156PathwayBenazepril Metabolism PathwayBenazepril, brand name Lotensin, belongs to the class of drugs known as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and is used primarily to lower high blood pressure (hypertension). This drug can also be used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and type II diabetes. Benazepril is a prodrug which, following oral administration, undergoes biotransformation in vivo into its active form benazeprilat via cleavage of its ester group by the liver. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a component of the body's renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) and cleaves inactive angiotensin I into the active vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. ACE (or kininase II) also degrades the potent vasodilator bradykinin. Consequently, ACE inhibitors decrease angiotensin II concentrations and increase bradykinin concentrations resulting in blood vessel dilation and thereby lowering blood pressure.Drug MetabolismPW000567CenterPathwayVisualizationContext63713001000#000099PathwayVisualization143156Benazepril PathwayBenazepril, brand name Lotensin, belongs to the class of drugs known as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and is used primarily to lower high blood pressure (hypertension). This drug can also be used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and type II diabetes. Benazepril is a prodrug which, following oral administration, undergoes biotransformation in vivo into its active form benazeprilat via cleavage of its ester group by the liver. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a component of the body's renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) and cleaves inactive angiotensin I into the active vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. ACE (or kininase II) also degrades the potent vasodilator bradykinin. Consequently, ACE inhibitors decrease angiotensin II concentrations and increase bradykinin concentrations resulting in blood vessel dilation and thereby lowering blood pressure.Drug1401Benazeprilat inhibition of Angiotensin-converting enzymeInhibitorySubPathway61240467Compound15613725ProteinComplex15385Lotensin. (2009). e-CPS (online version of Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties). Retrieved August 22, 2009.156Pathway386Peters, J. ACE inhibitors. In S. Offermanns, & W. Rosenthal (Eds.). Encyclopedic reference of molecular pharmacology (2004) p. 2-5. Berlin, Germany: Springer.156Pathway387Stanfield, C.L., & Germann, W.J. Principles of human physiology (3rd ed.) (2008). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.;156Pathway388Bader, M. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In S. Offermanns, & W. Rosenthal (Eds.). Encyclopedic reference of molecular pharmacology (2004) p.810-814. Berlin, Germany: Springer.156Pathway2796601720384Balfour JA, Goa KL: Benazepril. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in hypertension and congestive heart failure. Drugs. 1991 Sep;42(3):511-39. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199142030-00008.156Pathway1CellCL:00000002Platelet CL:00002337Epithelial CellCL:00000661Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm11Extracellular SpaceGO:00056151CytosolGO:00058293Mitochondrial MatrixGO:00057595CytoplasmGO:00057374PeroxisomeGO:000577735ChloroplastGO:000950710Cell MembraneGO:00058861LiverBTO:00007597292Endothelium BTO:00003938Blood VesselBTO:0001102741128StomachBTO:00013071552626LungBTO:000076315111PW_BS00001529111PW_BS0000292111PW_BS0000024311PW_BS0000048511PW_BS00000816212PW_BS0000165181PW_BS000051682512PW_BS0000687028511PW_BS000070117131PW_BS000117103331PW_BS0001031181171PW_BS0001181203171PW_BS0001201321121PW_BS0001321333121PW_BS0001331355171PW_BS00013516611PW_BS0001661985181PW_BS000024226441PW_BS0000242905491PW_BS000024151141PW_BS0001512253541PW_BS0000241115121PW_BS0001111141112PW_BS0001143361121PW_BS00002811PW_BS000001124151PW_BS000124406351PW_BS000115122551PW_BS000122409115PW_BS000115429151PW_BS0001151371117PW_BS0001374641171PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS0000244793101PW_BS0001152975101PW_BS0000244831110PW_BS000115388161PW_BS000112501361PW_BS000115205561PW_BS000024208116PW_BS000024711PW_BS0000071901118PW_BS0000246612617PW_BS00050814101PW_BS00001440467BenazeprilatHMDB0060582Benazeprilat is a metabolite of benazepril. Benazepril, brand name Lotensin, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and chronic renal failure. Upon cleavage of its ester group by the liver, benazepril is converted into its active form benazeprilat, a non-sulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. (Wikipedia)86541-78-854639844576478OC(=O)CN1C2=CC=CC=C2CC[C@H](N[C@@H](CCC2=CC=CC=C2)C(O)=O)C1=OC22H24N2O5InChI=1S/C22H24N2O5/c25-20(26)14-24-19-9-5-4-8-16(19)11-13-17(21(24)27)23-18(22(28)29)12-10-15-6-2-1-3-7-15/h1-9,17-18,23H,10-14H2,(H,25,26)(H,28,29)/t17-,18-/m0/s1MADRIHWFJGRSBP-ROUUACIJSA-N(2S)-2-{[(3S)-1-(carboxymethyl)-2-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepin-3-yl]amino}-4-phenylbutanoic acid396.4364396.168521888-4.143benazeprilat0-1DBMET00801PW_C040467benazep2909152911291005Zinc (II) ionHMDB0001303Zinc is an essential element, necessary for sustaining all life.Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is estimated that 3000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in the human body contain zinc prosthetic groups. In addition, there are over a dozen types of cells in the human body that secrete zinc ions, and the roles of these secreted zinc signals in medicine and health are now being actively studied. Intriguingly, brain cells in the mammalian forebrain are one type of cell that secretes zinc, along with its other neuronal messenger substances. Cells in the salivary gland, prostate, immune system and intestine are other types that secrete zinc. Obtaining a sufficient zinc intake during pregnancy and in young children is a problem, especially among those who cannot afford a good and varied diet. Brain development is stunted by zinc deficiency in utero and in youth. Zinc is an activator of certain enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase is important in the transport of carbon dioxide in vertebrate blood. Even though zinc is an essential requirement for a healthy body, too much zinc can be harmful. Excessive absorption of zinc can also suppress copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish. The Free Ion Activity Model (FIAM) is well-established in the literature, and shows that just micromolar amounts of the free ion kills some organisms.23713-49-7C000383205129105ZN%2b229723DB01593[Zn++]ZnInChI=1S/Zn/q+2PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-Nzinc(2+) ion65.40963.9291465780zinc(2+) ion22FDB003729Zinc;Zinc ion;Dietary zinc;Zinc cation;Zinc, ion (zn2+);Zn(ii);Zn(2+);Zn2+PW_C001005Zinc13238411882711652915295751304468312029314770541011754251035434118545912055601325585133559813574491661178719812466226127242901332115176967225774011117758011477929336804001120020124120035406120060122120441409121257429123075137123827464125398299125413479125438297125685483126938388126953501126976205127180208374Chloride ionHMDB0000492Under standard conditions, chlorine exists as a diatomic molecule. Chlorine is a highly toxic, pale yellow-green gas that has a specific strong smell. In nature, chlorine is most abundant as a chloride ion. Physiologically, this it. exists as an ion in the body. The chloride ion is an essential anion that the body needs for many critical functions. It also helps keep the body's acid-base balance. The amount of chloride in the blood is carefully controlled by the kidneys. Chloride ions have important physiological roles. For instance, in the central nervous system, the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of GABA relies on the entry of Cl- into specific neurons. Also, the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger biological transport protein relies on the chloride ion to increase the blood's capacity of carbon dioxide, in the form of the bicarbonate ion. Chloride-transporting proteins (CLC) play fundamental roles in many tissues in the plasma membrane as well as in intracellular membranes. CLC proteins form a gene family that comprises nine members in mammals, at least four of which are involved in human genetic diseases. GABA(A) receptors are pentameric complexes that function as ligand-gated chloride ion channels. WNK kinases are a family of serine-threonine kinases that have been shown to play an essential role in the regulation of electrolyte homeostasis, and they are found in diverse epithelia throughout the body that are involved in chloride ion flux. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by alterations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) gene that result in deranged sodium and chloride ion transport channels. (PMID: 17539703, 17729441, 17562499, 15300163) (For a complete review see Evans, Richard B. Chlorine: state of the art. Lung (2005), 183(3), 151-167. PMID: 16078037).16887-00-6C0069831217996CPD-4521306[Cl-]ClInChI=1S/ClH/h1H/p-1VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-Mchloride35.45334.9688527070chloride-1-1FDB006557Bertholite;Chloor;Chlor;Chlore;Chloride;Chloride ion;Chlorine;Chlorine gas;Cl;Cl2;Diatomic chlorine;Dichlorine;Molecular chlorine;Chloride(1-);Chlorine anion;Cl(-)PW_C000374Cl2091152092229585131498331629343777282190789091141223714091249251379037BenazeprilHMDB0014682Benazepril, brand name Lotensin, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), congestive heart failure, and chronic renal failure. Upon cleavage of its ester group by the liver, benazepril is converted into its active form benazeprilat, a non-sulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.86541-75-5C068434046688730114514935DB00542CCOC(=O)[C@H](CCC1=CC=CC=C1)N[C@H]1CCC2=CC=CC=C2N(CC(O)=O)C1=OC24H28N2O5InChI=1S/C24H28N2O5/c1-2-31-24(30)20(14-12-17-8-4-3-5-9-17)25-19-15-13-18-10-6-7-11-21(18)26(23(19)29)16-22(27)28/h3-11,19-20,25H,2,12-16H2,1H3,(H,27,28)/t19-,20-/m0/s1XPCFTKFZXHTYIP-PMACEKPBSA-N2-[(3S)-3-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}-2-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepin-1-yl]acetic acid424.4895424.199822016-4.612benazepril0-1Benazeprilum [latin];Benazepril sandoz;ForteekorPW_C009037Benazep2912291560Angiotensin-converting enzymeP12821Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II by release of the terminal His-Leu, this results in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin. Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent vasodilator. Has also a glycosidase activity which releases GPI-anchored proteins from the membrane by cleaving the mannose linkage in the GPI moietyHMDBP01710ACE17q23.3EU33284013.2.1.-; 3.4.15.129101529595133172913616166113654814725Angiotensin-converting enzyme1PW_P00072581915603231005232437422905151600falsePW_R001600Right610790371Compoundfalse6108404671Compoundfalse131PW_T000131153404671Compound2915Right58744046715157false21099010regular20019058751005159false675110510regular100255876374159false675104010regular1002558774046729157false59039510regular2001905878903729157false20539510regular20019024151560152false65010508subunitregular150702159725143152408241599358758915Cofactor99458768916Cofactor8914M410 1085 C440 1085 620 1085 650 1085 148false18falsetrueM 645 145 L 645 130 L 645 1158915M550 150 L550 200 L600 150 z10true188916M550 150 L550 200 L600 150 z10true188917M650 1085 C620 1085 562 130 532 130 5true188918M690 585 C692 752 310 858 310 990 83false18trueM 312.5 237.99038105676658 L 305 225 L 297.5 237.99038105676658false8919M210 1085 C180 1085 106 68 130 85 83true188920M405 490 C435 490 518 491 590 490 5false18trueM 597.115028313446 747.6796812848388 L 610 740 L 596.9067150710847 732.6811278348205false8921M590 490 C560 490 511 678 535 695 5true18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false1829143160029646358788920Left646458778921Right21713114346558778918Left46658748919Right43040114314true3829516regular40958748914Left11021598917Right3327215151.31.302920014573774357900.50.50211580250650M115 400 C115 350 165 300 215 300 C389 300 615 300 789 300 C839 300 889 350 889 400 C889 455 889 528 889 583 C889 633 839 683 789 683 C615 683 389 683 215 683 C165 683 115 633 115 583 C115 528 115 455 115 400 1true6774.0383.013884115462349557474490951333013584258923942124544884322