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PW127238

Pw127238 View Pathway
disease

3-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid Dehydrogenase Deficiency

Homo sapiens
3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid dehydrogenase deficiency (3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria) is an extremely rare inborn error of metabolism (IEM), potentially caused by numerous mechanisms. It is currently thought to be autosomal recessively inherited. At least two cases of 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria were determined to be caused by a mutation in the ALDH6A1 gene, which encodes acylating methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. This enzyme converts 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate, CoA and water into propanoyl-CoA, using NAD+ as an oxidizing agent, and producing a hydrogen ion and hydrogencarbonate as byproducts. Other forms of 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria may be caused by a mutation in the gene encoding 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, which forms (S)-methylmalonic acid semialdehyde from (S)-3-hydroxyisobutyric acid. This mutation leads to an accumulation of (S)-3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, as no other processes in the pathway use it. 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria is characterized by elevated levels of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid excreted in the urine. Symptoms of the disorder include dysmorphic features, developmental delays and intellectual disabilities. Treatments are not currently well researched due to the rarity of the condition, but protein-restricted diets may be helpful. It is estimated that 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria affects less than 1 in 1,000,000 people, with only 12 cases having been reported by 2006.

PW122067

Pw122067 View Pathway
disease

3-Hydroxyisobutyric Aciduria

Rattus norvegicus
3-Hydroxyisobutyric aciduria, also called HIBA, is an extremely rare inherited inborn error of metabolism (IEM) of valine metabolism. Only 12-13 patients have been identified with this condition. It is an autosomal recessive disorder that may be caused, in some cases, by a defective aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 family member A1 (ALDH6A1) gene which codes for methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (MMSDH). MMSDH is a mitochondrial methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase that plays a role in the valine and pyrimidine catabolism. This protein catalyzes the irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of malonate and methylmalonate semialdehydes to acetyl- and propionyl-CoA. Another possible cause of the disorder is a mutation in 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate into methylmalonic semialdehyde, or in the conversion of the semialdehyde to propionyl-CoA. Individuals with this disorder have very high levels of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid secreted in their urine. Other indications of organic acidemia are also present. Signs and symptoms of 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria include developmental delay, dysmorphic facial features, and brain abnormalities. The excretion of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid in the urine can range from 170 to 390 mmol/mol of creatinine. Concentrations of free carnitine are also low, and esterified carnitine can be elevated in patients. Protein-restricted diets and carnitine supplementation have been tried with varying degrees of success.

PW121843

Pw121843 View Pathway
disease

3-Hydroxyisobutyric Aciduria

Mus musculus
3-Hydroxyisobutyric aciduria, also called HIBA, is an extremely rare inherited inborn error of metabolism (IEM) of valine metabolism. Only 12-13 patients have been identified with this condition. It is an autosomal recessive disorder that may be caused, in some cases, by a defective aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 family member A1 (ALDH6A1) gene which codes for methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (MMSDH). MMSDH is a mitochondrial methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase that plays a role in the valine and pyrimidine catabolism. This protein catalyzes the irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of malonate and methylmalonate semialdehydes to acetyl- and propionyl-CoA. Another possible cause of the disorder is a mutation in 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate into methylmalonic semialdehyde, or in the conversion of the semialdehyde to propionyl-CoA. Individuals with this disorder have very high levels of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid secreted in their urine. Other indications of organic acidemia are also present. Signs and symptoms of 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria include developmental delay, dysmorphic facial features, and brain abnormalities. The excretion of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid in the urine can range from 170 to 390 mmol/mol of creatinine. Concentrations of free carnitine are also low, and esterified carnitine can be elevated in patients. Protein-restricted diets and carnitine supplementation have been tried with varying degrees of success.

PW000498

Pw000498 View Pathway
disease

3-Hydroxyisobutyric Aciduria

Homo sapiens
3-Hydroxyisobutyric aciduria, also called HIBA, is an extremely rare inherited inborn error of metabolism (IEM) of valine metabolism. Only 12-13 patients have been identified with this condition. It is an autosomal recessive disorder that may be caused, in some cases, by a defective aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 family member A1 (ALDH6A1) gene which codes for methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (MMSDH). MMSDH is a mitochondrial methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase that plays a role in the valine and pyrimidine catabolism. This protein catalyzes the irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of malonate and methylmalonate semialdehydes to acetyl- and propionyl-CoA. Another possible cause of the disorder is a mutation in 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate into methylmalonic semialdehyde, or in the conversion of the semialdehyde to propionyl-CoA. Individuals with this disorder have very high levels of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid secreted in their urine. Other indications of organic acidemia are also present. Signs and symptoms of 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria include developmental delay, dysmorphic facial features, and brain abnormalities. The excretion of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid in the urine can range from 170 to 390 mmol/mol of creatinine. Concentrations of free carnitine are also low, and esterified carnitine can be elevated in patients. Protein-restricted diets and carnitine supplementation have been tried with varying degrees of success.

PW127239

Pw127239 View Pathway
disease

3-Hydroxyisobutyric Aciduria

Homo sapiens
3-Hydroxyisobutyric aciduria, also called HIBA, is an extremely rare inherited inborn error of metabolism (IEM) of valine metabolism. Only 12-13 patients have been identified with this condition. It is an autosomal recessive disorder that may be caused, in some cases, by a defective aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 family member A1 (ALDH6A1) gene which codes for methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (MMSDH). MMSDH is a mitochondrial methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase that plays a role in the valine and pyrimidine catabolism. This protein catalyzes the irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of malonate and methylmalonate semialdehydes to acetyl- and propionyl-CoA. Another possible cause of the disorder is a mutation in 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate into methylmalonic semialdehyde, or in the conversion of the semialdehyde to propionyl-CoA. Individuals with this disorder have very high levels of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid secreted in their urine. Other indications of organic acidemia are also present. Signs and symptoms of 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria include developmental delay, dysmorphic facial features, and brain abnormalities. The excretion of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid in the urine can range from 170 to 390 mmol/mol of creatinine. Concentrations of free carnitine are also low, and esterified carnitine can be elevated in patients. Protein-restricted diets and carnitine supplementation have been tried with varying degrees of success.

PW121918

Pw121918 View Pathway
disease

3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA Carboxylase Deficiency Type I

Rattus norvegicus
3-Methylcrotonyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase Deficiency Type I also called 3-MCC Deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism (IEM) and is the result of defective pair of genes. More specifically defects in genes MCCC1 and MCCC2 cause 3-MCC Deficiency. 3-MCC has a very important role in protein metabolism in the body. In particular, the said enzyme is pivotal in one of the many steps which constitute the breakdown of leucine. Mutations in the aforementioned genes leads to a reduction in the activity of 3-MCC. As would naturally be expected, this causes the body to be unable to uptake and breakdown leucine properly. Consequently, this leads to the build up of toxic byproducts which are not processed as the breakdown of leucine is left incomplete. If these toxic byproducts manifest themselves in sufficiently high levels they can be very harmful, damaging the brain and nervous system. Symptoms include recurring episodes of vomiting and diarrhea, lethargy, hypotonia, seizures, and coma.

PW121692

Pw121692 View Pathway
disease

3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA Carboxylase Deficiency Type I

Mus musculus
3-Methylcrotonyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase Deficiency Type I also called 3-MCC Deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism (IEM) and is the result of defective pair of genes. More specifically defects in genes MCCC1 and MCCC2 cause 3-MCC Deficiency. 3-MCC has a very important role in protein metabolism in the body. In particular, the said enzyme is pivotal in one of the many steps which constitute the breakdown of leucine. Mutations in the aforementioned genes leads to a reduction in the activity of 3-MCC. As would naturally be expected, this causes the body to be unable to uptake and breakdown leucine properly. Consequently, this leads to the build up of toxic byproducts which are not processed as the breakdown of leucine is left incomplete. If these toxic byproducts manifest themselves in sufficiently high levels they can be very harmful, damaging the brain and nervous system. Symptoms include recurring episodes of vomiting and diarrhea, lethargy, hypotonia, seizures, and coma.

PW127227

Pw127227 View Pathway
disease

3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA Carboxylase Deficiency Type I

Homo sapiens
3-Methylcrotonyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase Deficiency Type I also called 3-MCC Deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism (IEM) and is the result of defective pair of genes. More specifically defects in genes MCCC1 and MCCC2 cause 3-MCC Deficiency. 3-MCC has a very important role in protein metabolism in the body. In particular, the said enzyme is pivotal in one of the many steps which constitute the breakdown of leucine. Mutations in the aforementioned genes leads to a reduction in the activity of 3-MCC. As would naturally be expected, this causes the body to be unable to uptake and breakdown leucine properly. Consequently, this leads to the build up of toxic byproducts which are not processed as the breakdown of leucine is left incomplete. If these toxic byproducts manifest themselves in sufficiently high levels they can be very harmful, damaging the brain and nervous system. Symptoms include recurring episodes of vomiting and diarrhea, lethargy, hypotonia, seizures, and coma.

PW000065

Pw000065 View Pathway
disease

3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA Carboxylase Deficiency Type I

Homo sapiens
3-Methylcrotonyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase Deficiency Type I also called 3-MCC Deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism (IEM) and is the result of defective pair of genes. More specifically defects in genes MCCC1 and MCCC2 cause 3-MCC Deficiency. 3-MCC has a very important role in protein metabolism in the body. In particular, the said enzyme is pivotal in one of the many steps which constitute the breakdown of leucine. Mutations in the aforementioned genes leads to a reduction in the activity of 3-MCC. As would naturally be expected, this causes the body to be unable to uptake and breakdown leucine properly. Consequently, this leads to the build up of toxic byproducts which are not processed as the breakdown of leucine is left incomplete. If these toxic byproducts manifest themselves in sufficiently high levels they can be very harmful, damaging the brain and nervous system. Symptoms include recurring episodes of vomiting and diarrhea, lethargy, hypotonia, seizures, and coma.

PW000066

Pw000066 View Pathway
disease

3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type I

Homo sapiens
3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 1 (3-Methylglutaconicaciduria; Aciduria, 3-methylglutaconic type I) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a mutation in the AUH gene which codes for methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase. A deficiency in this enzyme results in accumulation of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid, 3-methylglutaconic acid, and methylglutaric acid in urine. Symptoms include hypoglycemia, low birth weight, coma, seizures, and mental retardation. Treatment includes a low protein diet.