114PathwayIbuprofen Metabolism PathwayIbuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for its analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. Like most NSAIDs, ibuprofen is a non-selective inhibitor of prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2, better known as cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 or simply COX-1 and -2. COX catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to a number of prostaglandins involved in fever, pain, swelling, inflammation, and platelet aggregation. Ibuprofen antagonizes COX by binding to the upper portion of the active site, preventing its substrate, arachidonic acid, from entering the active site. The analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of ibuprofen occurs as a result of decreased prostaglandin synthesis. Ibuprofen is slightly more potent than aspirin and produces analgesic effects at lower doses than aspirin. Unlike aspirin, ibuprofen is a reversible COX inhibitor and thus it is not used as an antiplatelet agent. Drug MetabolismPW000566CenterPathwayVisualizationContext63619003000#000099PathwayVisualization76114Ibuprofen PathwayIbuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for its analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. Like most NSAIDs, ibuprofen is a non-selective inhibitor of prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2, better known as cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 or simply COX-1 and -2. COX catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to a number of prostaglandins involved in fever, pain, swelling, inflammation, and platelet aggregation. Ibuprofen antagonizes COX by binding to the upper portion of the active site, preventing its substrate, arachidonic acid, from entering the active site. The analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of ibuprofen occurs as a result of decreased prostaglandin synthesis. Ibuprofen is slightly more potent than aspirin and produces analgesic effects at lower doses than aspirin. Unlike aspirin, ibuprofen is a reversible COX inhibitor and thus it is not used as an antiplatelet agent. Drug1150Ibuprofen inhibition of Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2InhibitorySubPathway2321284Compound2233184ProteinComplex18151Ibuprofen inhibition of Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1InhibitorySubPathway2341284Compound223563ProteinComplex18201Advil. (2009). e-CPS (online version of Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties). Retrieved August 15, 2009.114Pathway202Botting, R., & Botting, J. Cyclooxygenases. In S. Offermanns, & W. Rosenthal (Eds.). Encyclopedic reference of molecular pharmacology. (2004) p.279-283. Berlin, Germany: Springer.114Pathway203Breyer, R.M., & Breyer, M.D. Prostanoids. In S. Offermanns, & W. Rosenthal (Eds.). Encyclopedic reference of molecular pharmacology. (2004) p. 752-757. Berlin, Germany: Springer.114Pathway1CellCL:00000002Platelet CL:00002335HepatocyteCL:00001824Cardiomyocyte CL:00007463NeuronCL:00005407Epithelial CellCL:00000661Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia415Plasmodium falciparum5833Eukaryote1CytosolGO:000582911Extracellular SpaceGO:00056155CytoplasmGO:00057377Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:00057894PeroxisomeGO:00057772MitochondrionGO:000573920Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578813Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:00057836LysosomeGO:00057648Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum GO:000579010Cell MembraneGO:00058863Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575916Lysosomal LumenGO:004320212Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574318Melanosome MembraneGO:003316214Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574124Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575835ChloroplastGO:000950736MembraneGO:001602019sarcoplasmic reticulumGO:001652931Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032532Inner MembraneGO:007025825Golgi apparatusGO:000579421SynapseGO:004520215NucleusGO:000563440PeriplasmGO:004259737Basolateral cell membraneGO:00163232Endothelium BTO:00003931LiverBTO:00007597294Adrenal MedullaBTO:00000497185cardiocyteBTO:000153928StomachBTO:0001307155268Blood VesselBTO:0001102741125IntestineBTO:00006487Nervous SystemBTO:000148411HeartBTO:000056273102111PW_BS00000215111PW_BS0000158511PW_BS00000816212PW_BS000016101711PW_BS0000105411PW_BS0000053211PW_BS00000349711PW_BS0000493612011PW_BS000036181311PW_BS00001829111PW_BS0000299611PW_BS000009111811PW_BS000011261115PW_BS00002614101PW_BS0000144311PW_BS000004311511PW_BS0000312811611PW_BS000028951721PW_BS0000951231751PW_BS0001231251351PW_BS00012512915121PW_BS00012914117191PW_BS00014178811PW_BS00007811PW_BS000001151141PW_BS0001511601181PW_BS0001601613181PW_BS0001612137181PW_BS0000241985181PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS0000241644PW_BS00016429817101PW_BS00002430013101PW_BS000024171211PW_BS00001729341PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS0000241115121PW_BS00011113013121PW_BS0001303317121PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS0000281151012PW_BS0001153361121PW_BS0000283344121PW_BS0000281333121PW_BS0001331321121PW_BS0001321122121PW_BS00011213412121PW_BS000134405105PW_BS000115408451PW_BS000115407251PW_BS000115383751PW_BS000100429151PW_BS000115124151PW_BS000124122551PW_BS000122406351PW_BS0001153841251PW_BS0001003761017PW_BS00005344717171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS0001363744171PW_BS0000531192171PW_BS0001193987171PW_BS0001134641171PW_BS0001151181171PW_BS0001181355171PW_BS0001351203171PW_BS00012012112171PW_BS0001214824101PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS0000242975101PW_BS0000244957101PW_BS0001154793101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS000115502461PW_BS000115206261PW_BS000024388161PW_BS000112205561PW_BS0000243951361PW_BS000113390761PW_BS000112501361PW_BS0001153911261PW_BS000112204111PW_BS000020331811PW_BS0000332441011PW_BS000024221411PW_BS000022422411PW_BS00004213121PW_BS000013126651PW_BS00012612711651PW_BS00012710813PW_BS0001081471241PW_BS00014715924PW_BS000159188118PW_BS0000241632181PW_BS00016321013181PW_BS00002421217181PW_BS0000242164181PW_BS0000242156181PW_BS0000242253541PW_BS0000242863641PW_BS000024226441PW_BS0000242916491PW_BS0000242924491PW_BS0000243016101PW_BS000024302116101PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS000024315123PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS0000241136121PW_BS000113337116121PW_BS00002834141121PW_BS0000281141112PW_BS00011432914121PW_BS00002834524121PW_BS00002834318121PW_BS000028360410121PW_BS0000284141551PW_BS000115409115PW_BS0001154151851PW_BS00011543441051PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS0001004182451PW_BS0001154436171PW_BS000115448116171PW_BS00011545015171PW_BS0001151371117PW_BS00013745118171PW_BS000115469410171PW_BS00011539914171PW_BS00011345424171PW_BS0001154781010PW_BS0001154831110PW_BS00011548414101PW_BS00011548924101PW_BS000115207661PW_BS000024209106PW_BS000024208116PW_BS0000245041861PW_BS00011551541061PW_BS0001153891461PW_BS0001125062461PW_BS0001153551914PW_BS000035117131PW_BS00011717018PW_BS000170224241PW_BS000024222341PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS000024943PW_BS000094541315PW_BS0000547028511PW_BS000070103331PW_BS000103107313PW_BS000107100521PW_BS000100105113PW_BS0001051553241PW_BS0001551572241PW_BS00015716611PW_BS0001661783211PW_BS00017815284PW_BS000152101531PW_BS0001011873118PW_BS000024219314PW_BS00002422014PW_BS00002416212181PW_BS0001621951318PW_BS0000242811251PW_BS0000242851041PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS0000243125231PW_BS0000243201123PW_BS00002432711125PW_BS00002834713125PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS000028310312PW_BS00002430412PW_BS000024109323PW_BS0001094241155PW_BS0001154251355PW_BS00011545911175PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS000115432511PW_BS00004360251PW_BS00006046114PW_BS00004672513PW_BS000072612517PW_BS0000613772113PW_BS00003793252011PW_BS00009327151PW_BS000027711PW_BS000007971521PW_BS000097110231PW_BS0001106131PW_BS000006140103PW_BS00014014315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS0001461802211PW_BS00018021425181PW_BS0000241901118PW_BS0000242771218PW_BS00002465111PW_BS0000652905491PW_BS000024253541PW_BS0000243331212PW_BS0000283522512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS00002835625121PW_BS0000283702601PW_BS000028228361PW_BS000024232403PW_BS000024412125PW_BS0001154192551PW_BS000115436255PW_BS0001154461217PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS0001154712517PW_BS00011547225177PW_BS00011548718101PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS0001155072561PW_BS0001155131761PW_BS0001159225711PW_BS0000925181PW_BS000051326812PW_BS00002841685PW_BS000115452817PW_BS000115488810PW_BS00011550586PW_BS000115229371PW_BS00002461517151PW_BS0005037725111PW_BS0000771284IbuprofenHMDB0001925Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely marketed under various trademarks including Act-3, Advil, Brufen, Motrin, Nuprin, and Nurofen. It is used for relief of symptoms of arthritis, primary dysmenorrhoea, and fever; Ibuprofen is an NSAID which is believed to work through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), thus inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. There are at least 2 variations of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2), ibuprofen inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2. It appears that its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity are achieved principally through COX-2 inhibition; whereas COX-1 inhibition is responsible for its unwanted effects on platelet aggregation and the GI mucosa. As with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen inhibits platelet aggregation, but is not used therapeutically for this action since it is a minor and reversible effect. -- Wikipedia.15687-27-1C0158836725855CARBOXYPHENYLAMINO-DEOXYRIBULOSE-P3544DB01050CC(C)CC1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C)C(O)=OC13H18O2InChI=1S/C13H18O2/c1-9(2)8-11-4-6-12(7-5-11)10(3)13(14)15/h4-7,9-10H,8H2,1-3H3,(H,14,15)HEFNNWSXXWATRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid206.2808206.13067982-3.481ibuprofen, (+-)-0-1FDB022743Duralbuprofen;Alpha-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionate;Alpha-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionic acid;Alpha-p-isobutylphenylpropionate;Alpha-p-isobutylphenylpropionic acid;P-isobutyl-2-phenylpropionate;P-isobutyl-2-phenylpropionic acid;P-isobutylhydratropate;P-isobutylhydratropic acid;(+-)-2-(p-isobutylphenyl)propionic acid;(+-)-alpha-methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)benzeneacetic acid;(+-)-ibuprofen;(+-)-p-isobutylhydratropic acid;(4-isobutylphenyl)-alpha-methylacetic acid;(rs)-ibuprofen;2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid;4-isobutylhydratropic acid;Adran;Advil;Alpha-(p-isobutylphenyl)propionic acid;Amibufen;Anco;Anflagen;Apsifen;Bluton;Brufen;Brufort;Buburone;Butylenin;Dolgin;Dolgirid;Dolgit;Dolo-dolgit;Ebufac;Epobron;Femadon;Haltran;Ibu-attritin;Ibumetin;Ibuprocin;Ibutid;Inabrin;Inoven;Lamidon;Lebrufen;Liptan;Medipren;Motrin;Mynosedin;Nobfen;Nobgen;Nuprin;Nurofen;Pediaprofen;Roidenin;Rufen;Seclodin;Suspren;Tabalon;Trendar;UremPW_C001284Ibuprfn19712463715463881799HemeHMDB0003178Heme is the color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. A heme or haem is a prosthetic group that consists of an iron atom contained in the center of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin. Not all porphyrins contain iron, but a substantial fraction of porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic subunit; these are known as hemoproteins.14875-96-8C0003217627HEME_A24604415DB02577CC1=C(CCC(O)=O)C2=CC3=[N+]4C(=CC5=C(C)C(C=C)=C6C=C7C(C)=C(C=C)C8=[N+]7[Fe--]4(N2C1=C8)N56)C(C)=C3CCC(O)=OC34H32FeN4O4InChI=1S/C34H34N4O4.Fe/c1-7-21-17(3)25-13-26-19(5)23(9-11-33(39)40)31(37-26)16-32-24(10-12-34(41)42)20(6)28(38-32)15-30-22(8-2)18(4)27(36-30)14-29(21)35-25;/h7-8,13-16H,1-2,9-12H2,3-6H3,(H4,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42);/q;+2/p-2/b25-13-,26-13-,27-14-,28-15-,29-14-,30-15-,31-16-,32-16-;KABFMIBPWCXCRK-RGGAHWMASA-L4,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide616.487616.177297665-5.4824,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide0-2FDB016272(protoporphyrinato)iron;Ferroheme;Ferroheme b;Ferroprotoheme;Ferroprotoporphyrin;Ferroprotoporphyrin ix;Ferrous protoheme;Ferrous protoheme ix;Haem;Hem;Heme;Iron protoporphyrin;Iron protoporphyrin ix;Iron(ii) protoporphyrin ix;Protoferroheme;Protohaem;Protoheme;Protoheme ix;Reduced hematinPW_C001799Heme247163081032486082766512443135449141336196318280629293893238113367263421143734440433148232851709554721235485125551712958301416246786283165971517044160706016173262131183519811898211120651641300929813021300422781776915293769312497735111177364130773673317739833277517115776293367781333478380133786021327896311279932134120431405120603408120955407121085383121658429121746124121910122122570406122691384123065376123133447123144136123228374123521119123650398124216464124297118124463135125142120125277121125742482125896481126196299126499297126512495126718479126827480127224502127357206127632388128070205128083395128086390128309501128434391405611-HydroxyibuprofenHMDB00605651-Hydroxyibuprofen is a metabolite of ibuprofen. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for relief of symptoms of arthritis, fever, as an analgesic (pain reliever), especially where there is an inflammatory component, and dysmenorrhea. Ibuprofen is known to have an antiplatelet effect, though it is relatively mild and somewhat short-lived when compared with aspirin or other better-known antiplatelet drugs. (Wikipedia)4511719521686528CC(C)C(O)C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C)C(O)=OC13H18O3InChI=1S/C13H18O3/c1-8(2)12(14)11-6-4-10(5-7-11)9(3)13(15)16/h4-9,12,14H,1-3H3,(H,15,16)RMOQYHYFRKTDRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N2-[4-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid222.2802222.125594442-2.6422-[4-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid0-1DBMET00668PW_C0405611Hibupf376229405643-HydroxyibuprofenHMDB00609213-Hydroxyibuprofen is a metabolite of ibuprofen. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for relief of symptoms of arthritis, fever, as an analgesic (pain reliever), especially where there is an inflammatory component, and dysmenorrhea. Ibuprofen is known to have an antiplatelet effect, though it is relatively mild and somewhat short-lived when compared with aspirin or other better-known antiplatelet drugs. (Wikipedia)7131254532699261CC(CO)CC1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C)C(O)=OC13H18O3InChI=1S/C13H18O3/c1-9(8-14)7-11-3-5-12(6-4-11)10(2)13(15)16/h3-6,9-10,14H,7-8H2,1-2H3,(H,15,16)HFAIHLSDLUYLQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N2-[4-(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid222.2802222.125594442-2.8422-[4-(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid0-1DBMET00155PW_C0405643-HIbup3764291065OxygenHMDB0001377Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131).7782-44-7C0000797715379CPD-6641952O=OO2InChI=1S/O2/c1-2MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-Noxidanone31.998831.9898292440singlet oxygen00FDB022589Dioxygen;Molecular oxygen;O2;Oxygen;Oxygen molecule;[oo];Dioxygene;Disauerstoff;E 948;E-948;E948PW_C001065O295911052451650018505854914625286383649106743168820754157634769338362137549201624253122280329426042474713546712354801255493126550812758091085973147612915970061887032163705016073192137533210756021283951511181621611864198118832151189421112057225120631641224728612279226123252491270629112716292130042981301630013026301130383021326022342276174265731576910293770442947721413477350111773631307737733177395332774971137751211577537334776263367772333777736112777471297775634177805114778121337807032978151132783813457880534379111360120047408120383122120426405120542407120553414120594409120601406120883415121045124121104383121605434121656429122117382122573418122689384122798374122822443123027135123060376123128447123139136123163448123176119123187450123219137123226120123459451123609118123669398124163469124214464124669399125145454125275121125425482125706478125731483125737297125740479125884481126100299126272484126522495126721489126825480126964502126986207127198209127214208127219205127222501127305504127345206127557388127574515127835389128081395128095390128312506128432391146NADPHHMDB0000221Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed.).53-57-6C000052283351216474NADPH17215925NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@H]1O[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1OC21H30N7O17P3InChI=1S/C21H30N7O17P3/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(30)11(43-21)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(42-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)32/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-31H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,32)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H2,22,24,25)(H2,33,34,35)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m0/s1ACFIXJIJDZMPPO-NCHANQSKSA-N{[(2S,3S,4S,5S)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-[({[({[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid745.4209745.091102105-2.149[(2S,3S,4S,5S)-2-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-5-{[({[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-(3-carbamoyl-4H-pyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxyphosphonic acid0-4FDB0219092'-(dihydrogen phosphate) 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) adenosine 5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-b-d-ribofuranosylnicotinamide;2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) adenosine 5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylnicotinamide;Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) p'-5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) p'-5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;Dihydrocodehydrogenase ii;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-p;Dihydrotriphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced;Nadp-reduced;Nadph;Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Reduced codehydrase ii;Reduced coenzyme ii;Reduced cozymase ii;Reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide;Triphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced;B-nadph;B-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;B-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Beta-nadph;Beta-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;Beta-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate - reducedPW_C000146NADPH1858190377810796582118837216092916154946873147931447971453101115789108597214761281596271356779117706818871031637154205720516073152137345210755921275911708194225821915184212241181219811893211120062221215016412245286125962261264824942343315437463227691129377166132773853317739433277460130775041127751111577623336807121191131649412010540712042540512045212212061612312114112512127542912140212412148338312305937612308613512324144712371213612384646412396111812404139812547248112569629712621429912652949512700920612757238812810139040034Hydrogen IonHMDB0059597Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [WikiPedia])C000801038153781010[H+]HInChI=1S/p+1GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-Nhydron1.00791.0078250320hydron10H+;H(+);Hydrogen cation;Hydron;ProtonPW_C040034H+215467087531578831848311162146326146454223149278017425022425442454710457618469470524110353271115353112562610856391075699100572010557421175963147603715560701576093161613015962321666483178660115266921016843188691018771001637168205719120674532197454220747222275252137532210755821275721607590170819522582181518243226841316284202249139195915524911915164120152811218128512246286122662871252122713257223133252941533030842329315423543184240132242405312424543207691229377136133772101347737233177804114779551327799032777991347783793457992913080019368803873108038830480722119938231249482338311055038811285594113280390115537398115539118115856336116205109119973406120193407120549122120593409121170424121171425122569418122615384122687125122758120123183135123218137123742459123743460125141454125188121125273136125359479125550481125730483125736297125809299126517495126717489126766480126823300126902501127213208128308506128361391128430395405632-HydroxyibuprofenHMDB00609202-Hydroxyibuprofen is a metabolite of ibuprofen. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for relief of symptoms of arthritis, fever, as an analgesic (pain reliever), especially where there is an inflammatory component, and dysmenorrhea. Ibuprofen is known to have an antiplatelet effect, though it is relatively mild and somewhat short-lived when compared with aspirin or other better-known antiplatelet drugs. (Wikipedia)104435358618954CC(C(O)=O)C1=CC=C(CC(C)(C)O)C=C1C13H18O3InChI=1S/C13H18O3/c1-9(12(14)15)11-6-4-10(5-7-11)8-13(2,3)16/h4-7,9,16H,8H2,1-3H3,(H,14,15)UJHKVYPPCJBOSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N2-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid222.2802222.125594442-2.8722-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid0-1DBMET00154PW_C040563IbuOH3763294639101420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O5589491095139415131621448113526156242865210691207703382318838210943113774914655415904320182425322226786027274627781728052931437031647236346145983647273749419350302751567519597521410052279452361035297105531911153431135355112540211054701235483125549212655071275534130553711455411295591135560811856221085691657591405778101584114358531465877107589095591014759401516032155605915760871616123163613315962151621816664771786507180660015267131176840188688816071622057181207719320672112117228213723821472432157295198735021673882107401212746722274922247500190758817082012258237226841416292652611850277119221641201128112213285122502861226428712327249125202271263265126932901270529112715292130072981301930013025301130373021326122313327294153403084232731542695318436913227691429377019253771021327713113377215134773783317739733277471333775161157753633477628336777223377775934177816343779823477807132978235352782423537827035679113360800143688003937080591228806561199383038394794384110557390110639391115844398119879232119915122119963406120008407120046408120113124120365412120430405120438409120606415120794414121158425121240429121351121121381419121607434122118382122384436122753120122797374122804443123012446123064376123072137123131447123142136123162448123231451123384450123730460123810464123940455124165469124670399124938471124945472125305297125353479125386481125424482125480299125682483125707478125745487126054490126238495126273484126764480126896501126963502127017388127177208127199209127227504127506507127576515127836389128082395128176513143NADPHMDB0000217Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5-phosphate adenosine 2,5-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed.) Hydrogen carrier in biochemical redox systems. In the hexose monophosphoric acid system it is reduced to Dihydrocoenzyme II and reoxidation in the presence of flavoproteins (Dictionary of Organic Compounds).53-59-8C00006588618009NAD(P)5675NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H29N7O17P3InChI=1S/C21H28N7O17P3/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(30)11(43-21)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(42-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)32/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-31H,5-6H2,(H7-,22,23,24,25,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39)/p+1/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1XJLXINKUBYWONI-NNYOXOHSSA-O1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[({[({[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3-hydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium744.4129744.083277073-2.2791-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3-hydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium1-3FDB021908Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate;Codehydrase ii;Codehydrogenase ii;Coenzyme ii;Cozymase ii;Nad phosphate;Nadp;Nadp+;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Tpn;Triphosphopyridine nucleotide;B-nadp;B-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;B-tpn;Beta-nadp;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Beta-tpn;Oxidized nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate;B-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acid;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acid;β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acidPW_C000143NADP1838191376857801082418839216112916174946853147961448011453081115790108601714761321596273356778117706918871051637152205720616073172137346210756221275891708197225822015184192241181119811897211120082221215216412249286125972261265024942344315437453227691329377164132773843317739633277461130775151157762433677814334778701128071311911316594120106407120429405120450122120604408120618123121142125121277429121401124121485383123063376123084135123229374123243447123713136123848464123960118124043398125473481125694297125743482126215299126528495127010206127225502127570388128100390746Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acidHMDB0000935Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP Iduronic acid, which donates Iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones. The transfer of glucuronic acid from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid onto a terminal galactose residue is done by beta1,3-glucuronosyltransferases, responsible for the completion of the protein-glycosaminoglycan linkage region of proteoglycans and of the HNK1 epitope of glycoproteins and glycolipids. In humans the enzyme galactose-beta-1,3-glucuronosyltransferase I completes the synthesis of the common linker region of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by transferring glucuronic acid (GlcA) onto the terminal galactose of the glycopeptide primer of proteoglycans. The GAG chains of proteoglycans regulate major biological processes such as cell proliferation and recognition, extracellular matrix deposition, and morphogenesis. (PMID: 16815917).2616-64-0C001671747317200UDP-GLUCURONATE16522O[C@@H]1[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(O)=O)O[C@H]([C@@H]1O)N1C=CC(=O)NC1=OC15H22N2O18P2InChI=1S/C15H22N2O18P2/c18-5-1-2-17(15(26)16-5)12-9(22)6(19)4(32-12)3-31-36(27,28)35-37(29,30)34-14-10(23)7(20)8(21)11(33-14)13(24)25/h1-2,4,6-12,14,19-23H,3H2,(H,24,25)(H,27,28)(H,29,30)(H,16,18,26)/t4-,6-,7+,8+,9-,10-,11+,12-,14-/m1/s1HDYANYHVCAPMJV-LXQIFKJMSA-N(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid580.2853580.034284934-1.519udp-α-D-glucuronic acid0-3FDB022325Glucopyranuronic acid 1-ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate;Udp glucuronate;Udp glucuronic acid;Udp-d-glucuronate;Udp-d-glucuronic acid;Udp-glcua;Udp-glucuronate;Udp-glucuronic acid;Udp-alpha-d-glucuronate;Udp-alpha-delta-glucuronate;Udp-delta-glucuronate;Udp-delta-glucuronic acid;Udpga;Udpglucuronate;Uga;Uridine 5'-[3-(d-glucopyranosyloxyuronic acid) dihydrogen diphosphate];Uridine 5'-diphospho-a-d-glucuronate;Uridine 5'-diphospho-a-d-glucuronic acid;Uridine 5'-diphospho-alpha-delta-glucuronate;Uridine 5'-diphospho-alpha-delta-glucuronic acid;Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronic acid;Uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronate;Uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid;Uridine diphosphate glucuronate;Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid;Uridine diphosphate-glucuronate;Uridine diphospho-d-glucuronate;Uridine diphospho-d-glucuronic acid;Uridine diphospho-delta-glucuronate;Uridine diphospho-delta-glucuronic acid;Uridine diphosphoglucuronate;Uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid;Uridine pyrophosphoglucuronate;Uridine pyrophosphoglucuronic acid;Uridinediphosphoglucuronic acid;A-d-glucopyranuronic acid 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate);A-d-glucopyranuronic acid ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate;Alpha-d-glucopyranuronic acid 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate);Alpha-delta-glucopyranuronic acid 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate);Alpha-delta-glucopyranuronic acid 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate);Alpha-delta-glucopyranuronic acid ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate;Uridine-5'-diphosphate-glucuronic acid;Udp-a-d-glucuronate;Udp-a-d-glucuronic acid;Udp-α-d-glucuronate;Udp-α-d-glucuronic acid;Udpglucuronic acid;Uridine diphosphoric acid glucuronic acid;Uridine-5'-diphosphate-glucuronate;Uridine-5'-diphosphoric acid-glucuronic acidPW_C000746UDPGlcA11298221949230322351944791845161048443649449251769555251305832141705516077358331784031117861513212083012212204912412233838312341513512460311812488939812582129712620129912650649512727420512807839040562Ibuprofen glucuronideHMDB0010343Ibuprofen glucuronide is a metabolite of ibuprofen. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for relief of symptoms of arthritis, fever, as an analgesic (pain reliever), especially where there is an inflammatory component, and dysmenorrhea. Ibuprofen is known to have an antiplatelet effect, though it is relatively mild and somewhat short-lived when compared with aspirin or other better-known antiplatelet drugs. (Wikipedia)98649-76-4C03033 163959143793CC(C)CC1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C)C(=O)O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O)C(O)=OC19H26O8InChI=1S/C19H26O8/c1-9(2)8-11-4-6-12(7-5-11)10(3)18(25)27-19-15(22)13(20)14(21)16(26-19)17(23)24/h4-7,9-10,13-16,19-22H,8H2,1-3H3,(H,23,24)/t10?,13-,14-,15+,16-,19-/m0/s1ABOLXXZAJIAUGR-JPMMFUSZSA-N(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-{[(2S)-2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoyl]oxy}oxane-2-carboxylic acid382.4049382.162767808-2.384(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-{[(2S)-2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoyl]oxy}oxane-2-carboxylic acid0-1DBMET00153C03033 (2s,3s,4s,5r,6s)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoyloxy]oxane-2-carboxylic acid;1-(alpha-methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)benzeneacetate) b-d-glucopyranuronic acid;1-(alpha-methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)benzeneacetate) b-delta-glucopyranuronic acid;1-(alpha-methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)benzeneacetate) beta-d-glucopyranuronic acid;1-(alpha-methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)benzeneacetate) beta-delta-glucopyranuronic acid;Ibuprofen acyl glucuronide;Ibuprofen acyl-beta-d-glucuronidePW_C040562Ibuprof376529464010201Uridine 5'-diphosphateHMDB0000295Uridine 5'-diphosphate is a uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. UDP is an important extracellular pyrimidine signaling molecule that mediates diverse biological effects via P1 and P2 purinergic receptors, such as the uptake of thymidine and proliferation of gliomas. (PMID: 14558596). UDP induces intracellular Ca(2+) responses and oscillations in HeLa cells, due to the activation of P2Ys (G-protein coupled ATP receptors). (PMID: 1257952).58-98-0C00015603117659UDP5809DB03435O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]1COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=CC(=O)NC1=OC9H14N2O12P2InChI=1S/C9H14N2O12P2/c12-5-1-2-11(9(15)10-5)8-7(14)6(13)4(22-8)3-21-25(19,20)23-24(16,17)18/h1-2,4,6-8,13-14H,3H2,(H,19,20)(H,10,12,15)(H2,16,17,18)/t4-,6-,7-,8-/m1/s1XCCTYIAWTASOJW-XVFCMESISA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid404.1612404.002196946-1.666UDP0-2FDB0075095'-udp;Udp;Uridine 5'-diphosphate;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphorate;Uridine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid;Uridine diphosphate;Uridine pyrophosphate;Uridine 5'-diphosphoric acid;Uridine diphosphoric acidPW_C000201UDP4108151721545432197492352931152944631845181048463649469251789555271305834141705716072462137248214728721084331511191316412615225773041117736033177924336782551327826435612031512212125242912136512412137541912210138312237812512297013512382246412392411812393445512465239812493213612564329712603829912604849012625749512749038812750050712782039040560Carboxy-ibuprofenHMDB0060564Carboxy-ibuprofen is a metabolite of ibuprofen. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for relief of symptoms of arthritis, fever, as an analgesic (pain reliever), especially where there is an inflammatory component, and dysmenorrhea. Ibuprofen is known to have an antiplatelet effect, though it is relatively mild and somewhat short-lived when compared with aspirin or other better-known antiplatelet drugs. (Wikipedia) 104441138619532CC(CC1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C)C(O)=O)C(O)=OC13H16O4InChI=1S/C13H16O4/c1-8(12(14)15)7-10-3-5-11(6-4-10)9(2)13(16)17/h3-6,8-9H,7H2,1-2H3,(H,14,15)(H,16,17)DIVLBIVDYADZPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N3-[4-(1-carboxyethyl)phenyl]-2-methylpropanoic acid236.2637236.104859-2.9023-[4-(1-carboxyethyl)phenyl]-2-methylpropanoic acid0-2DBMET00808PW_C040560C-ibupf3766294836101783Hydrogen peroxideHMDB0003125Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colourless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. It is a weak acid. It has strong oxidizing properties and is therefore a powerful bleaching agent that is mostly used for bleaching paper, but has also found use as a disinfectant and as an oxidizer. Hydrogen peroxide in the form of carbamide peroxide is widely used for tooth whitening (bleaching), both in professionally- and in self-administered products. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a well-documented component of living cells. It plays important roles in host defense and oxidative biosynthetic reactions. In addition there is growing evidence that at low levels, H2O2 also functions as a signaling agent, particularly in higher organisms. H2O2 has increasingly been viewed as an important cellular signaling agent in its own right, capable of modulating both contractile and growth-promoting pathways with more far-reaching effects. Due to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the skin of patients with the depigmentation disorder vitiligo, the human epidermis cannot have the normal capacity for autocrine synthesis, transport and degradation of acetylcholine as well as the muscarinic (m1-m5) and nicotinic signal transduction in keratinocytes and melanocytes. Accumulating evidence suggests that hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) plays an important role in cancer development. Experimental data have shown that cancer cells produce high amounts of H(2)O(2). An increase in the cellular levels of H(2)O(2) has been linked to several key alterations in cancer, including DNA alterations, cell proliferation, apoptosis resistance, metastasis, angiogenesis and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activation. (PMID: 17150302, 17335854, 16677071, 16607324, 16514169).7722-84-1C0002778416240HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE763OOH2O2InChI=1S/H2O2/c1-2/h1-2HMHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-Nperoxol34.014734.0054793082hydrogen peroxide00FDB014562Adeka super el;Albone;Albone 35;Albone ds;Anti-keim 50;Asepticper;Baquashock;Cix;Clarigel gold;Crestal whitestrips;Crystacide;Dentasept;Deslime lp;Hioxyl;Hipox;Hybrite;Hydrogen dioxide;Hydrogen peroxide;Inhibine;Lase peroxide;Lensan a;Magic bleaching;Metrokur;Mirasept;Nite white excel 2;Odosat d;Opalescence xtra;Oxigenal;Oxydol;Oxyfull;Oxysept;Oxysept i;Pegasyl;Perhydrol;Perone;Peroxaan;Peroxclean;Quasar brite;Select bleach;Superoxol;T-stuff;Whiteness hp;Whitespeed;Xtra white;[oh(oh)];Dihydrogen dioxide;H2o2;HoohPW_C001783H2O29891135188855114627287551512433169121749512534223818104749134752315495126550212355101275810108600514770381638396151118172161188621512461226127092911271929213028301130352981304030213405222426583157702222577047294770792937750011377540334775981157772033277725337778061147781011177819326780733297815213278598112120050408120102122120463405120595409120609416120954407121047124122120382122801374122814443122839135123097376123157447123165448123220137123234452123520119123611118124672399125428482125469297125709478125732483125748488125895481126103299126275484126967502126978207127006205127201209127215208127230505127356206127601388127838389913Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2P35354Mediates the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonate. May have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity.
HMDBP00975PTGS21q25.2-q25.3M9010011.14.99.16092185649196518388396248786598151914Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1P23219May play an important role in regulating or promoting cell proliferation in some normal and neoplastically transformed cells.
HMDBP00976PTGS19q32-q33.3M3181311.14.99.12481661621392491964183882962477811585883206Solute carrier family 22 member 6Q4U2R8Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of endogenous dicarboxylic acid (glutarate, ketoglutarate, etc). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of p- aminohippurate (PAH), ochratoxin (OTA), acyclovir (ACV), 3'-azido- 3-'deoxythymidine (AZT), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro- phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), hippurate (HA), indoleacetate (IA), indoxyl sulfate (IS) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2- furanpropionate (CMPF), cidofovir, adefovir, 9-(2- phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine (PMEG), 9-(2- phosphonylmethoxyethyl) diaminopurine (PMEDAP) and edaravone sulfate. PAH uptake is inhibited by p- chloromercuribenzenesulphonate (PCMBS), diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), sulindac, diclofenac, carprofen, glutarate and okadaic acid. PAH uptake is inhibited by benzothiazolylcysteine (BTC), S-chlorotrifluoroethylcysteine (CTFC), cysteine S-conjugates S-dichlorovinylcysteine (DCVC), furosemide, steviol, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), calcium ionophore A23187, benzylpenicillin, furosemide, indomethacin, bumetamide, losartan, probenecid, phenol red, urate, and alpha-ketoglutarateHMDBP07986SLC22A611q12.3AF10403818454145801Solute carrier family 22 member 8Q8TCC7SLC22A818455229956Cytochrome P450 3A4P08684Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide.
HMDBP01018CYP3A47q21.1M1890711.14.13.-; 1.14.13.157; 1.14.13.32; 1.14.13.67; 1.14.13.9729332932722329010336826404531457718517495135698615136000332136017491360183311450Cytochrome P450 2C8P10632Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol).
HMDBP01562CYP2C810q23.33AK29332811.14.14.1137849335929380510400926480918481518975Cytochrome P450 2C19P33261Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine.
HMDBP01038CYP2C1910q24L3910211.14.13.-; 1.14.13.80; 1.14.13.48; 1.14.13.4932891033582934241437382637952404731136210181362124913656936973Cytochrome P450 2C9P11712Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan.
HMDBP01036CYP2C910q24AY34124811.14.13.-; 1.14.13.80; 1.14.13.48; 1.14.13.4933562934351038462404631481018481618462UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7P16662UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds.
Its unique specificity for 3,4-catechol estrogens and estriol suggests it may play an important role in regulating the level and activity of these potent and active estrogen metabolites. Is also active with androsterone, hyodeoxycholic acid and tetrachlorocatechol (in vitro).
HMDBP00480UGT2B74q13AK31319012.4.1.17373529397677401126407331464110443UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B4P06133UDPGTs are of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isozyme is active on polyhydroxylated estrogens (such as estriol, 4-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestriol) and xenobiotics (such as 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol, 4-nitrophenol, 2-aminophenol, 4-hydroxybiphenyl and menthol). It is capable of 6 alpha-hydroxyglucuronidation of hyodeoxycholic acid.
HMDBP00458UGT2B44q13AF13541612.4.1.173660294642105738DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 11Q9UBS4DNAJB11AK07543013252236882938689389026443531445060448118451910518195422854913547611356876151359893325739HSP90B1 proteinQ96GW1HSP90B1 BC0091951325323689293869938912644363144516044821845201051829542286491354771135688615135990332574078 kDa glucose-regulated proteinP11021HSPA5AJ27172913254236902938709389226443731445260448318452110518395422874913547811356896151359913325741HYOU1 proteinQ6IN67HYOU1 BC07243613255236912938719389326443831445360448418452210518495422884913547911356906151359923325742Protein disulfide-isomerase A2Q13087PDIA2U1994815.3.4.13256236922938729389426443931445460448518452310518595422894913548011356916151359933325743Protein disulfide-isomerase A4P13667PDIA4BC00634415.3.4.13257236932938739389526444031445560448618452410518695422904913548111356926151359943325744Protein disulfide-isomerase A6Q15084PDIA6AK28942815.3.4.13258236942938749389626444131445660448718452510518795422914913548211356936151359953324776Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase BP23284PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptidesHMDBP10692PPIB15q21-q22AY96231015.2.1.83259236952938759389726444231445760448818452610518895422924913548311356946151359963325745Stromal cell-derived factor 2-like protein 1Q9HCN8SDF2L1CR4565701326023696293876938982644433144586044891845271051899542293491354841135695615135997332465UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1P22309UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the IX-alpha-C8 and IX-alpha-C12 monoconjugates and diconjugate. Is also able to catalyze the glucuronidation of 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol, 1-hydroxypyrene, 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol, paranitrophenol, scopoletin, and umbelliferone.
HMDBP00483UGT1A12q37M8412412.4.1.173261236972938779389926444431445960449018452810519095422944913548511356966151359983325746Endoplasmic reticulum resident protein 29P30040ERP29BC1014931326223698293878939002644453144606044911845291051919542295491354861135697615135999332468UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3P35503UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds.
HMDBP00486UGT1A32q37M8412712.4.1.17365929464310486336466UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9O60656UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform has specificity for phenols.
HMDBP00484UGT1A92q37BC05884412.4.1.1736862939022639882407231449218464410517995469UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-10Q9HAW8UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds.
HMDBP00487UGT1A102q37U8950812.4.1.17365629397977406331427410444960448018484736184Prostaglandin G/H synthase 21PW_P000184202913821799263Prostaglandin G/H synthase 11PW_P0000637491423717991541Solute carrier family 22 member 61PW_P00054157332061096Solute carrier family 22 member 81PW_P001096125758011730Cytochrome P450 3A41PW_P000730824956132517991292910383Cytochrome P450 2C81PW_P0003834051450117917991809Cytochrome P450 2C191PW_P000809931975134817991820Cytochrome P450 2C91PW_P000820944973135117991899UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B71PW_P00089910244621898UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B41PW_P00089810234431807UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-11PW_P000807912573819135739191457401915574119165742191757431918574419194776192057451921465192257461897UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-31PW_P00089710224681895UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-91PW_P00089510204661890UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-101PW_P000890101546911913PW_R001913Right701412841Compoundfalse7015405611Compoundfalse1914falsePW_R001914Right701612841Compoundfalse829010651Compoundtrue82911461Compoundtrue8292400341Compoundtrue7017405631Compoundfalse829314201Compoundtrue82941431Compoundtrue174573017463831.14.14.1174780917488201915falsePW_R001915Right701812841Compoundfalse829510651Compoundtrue82961461Compoundtrue8297400341Compoundtrue7019405641Compoundfalse829814201Compoundtrue82991431Compoundtrue1749820175080917513831.14.14.11917falsePW_R001917Right702212841Compoundfalse83007461Compoundtrue7023405621Compoundfalse83012011Compoundtrue17538992.4.1.1717548982.4.1.1717558075.3.4.117568972.4.1.1717578952.4.1.1717588902.4.1.171916falsePW_R001916Right7020405641Compoundfalse866714201Compoundtrue866810651Compoundtrue7021405601Compoundfalse866917831Compoundtrue1752820263PW_T00026330212841Compound158Right2195412013-10-10T21:45:45-06:002013-10-10T21:45:45-06:001422010962013-10-10T21:45:45-06:002013-10-10T21:45:45-06:0014356412842157false105094510regular20019035651799189false20591510regular1002535661799189false200105510regular1002575004056129157false105053510regular20019075064056429157false202594010regular2001909878128415157true0010regular200190987912848157false42094510regular200190988010651065false131163010regular787898811461062false137584210regular50309882400341055false124673810regular787898834056310157false202553310regular200190988414201049false185070310regular787898851431061false180553810regular503098861799109false160556910regular1002598871799109false148578910regular1002598881799109false146060910regular1002598891799109false161573910regular10025989010651065false1340109010regular787898911461062false145593510regular50309892400341055false134091010regular7878989314201049false179591010regular787898941431061false1880110510regular503098951799109false1667110410regular1002598961799109false158294910regular1002598971799109false1497110410regular100259898746103false1100137510regular10013098994056210157false2030134510regular2001909900201103false1890155010regular1001101071914201049false224587710regular78781072010651065false2241111810regular7878107214056010157false257594210regular2001901072217831056false247687810regular7878107231799109false235599210regular100251302913186false1759208subunitregular160801303914186false17010608subunitregular16080539632061476false7709458subunitregular150705397580122976false77010658subunitregular150705398956102false14356248subunitregular1507053991450102false14607348subunitregular150705400975102false15805798subunitregular150705401973102false15856848subunitregular150705402973102false164210498subunitregular150705403975102false15579598subunitregular1507054041450102false147210498subunitregular150705405462102false160513608subunitregular150705406443102false130013408subunitregular1507054075738102true122513608subunitregular1507054085739102true122513608subunitregular1507054095740102true122513608subunitregular1507054105741102true122513608subunitregular1507054115742102true122513608subunitregular1507054125743102true122513608subunitregular1507054135744102true122513608subunitregular1507054144776102true122513608subunitregular1507054155745102true122513608subunitregular15070541646510136false143513608proteinregular17515554175746102true131013658subunitregular150705418468102false129514558subunitregular150705419466102false144015258subunitregular150705420469102false160014558subunitregular150705754973102false233010028subunitregular15070123318476181295130262935655269Cofactor12346376181296130363035665272Cofactor4422541765368539644231096765369539744247307610537053981942988615584Cofactor44253837610537153991943988715585Cofactor44268097610537254001944988815586Cofactor44278207610537354011945988915587Cofactor44288207610537454021946989515595Cofactor44298097610537554031947989615596Cofactor44303837610537654041948989715597Cofactor44318997610537754054432898761053785406443380776105379540753805408538154095382541053835411538454125385541353865414538754155388541653895417443489776105390541844358957610539154194436890761053925420472082076105725575422121072316854Cofactor5268M1250 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