diphosphate hydroxy groups and the imide nitrogen of flavin mononucleotide (FMN).C000614422919958210CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)COP([O-])([O-])=O)C1=NC(=O)[N-]C(=O)C1=N2C17H18N4O9PInChI=1S/C17H21N4O9P/c1-7-3-9-10(4-8(7)2)21(15-13(18-9)16(25)20-17(26)19-15)5-11(22)14(24)12(23)6-30-31(27,28)29/h3-4,11-12,14,22-24H,5-6H2,1-2H3,(H3,20,25,26,27,28,29)/p-3/t11-,12+,14-/m0/s1ANKZYBDXHMZBDK-SCRDCRAPSA-K7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-10-[(2S,3S,4R)-2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-(phosphonooxy)pentyl]-2H,3H,4H,10H-benzo[g]pteridin-3-ide453.325453.082785913-1.9137,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-10-[(2S,3S,4R)-2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-(phosphonooxy)pentyl]-3H-benzo[g]pteridin-3-ide-3-3flavin mononucleotide;riboflavin 5'-phosphatePW_C104784FMN143NADPHMDB0000217Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5-phosphate adenosine 2,5-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed.) Hydrogen carrier in biochemical redox systems. In the hexose monophosphoric acid system it is reduced to Dihydrocoenzyme II and reoxidation in the presence of flavoproteins (Dictionary of Organic Compounds).53-59-8C00006588618009NAD(P)5675NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H28N7O17P3InChI=1S/C21H28N7O17P3/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(30)11(43-21)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(42-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)32/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-31H,5-6H2,(H7-,22,23,24,25,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1XJLXINKUBYWONI-NNYOXOHSSA-N1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3-hydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl phosphono)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium743.405743.075452041-2.2281-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[({[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3-hydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl phosphono}oxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium0-3FDB021908Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate;Codehydrase ii;Codehydrogenase ii;Coenzyme ii;Cozymase ii;Nad phosphate;Nadp;Nadp+;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Tpn;Triphosphopyridine nucleotide;B-nadp;B-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;B-tpn;Beta-nadp;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Beta-tpn;Oxidized nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate;B-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acid;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acid;β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acidPW_C000143NADP18381913768578010824188392161129161749468531479614480114530811157901086017147613215962733567781177069188710516371522057206160731721373462107562212758917081972258220151841922411811198118972111200822212152164122492861259722612650249423443154374532276913293771641327738433177396332774611307751511577624336778143347787011280713119113165941201064071204294051204501221206044081206181231211421251212774291214011241214853831230633761230841351232293741232434471237131361238484641239601181240433981254734811256942971257434821262152991265284951270102061272255021275703881281003901407091681799HemeHMDB0003178Heme is the color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. A heme or haem is a prosthetic group that consists of an iron atom contained in the center of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin. Not all porphyrins contain iron, but a substantial fraction of porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic subunit; these are known as hemoproteins.14875-96-8C0003217627HEME_A24604415DB02577CC1=C(CCC(O)=O)C2=CC3=[N+]4C(=CC5=C(C)C(C=C)=C6C=C7C(C)=C(C=C)C8=[N+]7[Fe--]4(N2C1=C8)N56)C(C)=C3CCC(O)=OC34H32FeN4O4InChI=1S/C34H34N4O4.Fe/c1-7-21-17(3)25-13-26-19(5)23(9-11-33(39)40)31(37-26)16-32-24(10-12-34(41)42)20(6)28(38-32)15-30-22(8-2)18(4)27(36-30)14-29(21)35-25;/h7-8,13-16H,1-2,9-12H2,3-6H3,(H4,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42);/q;+2/p-2/b25-13-,26-13-,27-14-,28-15-,29-14-,30-15-,31-16-,32-16-;KABFMIBPWCXCRK-RGGAHWMASA-L4,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide616.487616.177297665-5.4824,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide0-2FDB016272(protoporphyrinato)iron;Ferroheme;Ferroheme b;Ferroprotoheme;Ferroprotoporphyrin;Ferroprotoporphyrin ix;Ferrous protoheme;Ferrous protoheme ix;Haem;Hem;Heme;Iron protoporphyrin;Iron protoporphyrin ix;Iron(ii) protoporphyrin ix;Protoferroheme;Protohaem;Protoheme;Protoheme ix;Reduced hematinPW_C001799Heme247163081032486082766512443135449141336196318280629293893238113367263421143734440433148232851709554721235485125551712958301416246786283165971517044160706016173262131183519811898211120651641300929813021300422781776915293769312497735111177364130773673317739833277517115776293367781333478380133786021327896311279932134120431405120603408120955407121085383121658429121746124121910122122570406122691384123065376123133447123144136123228374123521119123650398124216464124297118124463135125142120125277121125742482125896481126196299126499297126512495126718479126827480127224502127357206127632388128070205128083395128086390128309501128434391746Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acidHMDB0000935Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP Iduronic acid, which donates Iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones. The transfer of glucuronic acid from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid onto a terminal galactose residue is done by beta1,3-glucuronosyltransferases, responsible for the completion of the protein-glycosaminoglycan linkage region of proteoglycans and of the HNK1 epitope of glycoproteins and glycolipids. In humans the enzyme galactose-beta-1,3-glucuronosyltransferase I completes the synthesis of the common linker region of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by transferring glucuronic acid (GlcA) onto the terminal galactose of the glycopeptide primer of proteoglycans. The GAG chains of proteoglycans regulate major biological processes such as cell proliferation and recognition, extracellular matrix deposition, and morphogenesis. (PMID: 16815917).2616-64-0C001671747317200UDP-GLUCURONATE16522O[C@@H]1[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(O)=O)O[C@H]([C@@H]1O)N1C=CC(=O)NC1=OC15H22N2O18P2InChI=1S/C15H22N2O18P2/c18-5-1-2-17(15(26)16-5)12-9(22)6(19)4(32-12)3-31-36(27,28)35-37(29,30)34-14-10(23)7(20)8(21)11(33-14)13(24)25/h1-2,4,6-12,14,19-23H,3H2,(H,24,25)(H,27,28)(H,29,30)(H,16,18,26)/t4-,6-,7+,8+,9-,10-,11+,12-,14-/m1/s1HDYANYHVCAPMJV-LXQIFKJMSA-N(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid580.2853580.034284934-1.519udp-α-D-glucuronic acid0-3FDB022325Glucopyranuronic acid 1-ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate;Udp glucuronate;Udp glucuronic acid;Udp-d-glucuronate;Udp-d-glucuronic acid;Udp-glcua;Udp-glucuronate;Udp-glucuronic acid;Udp-alpha-d-glucuronate;Udp-alpha-delta-glucuronate;Udp-delta-glucuronate;Udp-delta-glucuronic acid;Udpga;Udpglucuronate;Uga;Uridine 5'-[3-(d-glucopyranosyloxyuronic acid) dihydrogen diphosphate];Uridine 5'-diphospho-a-d-glucuronate;Uridine 5'-diphospho-a-d-glucuronic acid;Uridine 5'-diphospho-alpha-delta-glucuronate;Uridine 5'-diphospho-alpha-delta-glucuronic acid;Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronic acid;Uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronate;Uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid;Uridine diphosphate glucuronate;Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid;Uridine diphosphate-glucuronate;Uridine diphospho-d-glucuronate;Uridine diphospho-d-glucuronic acid;Uridine diphospho-delta-glucuronate;Uridine diphospho-delta-glucuronic acid;Uridine diphosphoglucuronate;Uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid;Uridine pyrophosphoglucuronate;Uridine pyrophosphoglucuronic acid;Uridinediphosphoglucuronic acid;A-d-glucopyranuronic acid 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate);A-d-glucopyranuronic acid ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate;Alpha-d-glucopyranuronic acid 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate);Alpha-delta-glucopyranuronic acid 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate);Alpha-delta-glucopyranuronic acid 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate);Alpha-delta-glucopyranuronic acid ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate;Uridine-5'-diphosphate-glucuronic acid;Udp-a-d-glucuronate;Udp-a-d-glucuronic acid;Udp-α-d-glucuronate;Udp-α-d-glucuronic acid;Udpglucuronic acid;Uridine diphosphoric acid glucuronic acid;Uridine-5'-diphosphate-glucuronate;Uridine-5'-diphosphoric acid-glucuronic acidPW_C000746UDPGlcA1129822194923032235194479184516104844364944925176955525130583214170551607735833178403111786151321208301221220491241223383831234151351246031181248893981258212971262012991265064951272742051280783901133063’-amino-3’-deoxythimidine glucuronideCC1=CN([C@H]2C[C@H](N=[N+]=[N-])[C@@H](COC3OC(C(O)C(O)C3O)C(O)=O)O2)C(=O)NC1=OC16H21N5O10InChI=1S/C16H21N5O10/c1-5-3-21(16(28)18-13(5)25)8-2-6(19-20-17)7(30-8)4-29-15-11(24)9(22)10(23)12(31-15)14(26)27/h3,6-12,15,22-24H,2,4H2,1H3,(H,26,27)(H,18,25,28)/t6-,7+,8+,9?,10?,11?,12?,15?/m0/s1NFXAJWJJNLWLOV-UKIQEGICSA-N6-{[(2S,3S,5R)-3-azido-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy}-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid443.369443.128841896-1.0056-{[(2S,3S,5R)-3-azido-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3H-pyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy}-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid0-1PW_C113306144098973201Uridine 5'-diphosphateHMDB0000295Uridine 5'-diphosphate is a uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. UDP is an important extracellular pyrimidine signaling molecule that mediates diverse biological effects via P1 and P2 purinergic receptors, such as the uptake of thymidine and proliferation of gliomas. (PMID: 14558596). UDP induces intracellular Ca(2+) responses and oscillations in HeLa cells, due to the activation of P2Ys (G-protein coupled ATP receptors). (PMID: 1257952).58-98-0C00015603117659UDP5809DB03435O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]1COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=CC(=O)NC1=OC9H14N2O12P2InChI=1S/C9H14N2O12P2/c12-5-1-2-11(9(15)10-5)8-7(14)6(13)4(22-8)3-21-25(19,20)23-24(16,17)18/h1-2,4,6-8,13-14H,3H2,(H,19,20)(H,10,12,15)(H2,16,17,18)/t4-,6-,7-,8-/m1/s1XCCTYIAWTASOJW-XVFCMESISA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid404.1612404.002196946-1.666UDP0-2FDB0075095'-udp;Udp;Uridine 5'-diphosphate;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphorate;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid;Uridine diphosphate;Uridine pyrophosphate;Uridine 5'-diphosphoric acid;Uridine diphosphoric acidPW_C000201UDP410815172154543219749235293115294463184518104846364946925178955527130583414170571607246213724821472872108433151119131641261522577304111773603317792433678255132782643561203151221212524291213651241213754191221013831223781251229701351238224641239241181239344551246523981249321361256432971260382991260484901262574951274903881275005071278203901133075’glucuronyl zidovudineCC1=CN(C2CC(N=[N+]=[N-])[C@@H](COC3O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]3O)C(O)=O)O2)C(=O)N=C1OC16H21N5O10InChI=1S/C16H21N5O10/c1-5-3-21(16(28)18-13(5)25)8-2-6(19-20-17)7(30-8)4-29-15-11(24)9(22)10(23)12(31-15)14(26)27/h3,6-12,15,22-24H,2,4H2,1H3,(H,26,27)(H,18,25,28)/t6?,7-,8?,9+,10+,11-,12+,15?/m1/s1NFXAJWJJNLWLOV-OTQDERTISA-N(2S,3S,4S,5R)-6-{[(2S)-3-azido-5-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy}-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid443.3654443.128841917-1.215(2S,3S,4S,5R)-6-{[(2S)-3-azido-5-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy}-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid0-1PW_C113307964FADHMDB0001248FAD, also known as flavitan or adeflavin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). FAD has been found in human liver and muscle tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as feces and blood. Within the cell, FAD is primarily located in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisome. FAD exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the risedronate action pathway, the ibandronate action pathway, the valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation pathway, and the pyrimidine metabolism pathway. FAD is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the oncogenic action OF L-2-hydroxyglutarate in hydroxygluaricaciduria pathway, gaba-transaminase deficiency, 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria/succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, and the saccharopinuria/hyperlysinemia II pathway. FAD is a condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972).146-14-5C0001664397516238FAD559059DB03147CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)N1C=NC3=C1N=CN=C3N)C1=NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=N2C27H33N9O15P2InChI=1S/C27H33N9O15P2/c1-10-3-12-13(4-11(10)2)35(24-18(32-12)25(42)34-27(43)33-24)5-14(37)19(39)15(38)6-48-52(44,45)51-53(46,47)49-7-16-20(40)21(41)26(50-16)36-9-31-17-22(28)29-8-30-23(17)36/h3-4,8-9,14-16,19-21,26,37-41H,5-7H2,1-2H3,(H,44,45)(H,46,47)(H2,28,29,30)(H,34,42,43)/t14-,15+,16+,19-,20+,21+,26+/m0/s1VWWQXMAJTJZDQX-UYBVJOGSSA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}[({[(2R,3S,4S)-5-{7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-2H,3H,4H,10H-benzo[g]pteridin-10-yl}-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl]oxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphinic acid785.5497785.157134455-2.279flavine-adenine dinucleotide0-3FDB0225111h-purin-6-amine flavin dinucleotide;1h-purin-6-amine flavine dinucleotide;Adenine-flavin dinucleotide;Adenine-flavine dinucleotide;Adenine-riboflavin dinuceotide;Adenine-riboflavin dinucleotide;Adenine-riboflavine dinucleotide;Fad;Flamitajin b;Flanin f;Flavin adenine dinucleotide;Flavin adenine dinucleotide oxidized;Flavin-adenine dinucleotide;Flavine adenosine diphosphate;Flavine-adenine dinucleotide;Flavitan;Flaziren;Isoalloxazine-adenine dinucleotide;Riboflavin 5'-adenosine diphosphate;Riboflavin-adenine dinucleotide;Riboflavine-adenine dinucleotide;AdeflavinPW_C000964FAD99911451868192321642531762828825188402118814148942161229162249213358253622372326460236468831474113475810488165268103528510253351115496126551112756131186030155605415660821616116162639016475178649917966661077039163717520573212137465222748722390762241181821611887215118992111229622512328249124431511251922712595226127102911272029213029301130413024362331877080293771261337715213477501113775071127751811577541334776151327772633778054329783753457893033179222336792723588001236880034369807141191199584061199993841200514081201074071204324051204531221204901241212784291212984181214173821214893831227481201227761211228023741228234431230663761230871351231664481238494641238684541239763991240473981253484791253784801254294821254744811256972971259794891261072991262774841268915011269203911269685021269872071270112061273102091274325061276023881278403891407901851407991861170Flavin MononucleotideHMDB0001520Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5?-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors. During the catalytic cycle, the reversible interconversion of oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH) and reduced (FMNH2) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases. FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers. Flavin mononucleotide is also used as an orange-red food colour additive. It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues.146-17-8C0006164397617621FMN559060DB03247CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)COP(O)(O)=O)C1=NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=N2C17H21N4O9PInChI=1S/C17H21N4O9P/c1-7-3-9-10(4-8(7)2)21(15-13(18-9)16(25)20-17(26)19-15)5-11(22)14(24)12(23)6-30-31(27,28)29/h3-4,11-12,14,22-24H,5-6H2,1-2H3,(H,20,25,26)(H2,27,28,29)/t11-,12+,14-/m0/s1FVTCRASFADXXNN-SCRDCRAPSA-N{[(2R,3S,4S)-5-{7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-2H,3H,4H,10H-benzo[g]pteridin-10-yl}-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl]oxy}phosphonic acid456.3438456.104614802-2.836riboflavin 5'-phosphate0-3FDB001984Fmn;Flanin;Flavine mononucleotide;Flavol;Riboflavin;Riboflavin 5'-monophosphate;Riboflavin 5'-phosphate;Riboflavin mononucleotide;Riboflavin monophosphate;Riboflavin phosphate;Riboflavin-5'-phosphate na;Riboflavin-5-phosphate;Riboflavine 5'-monophosphate;Riboflavine 5'-phosphate;Riboflavine dihydrogen phosphate;Riboflavine monophosphate;Riboflavine phosphate;Riboflavine-5'-phosphate;Vitamin b2 phosphate;Flavin mononucleotide;Riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)PW_C001170FlvnMnt539811901416922496131577210111900211123132257751911577590111787301321204334051204541221219291241230673761230881351244821181256982971261042991271902051273122091276863881407034923761Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2O15438
May act as an inducible transporter in the biliary and intestinal excretion of organic anions. Acts as an alternative route for the export of bile acids and glucuronides from cholestatic hepatocytes (By similarity).
ABCC311408698491435185314367275143687808144084601441013544277Solute carrier family 22 member 7Q9Y694Mediates sodium-independent multispecific organic anion transport. Transport of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2, tetracycline, bumetanide, estrone sulfate, glutarate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, allopurinol, 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, L-ascorbic acid, salicylate, ethotrexate, and alpha- ketoglutarateHMDBP09068SLC22A76p21.1AF09751811413953081439705314408375956Cytochrome P450 3A4P08684Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide.
HMDBP01018CYP3A47q21.1M1890711.14.13.-; 1.14.13.157; 1.14.13.32; 1.14.13.67; 1.14.13.97293329327223290103368264045314577185174951356986151360003321360174913601833113991430013991929814021832514045184714080371408428441408451114095660814104569141080392141116651425919961426899731434011121462UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7P16662UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds.
Its unique specificity for 3,4-catechol estrogens and estriol suggests it may play an important role in regulating the level and activity of these potent and active estrogen metabolites. Is also active with androsterone, hyodeoxycholic acid and tetrachlorocatechol (in vitro).
HMDBP00480UGT2B74q13AK31319012.4.1.17373529397677401126407331464110138860913891549141033847142931973143583996973Cytochrome P450 2C9P11712Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan.
HMDBP01036CYP2C910q24AY34124811.14.13.-; 1.14.13.80; 1.14.13.48; 1.14.13.49335629343510384624046314810184816181388954913991630013992129814095884714104769141120651425929961427639731455Cytochrome P450 2A6P11509Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Constitutes the major nicotine C-oxidase. Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. Possesses low phenacetin O-deethylation activity.
HMDBP01567CYP2A619q13.2AF32672111.14.13.-326723360293819103963264828951759513606749139922298140211311405038471428809961428869731432Cytochrome P450 2E1P05181
Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic or carcinogenic forms.
HMDBP01544CYP2E110q24.3-qterJ0262511.14.13.-;1.14.13.n77811014174936002939642648111848171851719513604231396273613991129813991730014111965141124847141980913142700973142914996178NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductaseP16435This enzyme is required for electron transfer from NADP to cytochrome P450 in microsomes. It can also provide electron transfer to heme oxygenase and cytochrome B5.
HMDBP00183POR7q11.2AC00633011.6.2.4400581389124914975ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 31PW_P014975249982376114087022812770Solute carrier family 22 member 71PW_P01277022502427713562114730Cytochrome P450 3A41PW_P000730824956132517991292910899UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B71PW_P00089910244621820Cytochrome P450 2C91PW_P000820944973135117991821Cytochrome P450 2A61PW_P0008219451455135017991226Cytochrome P450 2E11PW_P0002262441432110917991936NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase1PW_P00093610611781377964137811701212806PW_R212806Right81805989981Compoundfalse81806010651Compoundfalse8180618911Compoundfalse8180621461Compoundfalse8180631088871Compoundfalse818064400341Compoundfalse81806514201Compoundfalse8180661047841Compoundfalse8180671431Compoundfalse202446820202447821202448226202449936202450730218986PW_R218986Right8444461088871Compoundfalse8444477461Compoundfalse8444481133061Compoundfalse8444492011Compoundfalse844450400341Compoundfalse208445899218979PW_R218979Right84442389981Compoundfalse8444247461Compoundfalse8444251133071Compoundfalse844426400341Compoundfalse8444272011Compoundfalse2084418992.4.1.1714567PW_T0145671501089981Compound6051Right5384149752022-09-27T14:31:38-06:002022-09-27T14:31:38-06:007514568PW_T0145681501189981Compound5126Right5385127702022-09-27T14:38:09-06:002022-09-27T14:38:09-06:005314573PW_T014573150161133061Compound2651Right5390149752022-10-03T13:40:32-06:002022-10-03T13:40:32-06:005314574PW_T0145741501789981Compound2651Right5391149752022-10-03T13:43:17-06:002022-10-03T13:43:17-06:005314572PW_T014572150151133071Compound2651Right5389149752022-10-03T13:37:07-06:002022-10-03T13:37:07-06:005314565PW_T0145651500889981Compound160Right3166882899860157false4121165010regular2001903166883899851157false4786165010regular2001903167033899851157false251520010regular2001903167034899826157false251575510regular2001903167035106597365false2727115110regular7878316703689197381false2300106510regular200190316703714697362false2695111510regular5030316703810888797381false2515153510regular20019031670394003497355false2425134110regular78783167040142097349false2418142610regular7878316704110478497381false2726135510regular200190316704214397361false2676135010regular5030316704317999739false2565123519regular10025316704474697381false2720169510regular20020031670451133062681false2515217010regular200200316704620197381false2310192010regular20019031670474003497355false2690197110regular787831670481133065181false2515260510regular200200316704974697381false1630122010regular20020031670501133072681false1851217010regular20019031670514003497355false1756157110regular7878316705220197381false2054151010regular2001903167053899851157false3000260010regular20019031670541133075181false1851260010regular200190316729289981157false318716410regular2001903167293899860157false3622169910regular2001901225675237617576false451617108subunitregular150701225812427776false25405958subunitregular1507012258139569732false254012508subunitregular1507012258144629732false254018658subunitregular150701225815237615376false254024408subunitregular1507012258164629732false187514458subunitregular1507012258172376176false302524378subunitregular150701225818237615376false187624408subunitregular1507096384114975117828121929312256759639331277011782812194241225812963934730117828973121942512258134840631670434334004Cofactor96393589911782897312194261225814963936149751178281219427122581596393789911782897312194281225816963938149751178281219429122581796393914975117828121943012258184333680M4321 1745 C4351 1745 4486 1745 4516 1745 83false184333681M4786 1745 C4756 1745 4696 1745 4666 1745 83false18trueM 172.28018329123515 483.5948998021554 L 157.3333282470703 482.3333435058594 L 163.71421596825616 495.9084778289377false4333993M2615 390 C2615 420 2615 565 2615 595 83false184333994M2615 755 C2615 725 2615 695 2615 665 83false18trueM 25.946855044164835 348.92821279043665 L 11 347.6666564941406 L 17.380887721185843 361.24179081721894false4333995M2615 945 C2615 975 2615 1220 2615 1250 5false184333996M2727 1190 C2699 1188 2615 1220 2615 1250 5false184333997M2500 1160 C2577 1155 2615 1220 2615 1250 5false184333998M2695 1130 C2653 1136 2615 1220 2615 1250 5false184333999M2615 1535 C2615 1505 2615 1350 2615 1320 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 403.5948998021554 L 11 402.3333435058594 L 17.380887721185843 415.9084778289377false4334000M2503 1380 C2533 1386 2615 1350 2615 1320 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 403.5948998021554 L 11 402.3333435058594 L 17.380887721185843 415.9084778289377false4334001M2496 1465 C2550 1467 2615 1350 2615 1320 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 403.5948998021554 L 11 402.3333435058594 L 17.380887721185843 415.9084778289377false4334002M2726 1450 C2664 1459 2615 1350 2615 1320 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 403.5948998021554 L 11 402.3333435058594 L 17.380887721185843 415.9084778289377false4334003M2676 1365 C2657 1363 2615 1350 2615 1320 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 403.5948998021554 L 11 402.3333435058594 L 17.380887721185843 415.9084778289377false4334004M2380.5 1145 L2380.5 1195 L2430.5 1145 z10true184334005M2615 1725 C2615 1755 2615 1835 2615 1865 5false184334006M2720 1795 C2668 1804 2615 1835 2615 1865 5false184334007M2615 2170 C2615 2140 2615 1965 2615 1935 5false18trueM 70.94685504416483 490.261556296296 L 56 489 L 62.38088772118584 502.5751343230783false4334008M2510 2015 C2575 2011 2615 1965 2615 1935 5false18trueM 70.94685504416483 490.261556296296 L 56 489 L 62.38088772118584 502.5751343230783false4334009M2690 2010 C2654 2004 2615 1965 2615 1935 5false18trueM 70.94685504416483 490.261556296296 L 56 489 L 62.38088772118584 502.5751343230783false4334010M2615 2370 C2615 2400 2615 2410 2615 2440 83false184334011M2615 2605 C2615 2575 2615 2540 2615 2510 83false18trueM 122.94685504416483 1698.261556296296 L 108 1697 L 114.38088772118584 1710.5751343230784false4334012M2515 850 C2386 849 2071 850 1953 850 C1953 950 1951 1361 1950 1445 5false184334013M1830 1320 C1913 1314 1950 1415 1950 1445 5false184334014M1951 2170 C1951 2140 1950 1545 1950 1515 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 514.261556296296 L 11 513 L 17.380887721185843 526.5751343230784false4334015M1834 1610 C1898 1589 1950 1545 1950 1515 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 514.261556296296 L 11 513 L 17.380887721185843 526.5751343230784false4334016M2054 1605 C1993 1603 1950 1545 1950 1515 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 514.261556296296 L 11 513 L 17.380887721185843 526.5751343230784false4334017M2715 850 C2848 849 2981 849 3102 850 C3102 950 3100 2295 3100 2437 83false184334018M3100 2600 C3100 2570 3100 2537 3100 2507 83false18trueM 25.946855044164835 343.5948998021554 L 11 342.3333435058594 L 17.380887721185843 355.9084778289377false4334019M1951 2360 C1951 2390 1951 2410 1951 2440 83false184334020M1951 2600 C1951 2570 1951 2540 1951 2510 83false18trueM 233.61352679709452 1347.5949303197335 L 218.6666717529297 1346.3333740234375 L 225.04755947411553 1359.9085083465159false4334021M2615 2805 C2615 2835 2615 2918 2615 2948 5false18falsefalse4334022M1951 2790 C1951 2820 1951 2920 1951 2950 C2113 2946 3462 2954 3585 2950 5false18trueM 1545.3977750064241 2022.2781440706694 L 1560.3333740234375 2023.6666259765625 L 1554.0680351181293 2010.0377768541446false4334023M3100 2790 C3100 2820 3101 2922 3101 2952 5false18falsefalse4334402M3287 354 C3287 384 2837 169 2837 199 83true184334403M3722 1699 C3722 1669 3719 431 3719 401 C3611 400 3447 398 3375 400 83false18trueM 2812.9468550441647 37.26155629629604 L 2798 36 L 2804.380887721186 49.575134323078345false928292117828212806973377265131670344333995Left377265231670354333996Left377265331670364333997Left377265431670374333998Left377265531670384333999Right377265631670394334000Right377265731670404334001Right377265831670414334002Right377265931670424334003Right881258202450963934928293117828218986973377266031670384334005Left377266131670444334006Left377266231670454334007Right377266331670464334008Right377266431670474334009Right881259208445963935928294117828218979973377266531670344334012Left377266631670494334013Left377266731670504334014Right377266831670514334015Right377266931670524334016Right8812602084419639371056531456711782821255031668824333680Left21255131668834333681Right5078996384153841056691456811782821258231670334333993Left21258331670344333994Right5080396393353851056701457311782821258431670454334010Left21258531670484334011Right5080496393653901056711457411782821258631670344334017Left21258731670534334018Right5080596393853911056721457211782821258831670504334019Left21258931670544334020Right5080696393953891056841456511782821261231672924334402Left21261331672934334403Right11861011848211782814false3585291516regular11613931670484334021Left11614031670544334022Left11614131670534334023Left479697335003.13.101714919319347969833051802.82.80230292758479699436020930.90.9-9022780067547970033859573.43.4029200145479701200212343.13.1120290484497479756131925470.80.8021432686343479759351025951.41.402829240047979721871321.61.6021158025047981132243650.60.60221725610947981222253400.60.602218360360475322M124 728 C124 678 174 628 224 628 C1119 628 2283 628 3178 628 C3228 628 3278 678 3278 728 C3278 1227 3278 1877 3278 2376 C3278 2426 3228 2476 3178 2476 C2283 2476 1119 2476 224 2476 C174 2476 124 2426 124 2376 C124 1877 124 1227 124 728 1true63154.01848.0475354M2613 1008 C2613 1085 2607 2065 2609 2131 91false64.01123.0475355M1952 1010 C1953 1104 1949 2070 1949 2129 91false63.01119.0890843235Cytosol1502757201.61.620015890844235Hepatocyte583550201.91.920015890845235Intestinal Epithelial Cell44251344201.61.620015890885235Endoplasmic Reticulum20571785201.61.620015890899235IV administration2188235201.31.320015890900235Oral administration3151445201.31.3200152825363919177740951366500320783949087122825373534118095600330625044043211190428255111911927159610072989213139#FFEEDE413931124