203PathwayCilostazol Action PathwayCilostazol, also sold as Pletal, is a drug used to prevent platelet aggregation, specifically treating symptoms of intermittent claudication caused by peripheral artery disease as well as preventing strokes.
Cilostazol is ingested orally, and it enters the liver, where it is metabolized in the endoplasmic reticulum by cytochrome P450 3A4 into 4-hydroxycilostazol, and by cytochrome P450 2C19 and 3A5 into 4-cis-hydroxycilostazol. Each of these metabolites is further metabolized, 4-hydroxycilostazol into 3,4-dehydrocilostazol and 4-cis-hydroxycilostazol into 4'-trans-hydroxycilostazol respectively. These two metabolites are the active metabolites, and they both act to inhibit the action of cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D in platelets. With this enzyme inhibited, it is unable to metabolize cAMP into AMP, which leads to a buildup of cAMP in the blood. cAMP in turn is known to prevent aggregation of platelets, by inhibiting their adhesion to collagen, as well as decreasing the amount of calcium within the cytosol, preventing granule release, which then prevents activation of other platelets.Drug ActionPW000289TopPathwayVisualizationContext30520003000#000099PathwayVisualization209203Cilostazol PathwayCilostazol, also sold as Pletal, is a drug used to prevent platelet aggregation, specifically treating symptoms of intermittent claudication caused by peripheral artery disease as well as preventing strokes.
Cilostazol is ingested orally, and it enters the liver, where it is metabolized in the endoplasmic reticulum by cytochrome P450 3A4 into 4-hydroxycilostazol, and by cytochrome P450 2C19 and 3A5 into 4-cis-hydroxycilostazol. Each of these metabolites is further metabolized, 4-hydroxycilostazol into 3,4-dehydrocilostazol and 4-cis-hydroxycilostazol into 4'-trans-hydroxycilostazol respectively. These two metabolites are the active metabolites, and they both act to inhibit the action of cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D in platelets. With this enzyme inhibited, it is unable to metabolize cAMP into AMP, which leads to a buildup of cAMP in the blood. cAMP in turn is known to prevent aggregation of platelets, by inhibiting their adhesion to collagen, as well as decreasing the amount of calcium within the cytosol, preventing granule release, which then prevents activation of other platelets.Drug189218520712Jennings LK, Saucedo JF: Antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents: key differences in mechanisms of action, clinical application, and therapeutic benefit in patients with non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2008 Jul;23(4):302-8. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0b013e3283021ad9.203Pathway8934074426Kimura Y, Tani T, Kanbe T, Watanabe K: Effect of cilostazol on platelet aggregation and experimental thrombosis. Arzneimittelforschung. 1985;35(7A):1144-9.203Pathway28031516275169Goto S: Cilostazol: potential mechanism of action for antithrombotic effects accompanied by a low rate of bleeding. Atheroscler Suppl. 2005 Dec 15;6(4):3-11. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2005.09.002. Epub 2005 Nov 4.203Pathway28031617646278Hiratsuka M, Hinai Y, Sasaki T, Konno Y, Imagawa K, Ishikawa M, Mizugaki M: Characterization of human cytochrome p450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of cilostazol. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Oct;35(10):1730-2. doi: 10.1124/dmd.107.016758. Epub 2007 Jul 23.203Pathway2Platelet CL:00002331CellCL:00000005HepatocyteCL:00001823NeuronCL:00005404Cardiomyocyte CL:00007467Epithelial CellCL:00000661Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia415Plasmodium falciparum5833Eukaryote7Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:00057895CytoplasmGO:00057371CytosolGO:00058294PeroxisomeGO:00057772MitochondrionGO:000573920Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578813Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:00057836LysosomeGO:00057648Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum GO:000579010Cell MembraneGO:00058863Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575916Lysosomal LumenGO:004320212Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574311Extracellular SpaceGO:000561535ChloroplastGO:000950718Melanosome MembraneGO:003316225Golgi apparatusGO:000579414Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574121SynapseGO:004520215NucleusGO:000563431Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562036MembraneGO:001602053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032540PeriplasmGO:004259724Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575832Inner MembraneGO:00702582Endothelium BTO:00003931LiverBTO:00007597298Blood VesselBTO:0001102741128StomachBTO:0001307155267Nervous SystemBTO:00014845cardiocyteBTO:00015394Adrenal MedullaBTO:000004971825IntestineBTO:000064811HeartBTO:0000562731016212PW_BS000016101711PW_BS0000108511PW_BS0000082111PW_BS0000025411PW_BS0000053211PW_BS00000349711PW_BS0000493612011PW_BS000036181311PW_BS00001829111PW_BS0000299611PW_BS000009111811PW_BS000011261115PW_BS00002614101PW_BS0000144311PW_BS000004311511PW_BS0000312811611PW_BS000028951721PW_BS0000951231751PW_BS0001231251351PW_BS00012512915121PW_BS00012914117191PW_BS00014178811PW_BS00007811PW_BS000001151141PW_BS0001511601181PW_BS0001601613181PW_BS0001612137181PW_BS0000241985181PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS0000241644PW_BS00016429817101PW_BS00002430013101PW_BS000024171211PW_BS00001729341PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS0000241115121PW_BS00011113013121PW_BS0001303317121PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS0000281151012PW_BS0001153361121PW_BS0000283344121PW_BS0000281333121PW_BS0001331321121PW_BS0001321122121PW_BS00011213412121PW_BS000134405105PW_BS000115408451PW_BS000115407251PW_BS000115383751PW_BS000100429151PW_BS000115124151PW_BS000124122551PW_BS000122406351PW_BS0001153841251PW_BS0001003761017PW_BS00005344717171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS0001363744171PW_BS0000531192171PW_BS0001193987171PW_BS0001134641171PW_BS0001151181171PW_BS0001181355171PW_BS0001351203171PW_BS00012012112171PW_BS0001214824101PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS0000242975101PW_BS0000244957101PW_BS0001154793101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS000115502461PW_BS000115206261PW_BS000024388161PW_BS000112205561PW_BS0000243951361PW_BS000113390761PW_BS000112501361PW_BS0001153911261PW_BS00011215111PW_BS0000155181PW_BS000051682512PW_BS0000687028511PW_BS000070117131PW_BS000117103331PW_BS00010316611PW_BS000166226441PW_BS0000242905491PW_BS0000242253541PW_BS0000241141112PW_BS000114409115PW_BS0001151371117PW_BS0001374831110PW_BS000115208116PW_BS000024397113PW_BS000039215114PW_BS000021184121PW_BS00002413121PW_BS000013204111PW_BS000020331811PW_BS000033541315PW_BS000054432511PW_BS0000432441011PW_BS000024221411PW_BS00002260251PW_BS00006046114PW_BS00004672513PW_BS000072612517PW_BS0000613772113PW_BS00003793252011PW_BS00009327151PW_BS000027711PW_BS000007971521PW_BS000097100521PW_BS000100943PW_BS000094105113PW_BS0001051136121PW_BS000113110231PW_BS000110126651PW_BS00012612711651PW_BS00012710813PW_BS0001086131PW_BS000006140103PW_BS000140101531PW_BS00010114315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS000146107313PW_BS0001071471241PW_BS0001471553241PW_BS0001551572241PW_BS0001571632181PW_BS00016315924PW_BS0001591783211PW_BS0001781802211PW_BS00018015284PW_BS000152188118PW_BS000024207661PW_BS00002421425181PW_BS0000242156181PW_BS0000242164181PW_BS00002421013181PW_BS00002421217181PW_BS000024222341PW_BS000024224241PW_BS0000241901118PW_BS00002417018PW_BS00017016212181PW_BS0001622771218PW_BS0000242811251PW_BS0000242851041PW_BS0000242863641PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS00002465111PW_BS0000652916491PW_BS0000242924491PW_BS0000243016101PW_BS000024302116101PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS000024315123PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS000024253541PW_BS0000243331212PW_BS000028337116121PW_BS00002834141121PW_BS00002834318121PW_BS00002834713125PW_BS00002832914121PW_BS0000283522512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS00002835625121PW_BS000028360410121PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS0000283702601PW_BS000028228361PW_BS000024232403PW_BS000024412125PW_BS0001154151851PW_BS0001154141551PW_BS0001154251355PW_BS0001154192551PW_BS00011543441051PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS000100436255PW_BS0001154436171PW_BS0001154461217PW_BS000115448116171PW_BS00011545118171PW_BS00011545015171PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS000115469410171PW_BS00011539914171PW_BS0001134712517PW_BS00011547225177PW_BS0001154781010PW_BS00011548718101PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS00011548414101PW_BS000115209106PW_BS0000245041861PW_BS0001155072561PW_BS00011551541061PW_BS0001153891461PW_BS0001125131761PW_BS0001153211515PW_BS000032892PW_BS0000891041431PW_BS00010419914181PW_BS000024422411PW_BS0000421873118PW_BS000024219314PW_BS00002422014PW_BS0000241951318PW_BS0000243125231PW_BS0000243201123PW_BS00002432711125PW_BS00002834524121PW_BS000028310312PW_BS00002430412PW_BS000024109323PW_BS0001094241155PW_BS0001154182451PW_BS00011545911175PW_BS00011545424171PW_BS00011548924101PW_BS0001155062461PW_BS00011561517151PW_BS0005037051012PW_BS0005129580CilostazolHMDB0015297Cilostazol is a medication used in the alleviation of the symptom of intermittent claudication in individuals with peripheral vascular disease. It is manufactured by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. under the trade name Pletal. Although drugs similar to cilostazol have increased the risk of death in patients with congestive heart failure, studies of significant size have not addressed people without the disease. [Wikipedia]73963-72-12754314012652DB01166O=C1CCC2=C(N1)C=CC(OCCCCC1=NN=NN1C1CCCCC1)=C2C20H27N5O2InChI=1S/C20H27N5O2/c26-20-12-9-15-14-17(10-11-18(15)21-20)27-13-5-4-8-19-22-23-24-25(19)16-6-2-1-3-7-16/h10-11,14,16H,1-9,12-13H2,(H,21,26)RRGUKTPIGVIEKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N6-[4-(1-cyclohexyl-1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one369.4607369.216475133-4.061cilostazol00Cilostazolum [inn-latin];Cilostazole;3,4-dihydro-6-(4-(1-cyclohexyl-1h-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy)-2(1h)-quinolinone;6-(4-(1-cyclohexyl-1h-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy)-3,4-dihydro-2(1h)-quinolinone;6-(4-(1-cyclohexyl-1h-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy)-3,4-dihydrocarbostyril;6-[4-(1-cyclohexyl-1h-tetrazol-5-yl)-butoxy]-3,4-dihydro-1h-quinolin-2-one;CilostazolumPW_C009580Cilosta2992161048044-Hydroxycilostazol93632-84-910045635OC1CC(O)=NC2=C1C=C(OCCCCC1=NN=NN1C1CCCCC1)C=C2C20H27N5O3InChI=1S/C20H27N5O3/c26-18-13-20(27)21-17-10-9-15(12-16(17)18)28-11-5-4-8-19-22-23-24-25(19)14-6-2-1-3-7-14/h9-10,12,14,18,26H,1-8,11,13H2,(H,21,27)FCWDVHXHKQJPQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N6-[4-(1-cyclohexyl-1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy]-3,4-dihydroquinoline-2,4-diol385.468385.211389749-3.4926-[4-(1-cyclohexyl-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy]-3,4-dihydroquinoline-2,4-diol002(1H)-Quinolinone, 6-(4-(1-cyclohexyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy)-3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-;OPC-13326;UNII-WSU6LPA0KSPW_C1048044Hclio1799HemeHMDB0003178Heme is the color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. A heme or haem is a prosthetic group that consists of an iron atom contained in the center of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin. Not all porphyrins contain iron, but a substantial fraction of porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic subunit; these are known as hemoproteins.14875-96-8C0003217627HEME_A24604415DB02577CC1=C(CCC(O)=O)C2=CC3=[N+]4C(=CC5=C(C)C(C=C)=C6C=C7C(C)=C(C=C)C8=[N+]7[Fe--]4(N2C1=C8)N56)C(C)=C3CCC(O)=OC34H32FeN4O4InChI=1S/C34H34N4O4.Fe/c1-7-21-17(3)25-13-26-19(5)23(9-11-33(39)40)31(37-26)16-32-24(10-12-34(41)42)20(6)28(38-32)15-30-22(8-2)18(4)27(36-30)14-29(21)35-25;/h7-8,13-16H,1-2,9-12H2,3-6H3,(H4,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42);/q;+2/p-2/b25-13-,26-13-,27-14-,28-15-,29-14-,30-15-,31-16-,32-16-;KABFMIBPWCXCRK-RGGAHWMASA-L4,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide616.487616.177297665-5.4824,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide0-2FDB016272(protoporphyrinato)iron;Ferroheme;Ferroheme b;Ferroprotoheme;Ferroprotoporphyrin;Ferroprotoporphyrin ix;Ferrous protoheme;Ferrous protoheme ix;Haem;Hem;Heme;Iron protoporphyrin;Iron protoporphyrin ix;Iron(ii) protoporphyrin ix;Protoferroheme;Protohaem;Protoheme;Protoheme ix;Reduced hematinPW_C001799Heme2471630810324860827665124431354491413361963182806292938932381133672634211437344404331482328517095547212354851255517129583014162467862831659715170441607060161732621311835198118982111206516413009298130213004227817769152937693124977351111773641307736733177398332775171157762933677813334783801337860213278963112799321341204314051206034081209554071210853831216584291217461241219101221225704061226913841230653761231334471231441361232283741235211191236503981242164641242971181244631351251421201252771211257424821258964811261962991264992971265124951267184791268274801272245021273572061276323881280702051280833951280863901283095011284343911048054-cis-Hydroxy cilostazol87153-06-8O[C@H]1CC[C@H](CC1)N1N=NN=C1CCCCOC1=CC2=C(NC(=O)CC2)C=C1C20H27N5O3InChI=1S/C20H27N5O3/c26-16-7-5-15(6-8-16)25-19(22-23-24-25)3-1-2-12-28-17-9-10-18-14(13-17)4-11-20(27)21-18/h9-10,13,15-16,26H,1-8,11-12H2,(H,21,27)/t15-,16+KFXNZXLUGHLDBB-IYBDPMFKSA-N6-(4-{1-[(1s,4s)-4-hydroxycyclohexyl]-1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl}butoxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one385.468385.211389749-3.3026-(4-{1-[(1s,4s)-4-hydroxycyclohexyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl}butoxy)-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinolin-2-one00OPC-13217;3,4-dihydro-6-[4-[1-(trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]butoxy]-2-(1H)-QuinolinonePW_C1048054cishc1048063,4-Dehydrocilostazol73963-62-910021885O=C1NC2=CC=C(OCCCCC3=NN=NN3C3CCCCC3)C=C2C=C1C20H25N5O2InChI=1S/C20H25N5O2/c26-20-12-9-15-14-17(10-11-18(15)21-20)27-13-5-4-8-19-22-23-24-25(19)16-6-2-1-3-7-16/h9-12,14,16H,1-8,13H2,(H,21,26)GHALECSGOJQOHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N6-[4-(1-cyclohexyl-1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy]-1,2-dihydroquinolin-2-one367.453367.200825065-4.2716-[4-(1-cyclohexyl-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy]-1H-quinolin-2-one00OPC-13015PW_C10480634dehy1048074'-trans-Hydroxycilostazol87153-04-610022985OC1CCC(CC1)N1N=NN=C1CCCCOC1=CC=C2NC(=O)CCC2=C1C20H27N5O3InChI=1S/C20H27N5O3/c26-16-7-5-15(6-8-16)25-19(22-23-24-25)3-1-2-12-28-17-9-10-18-14(13-17)4-11-20(27)21-18/h9-10,13,15-16,26H,1-8,11-12H2,(H,21,27)KFXNZXLUGHLDBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N6-{4-[1-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl]butoxy}-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one385.468385.211389749-3.3026-{4-[1-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl]butoxy}-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinolin-2-one00142MZU1X6Q;4''-trans-Hydroxy Cilostazol;4'-trans-Hydroxy Cilostazol;OPC-13217;HL83KWZ4LH;PW_C1048074'T-HC1005Zinc (II) ionHMDB0001303Zinc is an essential element, necessary for sustaining all life.Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is estimated that 3000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in the human body contain zinc prosthetic groups. In addition, there are over a dozen types of cells in the human body that secrete zinc ions, and the roles of these secreted zinc signals in medicine and health are now being actively studied. Intriguingly, brain cells in the mammalian forebrain are one type of cell that secretes zinc, along with its other neuronal messenger substances. Cells in the salivary gland, prostate, immune system and intestine are other types that secrete zinc. Obtaining a sufficient zinc intake during pregnancy and in young children is a problem, especially among those who cannot afford a good and varied diet. Brain development is stunted by zinc deficiency in utero and in youth. Zinc is an activator of certain enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase is important in the transport of carbon dioxide in vertebrate blood. Even though zinc is an essential requirement for a healthy body, too much zinc can be harmful. Excessive absorption of zinc can also suppress copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish. The Free Ion Activity Model (FIAM) is well-established in the literature, and shows that just micromolar amounts of the free ion kills some organisms.23713-49-7C000383205129105ZN%2b229723DB01593[Zn++]ZnInChI=1S/Zn/q+2PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-Nzinc(2+) ion65.40963.9291465780zinc(2+) ion22FDB003729Zinc;Zinc ion;Dietary zinc;Zinc cation;Zinc, ion (zn2+);Zn(ii);Zn(2+);Zn2+PW_C001005Zinc1323841188271165291529575130446831202931477054101175425103543411854591205560132558513355981357449166117871981246622612724290133211517696722577401111775801147792933680400112002012412003540612006012212044140912125742912307513712382746412539829912541347912543829712568548312693838812695350112697620512718020841cAMPHMDB0000058cAMP or cyclic AMP is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase.60-92-4C00575607617489CAMP5851DB02527NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@@H]2COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2[C@H]1OC10H12N5O6PInChI=1S/C10H12N5O6P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-6(16)7-4(20-10)1-19-22(17,18)21-7/h2-4,6-7,10,16H,1H2,(H,17,18)(H2,11,12,13)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-KQYNXXCUSA-N(4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-6-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxy-hexahydro-2lambda5-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-2-one329.2059329.052519653-1.963(4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-6-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxy-tetrahydro-4H-2lambda5-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-2-one0-1FDB001497Cyclic AMP;3'5'-cyclic amp;6-(6-amino-9h-purin-9-yl)tetrahydro-4h-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2,7-diol 2-oxide;Acrasin;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate;Adenosine 3,5'-cyclic monophosphorate;Adenosine 3,5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid;Adenosine cyclic monophosphate;Adenosine cyclic-monophosphate;Adenosine-cyclic-phosphate;Adenosine-cyclic-phosphoric-acid;Cyclic 3',5'-amp;Cyclic 3',5'-adenylate;Cyclic 3',5'-adenylic acid;Cyclic amp;Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-phosphate;Camp;Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate;Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate;Cyclic adenylic acid;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphoric acid;Adenosine 3',5'-phosphoric acid;Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphoric acid;Cyclic adenylatePW_C000041cAMP26716475293539100021191684174141183019878709111800441841219041221244571351420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O558949109513941513162144811352615624286521069120770338231883821094311377491465541590432018242532222678602727462778172805293143703164723634614598364727374941935030275156751959752141005227945236103529710553191115343113535511254021105470123548312554921265507127553413055371145541129559113556081185622108569165759140577810158411435853146587710758909559101475940151603215560591576087161612316361331596215162181666477178650718066001526713117684018868881607162205718120771932067211211722821372382147243215729519873502167388210740121274672227492224750019075881708201225823722684141629265261185027711922164120112811221328512250286122642871232724912520227126326512693290127052911271529213007298130193001302530113037302132612231332729415340308423273154269531843691322769142937701925377102132771311337721513477378331773973327747133377516115775363347762833677722337777593417781634377982347780713297823535278242353782703567911336080014368800393708059122880656119938303839479438411055739011063939111584439811987923211991512211996340612000840712004640812011312412036541212043040512043840912060641512079441412115842512124042912135112112138141912160743412211838212238443612275312012279737412280444312301244612306437612307213712313144712314213612316244812323145112338445012373046012381046412394045512416546912467039912493847112494547212530529712535347912538648112542448212548029912568248312570747812574548712605449012623849512627348412676448012689650112696350212701738812717720812719920912722750412750650712757651512783638912808239512817651332Adenosine monophosphateHMDB0000045Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.61-19-8C00020608316027AMP5858DB00131NC1=C2N=CN([C@@H]3O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)C2=NC=N1C10H14N5O7PInChI=1S/C10H14N5O7P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(22-10)1-21-23(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1UDMBCSSLTHHNCD-KQYNXXCUSA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}phosphonic acid347.2212347.063084339-2.025adenylate0-2DBMET00485FDB0218065'-amp;5'-adenosine monophosphate;5'-adenylate;5'-adenylic acid;Amp;Adenosine 5'-monophosphate;Adenosine 5'-phosphate;Adenosine 5'-phosphorate;Adenosine 5'-phosphoric acid;Adenosine phosphate;Adenosine-5'-monophosphorate;Adenosine-5'-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-5-monophosphorate;Adenosine-5-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-monophosphate;Adenosine-phosphate;Adenovite;Adenylate;Adenylic acid;Cardiomone;Lycedan;Muscle adenylate;Muscle adenylic acid;My-b-den;My-beta-den;Phosaden;Phosphaden;Phosphentaside;5'-o-phosphonoadenosine;Adenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate);Adenosine monophosphate;Adenosine-5'p;Adenosini phosphas;Ado5'p;Fosfato de adenosina;Pa;Pado;Phosphate d'adenosine;5'-adenosine monophosphoric acid;Adenosine phosphoric acid;Adenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphoric acid);Adenosine 5'-monophosphoric acid;Adenosine monophosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-monophosphate;Phosphoric acid d'adenosinePW_C000032AMP11234462827016734328812211891445725486754503389525110454081175423103543211854571205558132558313357791015795108697719970721881178919811868161119881511200322212580226126363112694290133312254226634264631577234329773251117839233478809115793201128039918068413580900711991612212001612412003140612024638212088840512195440812292039912346437612450737412530629712539429912540947912559648412685320512693438812694950112712438912731120912771150240034Hydrogen IonHMDB0059597Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [WikiPedia])C000801038153781010[H+]HInChI=1S/p+1GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-Nhydron1.00791.0078250320hydron10H+;H(+);Hydrogen cation;Hydron;ProtonPW_C040034H+215467087531578831848311162146326146454223149278017425022425442454710457618469470524110353271115353112562610856391075699100572010557421175963147603715560701576093161613015962321666483178660115266921016843188691018771001637168205719120674532197454220747222275252137532210755821275721607590170819522582181518243226841316284202249139195915524911915164120152811218128512246286122662871252122713257223133252941533030842329315423543184240132242405312424543207691229377136133772101347737233177804114779551327799032777991347783793457992913080019368803873108038830480722119938231249482338311055038811285594113280390115537398115539118115856336116205109119973406120193407120549122120593409121170424121171425122569418122615384122687125122758120123183135123218137123742459123743460125141454125188121125273136125359479125550481125730483125736297125809299126517495126717489126766480126823300126902501127213208128308506128361391128430395956Cytochrome P450 3A4P08684Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide.
HMDBP01018CYP3A47q21.1M1890711.14.13.-; 1.14.13.157; 1.14.13.32; 1.14.13.67; 1.14.13.972933293272232901033682640453145771851749513569861513600033213601749136018331975Cytochrome P450 2C19P33261Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine.
HMDBP01038CYP2C1910q24L3910211.14.13.-; 1.14.13.80; 1.14.13.48; 1.14.13.49328910335829342414373826379524047311362101813621249136569361442Cytochrome P450 3A5P20815Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
HMDBP01554CYP3A57q21.1CH23695611.14.14.1293429327323369263436104044314590184339549135699615136001332603cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DQ08499Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes.
HMDBP00636PDE4D5q12BC00839013.1.4.53272161917830456880401113700651730Cytochrome P450 3A41PW_P000730824956132517991292910809Cytochrome P450 2C191PW_P000809931975134817991731Cytochrome P450 3A51PW_P000731825144213261799129301069cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D1PW_P000069836034110051180350PW_R180350Right68098195801Compoundfalse6809821048041Compoundfalse170206730180351PW_R180351Right68098395801Compoundfalse6809841048051Compoundfalse170207731170208809180352PW_R180352Right6809851048041Compoundfalse6809861048061Compoundfalse180353PW_R180353Both6809871048051Compoundfalse6809881048071Compoundfalse180360falsePW_R180360Right681014411Compoundfalse68101514201Compoundfalse681016321Compoundfalse681017400341Compoundfalse170215692946InhibitionPW_I0029465891104806Compound1589269ProteinComplex12947InhibitionPW_I0029475893104807Compound1589469ProteinComplex16131958016157false46572010regular2001902686372104804103false105576010regular10011026863731799109false81076710regular100252686374104805103false515114510regular10011026863751799109false43596510regular1002526863761799109false59596510regular100252686377104806103false105598010regular1001102686378104807103false810114510regular10011026863791005519false1660114510regular100252686407417053false166099210regular1001002686408142070549false1525102310regular787826864093270544false1683132210regular503026864104003470555false1523129310regular7878951721956102false7857828subunitregular15070951722975102false4109808subunitregular150709517231442102false5709808subunitregular15070951725603516false163011608subunitregular16080805759730209109474999517213690426863733673309Cofactor805760809209109475009517223690526863753673312Cofactor805761731209109475019517233690626863763673313Cofactor80576369209519475039517253690726863793673321Cofactor3673307M665 815 C695 815 755 817 785 817 5false183673308M1055 815 C1025 815 965 817 935 817 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false3673309M565 362.5 L565 412.5 L615 362.5 z10true183673310M565 910 C565 940 395 572.5 395 602.5 5true183673311M565 1145 C565 1115 565 940 565 910 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false3673312M255 555 L255 605 L305 555 z10true183673313M425 555 L425 605 L475 555 z10true183673314M1105 870 C1105 900 935 507.5 935 537.5 5true183673315M1105 980 C1105 950 1105 900 1105 870 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 180.26155629629605 L 11 179 L 17.380887721185843 192.57513432307834false3673316M615 1200 C645 1200 660 1200 690 1200 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 180.26155629629605 L 11 179 L 17.380887721185843 192.57513432307834false3673317M810 1200 C780 1200 720 1200 690 1200 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 180.26155629629605 L 11 179 L 17.380887721185843 192.57513432307834false3673320M1105 1090 C1105 1120 935 758.75 935 788.75 148true183673321M1640 1140 L1640 1190 L1690 1140 z10true183673322M1630 1200 C1605 1200 1136 1200 1105 1200 C1105 1180 1105 1120 1105 1090 148false18falsetrueM 19.565967322978995 166.6864219732177 L 11 179 L 2.4340326770210066 191.31357802678233673336M910 1200 C940 1200 760 795 790 795 148true183673337M1630 1200 C1600 1200 952 1200 910 1200 148false18falsetrueM 19.565967322978995 166.6864219732177 L 11 179 L 2.4340326770210066 191.31357802678233673361M1710 1092 C1710 1122 1710 1130 1710 1160 5false183673362M1564 1101 C1601 1101 1710 1130 1710 1160 5false183673363M1708 1322 C1708 1292 1710 1270 1710 1240 5false18trueM 208.94685504416483 94.26155629629604 L 194 93 L 200.38088772118584 106.57513432307834false3673364M1562 1293 C1594 1293 1710 1270 1710 1240 5false18trueM 208.94685504416483 94.26155629629604 L 194 93 L 200.38088772118584 106.57513432307834false79986620918035010323205361313673307Left323205426863723673308Right75538317020680575979986720918035110323205561313673310Left323205626863743673311Right75538417020880576075538517020780576179986820918035210323205726863723673314Left323205826863773673315Right79986920918035310323205926863743673316Left323206026863783673317Right799878209180360705323209326864073673361Left323209426864083673362Left323209526864093673363Right323209626864103673364Right7553931702158057637917294620951197926863773673320Left93598057633673322Right7918294720951198026863783673336Left93608057633673337Right784741440201.01.002115802501871154656621.01.0-9023280360187116585521.31.3029200145187117200312100.80.8180245750433693M285 418 C285 368 335 318 385 318 C627 318 942 318 1184 318 C1234 318 1284 368 1284 418 C1284 676 1284 1012 1284 1270 C1284 1320 1234 1370 1184 1370 C942 1370 627 1370 385 1370 C335 1370 285 1320 285 1270 C285 1012 285 676 285 418 1true6999.01052.0369983M565 817 C565 863 566 1237 566 1292 91false61.0475.0369984M544 816 C590 816 1173 815 1208 815 91false6664.01.071515Platelet Cell1620860201.01.01601545117215Endoplasmic Reticulum985650201.31.31601545117315Cytosol939312201.61.616015361630513369678120912934#FFEEDE4840615180712656132237271132714194410901148180713163914413704492058141144688962