320PathwayTeniposide Metabolism PathwayTeniposide is a type of chemotherapy drug, derived from the epipodophyllotoxin form the American Mayapple plant. Teniposide is related to etoposide, another anti-cancer drug. It works in a similar way, inhibiting topoisomerase II. This causes single- and double-stranded DNA breaks. These breaks cause cell growth to stop and prevents cancer cells from entering mitosis. It is administered through an intravenous infusion. It is used to treat many cancers such as lymphoma, leukemia (acute lymphocytic), and neuroblastoma.
Drug MetabolismPW000578CenterPathwayVisualizationContext64829503600#000099PathwayVisualization166320Teniposide PathwayTeniposide is a type of chemotherapy drug, derived from the epipodophyllotoxin form the American Mayapple plant. Teniposide is related to etoposide, another anti-cancer drug. It works in a similar way, inhibiting topoisomerase II. This causes single- and double-stranded DNA breaks. These breaks cause cell growth to stop and prevents cancer cells from entering mitosis. It is administered through an intravenous infusion. It is used to treat many cancers such as lymphoma, leukemia (acute lymphocytic), and neuroblastoma.
Drug1792Teniposide inhibits DNA topoisomerase 2-alphaInhibitorySubPathway13148954Compound81315733ProteinComplex23793Oxidative DNA Damage (Cell Death)ActivatingSubPathway14713006680Haim N, Roman J, Nemec J, Sinha BK: Peroxidative free radical formation and O-demethylation of etoposide(VP-16) and teniposide(VM-26). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 Feb 26;135(1):215-20.320Pathway14723047665Holthuis JJ: Etoposide and teniposide. Bioanalysis, metabolism and clinical pharmacokinetics. Pharm Weekbl Sci. 1988 Jun 17;10(3):101-16.320Pathway14739381984Kizaki H, Onishi Y: Topoisomerase II inhibitor-induced apoptosis in thymocytes and lymphoma cells. Adv Enzyme Regul. 1997;37:403-23.320Pathway1CellCL:00000002Platelet CL:00002335HepatocyteCL:00001823NeuronCL:00005404CardiomyocyteCL:00007467Epithelial CellCL:00000668Beta cellCL:00006396MyocyteCL:000018730KeratinocyteCL:00003129Pancreatic Beta CellCL:00001691Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia42Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote15Plasmodium falciparum5833Eukaryote138human0046323Eukaryote5CytoplasmGO:000573711Extracellular SpaceGO:00056157Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:00057896LysosomeGO:00057643Mitochondrial MatrixGO:00057591CytosolGO:00058294PeroxisomeGO:000577713Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:000578314Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:00057412MitochondrionGO:000573925Golgi ApparatusGO:000579410Cell MembraneGO:000588627Peroxisome MembraneGO:000577815NucleusGO:000563426Golgi Apparatus MembraneGO:000013935ChloroplastGO:000950712Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574316Lysosomal LumenGO:004320218Melanosome MembraneGO:003316224Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575836MembraneGO:001602020Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578821SynapseGO:004520231Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032540PeriplasmGO:00425978Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum GO:000579019Sarcoplasmic ReticulumGO:00165291LiverBTO:00007597292Endothelium BTO:00003937Nervous SystemBTO:00014845cardiocyteBTO:00015398Blood VesselBTO:000110274114Adrenal MedullaBTO:000004971825IntestineBTO:000064828StomachBTO:00013071552611HeartBTO:000056273106KidneyBTO:000067171818PancreasBTO:00009889MuscleBTO:00008871411816SkinBTO:00012531542532Adrenal 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semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle. [PubChem]29767-20-2C11153346987598831930DB00444[H][C@]12COC(=O)[C@]1([H])[C@H](C1=CC(OC)=C(O)C(OC)=C1)C1=CC3=C(OCO3)C=C1[C@H]2O[C@@H]1O[C@]2([H])COC(O[C@@]2([H])[C@H](O)[C@H]1O)C1=CC=CS1C32H32O13SInChI=1S/C32H32O13S/c1-37-19-6-13(7-20(38-2)25(19)33)23-14-8-17-18(42-12-41-17)9-15(14)28(16-10-39-30(36)24(16)23)44-32-27(35)26(34)29-21(43-32)11-40-31(45-29)22-4-3-5-46-22/h3-9,16,21,23-24,26-29,31-35H,10-12H2,1-2H3/t16-,21+,23+,24-,26+,27+,28+,29+,31?,32-/m0/s1NRUKOCRGYNPUPR-PSZSYXFXSA-N(10R,11R,15R,16S)-16-{[(4aR,6R,7R,8R,8aS)-7,8-dihydroxy-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-d][1,3]dioxin-6-yl]oxy}-10-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4,6,13-trioxatetracyclo[7.7.0.0³,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]hexadeca-1,3(7),8-trien-12-one656.654656.1563618-4.043teniposide00Teniposido [inn-spanish];Teniposidum [inn-latin];4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-o-2-thenylidene-beta-d-glucopyranoside);4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin-beta-d-thenylidene glucoside;Hsdb 6546;Nsc 122819;Nsc-122819;Teniposido;Teniposidum;Vm-26;Vumon;4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-o-2-thenylidene-b-d-glucopyranoside);4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-o-2-thenylidene-β-d-glucopyranoside);4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin-b-d-thenylidene glucoside;4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin-β-d-thenylidene glucosidePW_C008954VM-2634302945303145311547791040495Teniposide catechol derivativeHMDB0061336(10R,11R,15R,16S)-16-{[(4ar,6R,7R,8R,8as)-7,8-dihydroxy-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-D][1,3]dioxin-6-yl]oxy}-10-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-4,6,13-trioxatetracyclo[7.7.0.0³,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]hexadeca-1,3(7),8-trien-12-one belongs to the class of organic compounds known as podophyllotoxins. These are tetralin lignans in which the benzene moiety of the tetralin skeleton is fused to a 1,3-dioxolane and the cyclohexane is fused to a butyrolactone (pyrrolidin-2-one) (10R,11R,15R,16S)-16-{[(4ar,6R,7R,8R,8as)-7,8-dihydroxy-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-D][1,3]dioxin-6-yl]oxy}-10-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-4,6,13-trioxatetracyclo[7.7.0.0³,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]hexadeca-1,3(7),8-trien-12-one is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule.[H][C@]12COC(=O)[C@]1([H])[C@H](C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(OC)=C1)C1=CC3=C(OCO3)C=C1[C@H]2O[C@@H]1O[C@]2([H])COC(O[C@@]2([H])[C@H](O)[C@H]1O)C1=CC=CS1C31H30O13SInChI=1S/C31H30O13S/c1-37-19-6-12(5-16(32)24(19)33)22-13-7-17-18(41-11-40-17)8-14(13)27(15-9-38-29(36)23(15)22)43-31-26(35)25(34)28-20(42-31)10-39-30(44-28)21-3-2-4-45-21/h2-8,15,20,22-23,25-28,30-35H,9-11H2,1H3/t15-,20+,22+,23-,25+,26+,27+,28+,30?,31-/m0/s1HFNGFXBXLSRAKX-LRXLMJOTSA-N(10R,11R,15R,16S)-16-{[(4aR,6R,7R,8R,8aS)-7,8-dihydroxy-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-d][1,3]dioxin-6-yl]oxy}-10-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-4,6,13-trioxatetracyclo[7.7.0.0³,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]hexadeca-1,3(7),8-trien-12-one642.627642.140711736-3.824(10R,11R,15R,16S)-16-{[(4aR,6R,7R,8R,8aS)-7,8-dihydroxy-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-d][1,3]dioxin-6-yl]oxy}-10-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-4,6,13-trioxatetracyclo[7.7.0.0³,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]hexadeca-1,3(7),8-trien-12-one00DBMET01262PW_C040495TCD34312934469453231453315478010423MagnesiumHMDB0000547Magnesium salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilatation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide; the undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base, and is commonly used as an antacid.22537-22-0C003058881842013-HYDROXY-MAGNESIUM-PROTOPORP865DB01378[Mg++]MgInChI=1S/Mg/q+2JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-Nmagnesium(2+) ion24.30523.9850418980magnesium(2+) ion22FDB003518Magnesium;Magnesium ions;Magnesium ion;Magnesium, doubly charged positive ion;Magnesium, ion (mg(2+));Mg(2+);Mg2+PW_C000423Mg2+868227426816476272726811581918883229363998339922111674614834915294317641421241024115929422331262933737454031477491486954497456525310453291115356112537610359061475934151603815560941616250166648417865941646881160697919971702057194206722721372332117250214731021673131987473222117631321184321012312225123242491251328812581226127292901527528515337308771371337723632977937336783933347841733578489115785223317853635678574130800203688004518480048372806231188065413580865158096525381841519383238394900271085962231105593901156873981199744061200701221202473821207024071209814081211811241212654291213194191219241251220864051224084221227591201229213991233071191235463741238354641238894551244771361246373761249783751254472971255984841256694791257774811259214821259472991259734951260004901262434781265534911267533001271253891271645011273805021274073881274515071278042091281255081283473951407738911065OxygenHMDB0001377Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131).7782-44-7C0000797715379CPD-6641952O=OO2InChI=1S/O2/c1-2MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-Ndioxygen31.998831.9898292440singlet oxygen00FDB022589Dioxygen;Molecular oxygen;O2;Oxygen;Oxygen molecule;[oo];Dioxygene;Disauerstoff;E 948;E-948;E948PW_C001065O2959110524516500185058549146252863836491067431688207541576347693383621375492016242531222803294260424747135467123548012554931265508127580910859731476129159700618870321637050160731921375332107560212839515111816216118641981188321511894211120572251206316412247286122792261232524912706291127162921300429813016300130263011303830213260223422761742657315769102937704429477214134773501117736313077377331773953327749711377512115775373347762633677723337777361127774712977756341778051147781213378070329781511327838134578805343791113601200474081203831221204264051205424071205534141205944091206014061208834151210451241211043831216054341216564291221173821225734181226893841227983741228224431230271351230603761231284471231391361231634481231761191231874501232191371232261201234594511236091181236693981241634691242144641246693991251454541252751211254254821257064781257314831257372971257404791258844811261002991262724841265224951267214891268254801269645021269862071271982091272142081272192051272225011273055041273452061275573881275745151278353891280813951280953901283125061284323911144NADHHMDB0001487NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). It forms NADP with the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.(Dorland, 27th ed).58-68-4C0000443915316908NADH388299DB00157NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H29N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H29N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,33)(H,34,35)(H,36,37)(H2,22,24,25)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BOPGDPNILDQYTO-NNYOXOHSSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy})phosphinic acid665.441665.124771695-2.358NADH0-2FDB0226491,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dpnh;Dihydrocodehydrogenase i;Dihydrocozymase;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide;Enada;Nadh;Nadh2;Reduced codehydrogenase i;Reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Reduced nicotinamide adenine diphosphate;Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide;B-dpnh;B-nadh;Beta-dpnh;Beta-nadh;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced);Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidePW_C001144NADH143415334908648101115212755146954223049278117283629310994806184812184821284904649593151699552401035332111535811254661235479125559313556981005737108582914159151475945151602715560791616387164721786771117689316070111887099163717220571952067462222824422683602259086224118091981182121612320249130032981301530013255223424033224261831577107132771231337720813477371331776513367766833477700332777071307791711377986347800093688069111993822124110549388112854941158381181199554061201724071203781221209864081211624251212441261216934291218183831226163841227451201231274471231381361235513741237344601238144431242424641243713981251891211253454791255314811257622971258082991259264821265164951267674801268885011273855021280903901283623911284293951407591851102FormaldehydeHMDB0001426Formaldehyde is a highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717) -- Pubchem; The chemical compound formaldehyde (also known as methanal), is a gas with a pungent smell. It is the simplest aldehyde. Its chemical formula is H2CO. Formaldehyde was first synthesized by the Russian chemist Aleksandr Butlerov in 1859 but was conclusively identified by August Wilhelm van Hofmann in 1867. Although formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature, it is readily soluble in water, and it is most commonly sold as a 37% solution in water called by trade names such as formalin or formol. In water, formaldehyde polymerizes, and formalin actually contains very little formaldehyde in the form of H2CO monomer. Usually, these solutions contain a few percent methanol to limit the extent of polymerization. Formaldehyde exhibits most of the general chemical properties of the aldehydes, except that is generally more reactive than other aldehydes. Formaldehyde is a potent electrophile. It can participate in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions with aromatic compounds and can undergo electrophilic addition reactions with alkenes. In the presence of basic catalysts, formaldehyde undergoes a Cannizaro reaction to produce formic acid and methanol. Because formaldehyde resins are used in many construction materials, including plywood, carpet, and spray-on insulating foams, and because these resins slowly give off formaldehyde over time, formaldehyde is one of the more common indoor air pollutants. At concentrations above 0.1 mg/kg in air, inhaled formaldehyde can irritate the eyes and mucous membranes, resulting in watery eyes, headache, a burning sensation in the throat, and difficulty breathing. -- Wikipedia.50-00-0C0006771216842FORMALDEHYDE692DB03843C=OCH2OInChI=1S/CH2O/c1-2/h1H2WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-Nformaldehyde30.02630.0105646860.820formaldehyde00DBMET00531FDB009445Methaldehyde;Methylene glycol;Aldeide formica;Chlodithan;Chlodithane;Fannoform;Formaldehyde;Formalina;Formaline;Formalith;Formic aldehyde;Formol;Methanal;Methylene oxide;Oxomethylene;Paraform;Formaldehyd;Formalin;OxomethanePW_C001102Formol65310255532562445891854711235484125130082981302030077703332777101307808011278083133122126407122129406123132447123143136124678119124681120126283481126286479127846206127849501721NADHMDB0000902NAD (or Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be converted to ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it by cellular respiration. (wikipedia). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed).53-84-9C00003589315846NAD5682NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H27N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H27N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,5-6H2,(H5-,22,23,24,25,33,34,35,36,37)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-N1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl phosphono}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium663.4251663.109121631-2.5281-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl phosphono}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium0-1FDB0223093-carbamoyl-1-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide;Co-i;Codehydrase i;Codehydrogenase i;Coenzyme i;Cozymase;Cozymase i;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidized;Endopride;Nad trihydrate;Nad-oxidized;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized;Nicotinamide dinucleotide;Nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide;Oxidized diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Pyridine nucleotide diphosphate;[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl {[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxyphosphoryl) hydrogen phosphate;[adenylate-32-p]-nad;Beta-diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Beta-nad;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide trihydrate;Dpn;Nad;Nad+;Nadide;B-nad;β-nadPW_C000721NAD140415033538651101114211344312735146654222949277917283529310794807184813184819284902649603151679552381035334111536011254691235482125559013556101185696100573810858271415912147594215160241556072157607616163851646917867721176890160701218870971637174205719720674051987459222824122683592259085224118192161232224913006298130183001325622342404322426193157710413277120133772091347737033177650336776673347770233277709130779151137798334778406356800063688069011993825124110552388112750166112853941199291221199524061201714071208344191209844081211594251212421261212594291218173831226143841227421201231304471231411361234194551235493741237314601238124431238294641243703981251871211253192971253424791255304811258062991258254901259244821265154951267654801268855011272785071273835021280893901283603911284283951407571851420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O55894910951394151316214481135261562428652106912077033823188382109431137749146554159043201824253222267860272746277817280529314370316472363461459836472737494193503027515675195975214100522794523610352971055319111534311353551125402110547012354831255492126550712755341305537114554112955911355608118562210856916575914057781015841143585314658771075890955910147594015160321556059157608716161231636133159621516218166647717865071806600152671311768401886888160716220571812077193206721121172282137238214724321572951987350216738821074012127467222749222475001907588170820122582372268414162926526118502771192216412011281122132851225028612264287123272491252022712632651269329012705291127152921300729813019300130253011303730213261223133272941534030842327315426953184369132276914293770192537710213277131133772151347737833177397332774713337751611577536334776283367772233777759341778163437798234778071329782353527824235378270356791133608001436880039370805912288065611993830383947943841105573901106393911158443981198792321199151221199634061200084071200464081201131241203654121204304051204384091206064151207944141211584251212404291213511211213814191216074341221183821223844361227531201227973741228044431230124461230643761230721371231314471231421361231624481232314511233844501237304601238104641239404551241654691246703991249384711249454721253052971253534791253864811254244821254802991256824831257074781257454871260544901262384951262734841267644801268965011269635021270173881271772081271992091272275041275065071275765151278363891280823951281765131406747901406758341407551851799HemeHMDB0003178Heme is the color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. A heme or haem is a prosthetic group that consists of an iron atom contained in the center of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin. Not all porphyrins contain iron, but a substantial fraction of porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic subunit; these are known as hemoproteins.14875-96-8C0003217627HEME_A24604415DB02577CC1=C(CCC(O)=O)C2=CC3=[N+]4C(=CC5=C(C)C(C=C)=C6C=C7C(C)=C(C=C)C8=[N+]7[Fe--]4(N2C1=C8)N56)C(C)=C3CCC(O)=OC34H32FeN4O4InChI=1S/C34H34N4O4.Fe/c1-7-21-17(3)25-13-26-19(5)23(9-11-33(39)40)31(37-26)16-32-24(10-12-34(41)42)20(6)28(38-32)15-30-22(8-2)18(4)27(36-30)14-29(21)35-25;/h7-8,13-16H,1-2,9-12H2,3-6H3,(H4,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42);/q;+2/p-2/b25-13-,26-13-,27-14-,28-15-,29-14-,30-15-,31-16-,32-16-;KABFMIBPWCXCRK-RGGAHWMASA-L4,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide616.487616.177297665-5.4824,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide0-2FDB016272(protoporphyrinato)iron;Ferroheme;Ferroheme b;Ferroprotoheme;Ferroprotoporphyrin;Ferroprotoporphyrin ix;Ferrous protoheme;Ferrous protoheme ix;Haem;Hem;Heme;Iron protoporphyrin;Iron protoporphyrin ix;Iron(ii) protoporphyrin ix;Protoferroheme;Protohaem;Protoheme;Protoheme ix;Reduced hematinPW_C001799Heme24716308103248608276651244313544914133619631828062929389323811336726342114373444043314823285170955472123548512555171295830141624678628316597151704416070601617326213118351981189821112065164130092981302130042278177691529376931249773511117736413077367331773983327751711577629336778133347838013378602132789631127993213412043140512060340812095540712108538312165842912174612412191012212257040612269138412306537612313344712314413612322837412352111912365039812421646412429711812446313512514212012527712112574248212589648112619629912649929712651249512671847912682748012722450212735720612763238812807020512808339512808639012830950112843439140496Teniposide o-quinone derivativeHMDB00613375-[(10R,11R,15R,16S)-16-{[(4ar,6R,7R,8R,8as)-7,8-dihydroxy-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-D][1,3]dioxin-6-yl]oxy}-12-oxo-4,6,13-trioxatetracyclo[7.7.0.0³,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]hexadeca-1,3(7),8-trien-10-yl]-3-methoxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-dione belongs to the class of organic compounds known as furanonaphthodioxoles. These are aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing a 1,3-dioxole ring linearly fused to the a naphthofuran. 5-[(10R,11R,15R,16S)-16-{[(4ar,6R,7R,8R,8as)-7,8-dihydroxy-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-D][1,3]dioxin-6-yl]oxy}-12-oxo-4,6,13-trioxatetracyclo[7.7.0.0³,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]hexadeca-1,3(7),8-trien-10-yl]-3-methoxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-dione is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule.[H][C@]12COC(=O)[C@]1([H])[C@H](C1=CC(=O)C(=O)C(OC)=C1)C1=CC3=C(OCO3)C=C1[C@H]2O[C@@H]1O[C@]2([H])COC(O[C@@]2([H])[C@H](O)[C@H]1O)C1=CC=CS1C31H28O13SInChI=1S/C31H28O13S/c1-37-19-6-12(5-16(32)24(19)33)22-13-7-17-18(41-11-40-17)8-14(13)27(15-9-38-29(36)23(15)22)43-31-26(35)25(34)28-20(42-31)10-39-30(44-28)21-3-2-4-45-21/h2-8,15,20,22-23,25-28,30-31,34-35H,9-11H2,1H3/t15-,20+,22+,23-,25+,26+,27+,28+,30?,31-/m0/s1SUZOUIWTKWTHGX-LRXLMJOTSA-N5-[(10R,11R,15R,16S)-16-{[(4aR,6R,7R,8R,8aS)-7,8-dihydroxy-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-d][1,3]dioxin-6-yl]oxy}-12-oxo-4,6,13-trioxatetracyclo[7.7.0.0³,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]hexadeca-1,3(7),8-trien-10-yl]-3-methoxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-dione640.611640.125061672-4.0825-[(10R,11R,15R,16S)-16-{[(4aR,6R,7R,8R,8aS)-7,8-dihydroxy-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-d][1,3]dioxin-6-yl]oxy}-12-oxo-4,6,13-trioxatetracyclo[7.7.0.0³,⁷.0¹¹,¹⁵]hexadeca-1,3(7),8-trien-10-yl]-3-methoxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-dione00DBMET01263PW_C040496TenpOQD34479478110353CalciumHMDB0000464Calcium is essential for the normal growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, and calcium requirements must be met throughout life. Requirements are greatest during periods of growth, such as childhood, during pregnancy and when breast-feeding. Long-term calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased risk of fractures. Adults need between 1,000 and 1,300 mg of calcium in their daily diet. Calcium is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, and is the most common metal in many animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Calcium combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. A deficit can affect bone and tooth formation, while overretention can cause kidney stones. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well-known source of calcium. However, some individuals are allergic to dairy products and even more people, particularly those of non-European descent, are lactose-intolerant, leaving them unable to consume dairy products. Fortunately, many other good sources of calcium exist. These include: seaweeds such as kelp, wakame and hijiki; nuts and seeds (like almonds and sesame); beans; amaranth; collard greens; okra; rutabaga; broccoli; kale; and fortified products such as orange juice and soy milk. Calcium has also been found to assist in the production of lymphatic fluids.14127-61-8C0007627129108CA%2b2266DB01373[Ca++]CaInChI=1S/Ca/q+2BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-Ncalcium(2+) ion40.07839.9625911550calcium(2+) ion22FDB003513Ca;Calcium element;Ca(2+);Ca2+;Calcium ion;Calcium, doubly charged positive ionPW_C000353Ca2+276163038553146012941159932199735104631163461164471478491491421552432116582138172796182937931597131607239422941866647821048222853401115780101717920572322117258160728119011774213118371981184221012198164122152851528815115350308693361773893317760011578154132782663567852634578724130789081148041374805892288182651120220122120465405121049124121300418121377419121850383121923125122370409122895135123099376123613118123870454123936455124403398124476136124924137125571297125711478125981489126009299126050490126533495127203209127434506127460388127502507128105390140676790140677834140695504781DNA topoisomerase 2-alphaP11388Control of topological states of DNA by transient breakage and subsequent rejoining of DNA strands. Topoisomerase II makes double-strand breaksHMDBP10697TOP2A17q21-q22AF07174015.99.1.329432313570161413600312813988721449901352956Cytochrome P450 3A4P08684Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide.
HMDBP01018CYP3A47q21.1M1890711.14.13.-; 1.14.13.157; 1.14.13.32; 1.14.13.67; 1.14.13.9729332932722329010336826404531457718517495135698615136000332136017491360183311399143001399192981402183251404518471408037140842844140845111409566081410456914108039214111665142591996142689973143401112114454512811442Cytochrome P450 3A5P20815Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
HMDBP01554CYP3A57q21.1CH23695611.14.14.1293429327323369263436104044314590184339549135699615136001332140804714084384414084611140959847141048691410813921426139961426989731445461281276MyeloperoxidaseP05164Part of the host defense system of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It is responsible for microbicidal activity against a wide range of organisms. In the stimulated PMN, MPO catalyzes the production of hypohalous acids, primarily hypochlorous acid in physiologic situations, and other toxic intermediates that greatly enhance PMN microbicidal activity.
HMDBP00282MPO17q23.1X0487611.11.2.229399478310482428135700617136002337136050113140962847733DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha1PW_P000733827478123294234294123730Cytochrome P450 3A41PW_P000730824956132517991292910731Cytochrome P450 3A51PW_P0007318251442132617991293010732Myeloperoxidase1PW_P0007328262762327353232817992293591763falsePW_R001763Right661989541Compoundfalse860710651Compoundtrue860911441Compoundtrue6620404951Compoundfalse861011021Compoundtrue86117211Compoundtrue861414201Compoundtrue150573015067311.14.14.11764falsePW_R001764Right6621404951Compoundfalse86127211Compoundtrue6622404961Compoundfalse861311441Compoundtrue15077321.11.2.2252PW_T00025229089541Compound3115Right251PW_T000251289404951Compound3115Right9413895431157true031010regular2001909414895415157false395109510regular20019094154049531157true031010regular20020094164049515157true031010regular2002009417423239false445166010regular1002510442895410157false39059010regular2001901044310651065false64153410regular78781044411441060false66579110regular5030104454049510157false115058510regular2002001044611021081false93541510regular200190104477211059false95079010regular50301044814201049false101076510regular7878104491799109false79060315regular10025104501799109false79073314regular10025104514049510157false1155112510regular200200104527211059false1335135010regular5030104534049610157false1155159510regular2002001045411441060false1125154010regular503010455353109false1205148019regular10025104561799109false1205142519regular1002551834781232false42016058subunitregular150705682956102false76561311subunitregular1507056831442102false76567812subunitregular150705684276102false118014308subunitregular15070425973316623515551831822941714859Cofactor4648730166105653568221121044916509Cofactor4649731166105654568321131045016510Cofactor4650732166105655568421141045516515Cofactor21151045616516Cofactor14854M11 322 C34 338 74 365 98 382 83true1814855M490 780 C491 805 494 1070 495 1095 83false18trueM 486.9867927613433 807.319759081534 L 495 820 L 501.9748071421701 806.7202385063009false14856M11 322 C34 338 74 365 98 382 83true1814857M1250 775 C1251 799 1254 1101 1255 1125 83false18trueM 1056.9657053123954 787.3331097394534 L 1065 800 L 1071.9527014087807 786.7086515687707false14858M11 322 C34 338 74 365 98 382 5true1814859M150 460 L150 510 L200 460 z10true1814860M495 1285 C495 1317 494 1577 495 1605 148false18falsetrueM 655.0095571847868 1120.5353729576861 L 670 1120 L 684.9904428152132 1119.464627042313914861M910 1695 C942 1694 1121 1694 1155 1695 149false18trueM 802.7497820963781 1307.0979080937466 L 790 1315 L 803.2183033820439 1322.0905892350527false16502M590 685 C620 685 226 276 250 293 5true1816503M680 612 C683 662 762 685 845 685 5false1016504M690 791 C689 763 748 684 845 685 5false1016505M1150 680 C1120 680 643 684 590 685 5false10trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16506M1035 605 C1035 667 952 683 846 684 5false10trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16507M975 790 C975 756 940 685 845 684 5false10trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16508M1049 765 C1047 732 935 685 845 685 5false10trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16509M150 460 L150 510 L200 460 z10true1816510M150 460 L150 510 L200 460 z10true1816511M1255 1315 C1255 1346 1255 1401 1255 1430 5false1816512M1335 1365 C1305 1365 1255 1398 1255 1430 5false1816513M1255 1595 C1254 1562 1255 1532 1255 1500 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16514M1175 1555 C1205 1555 1257 1528 1255 1500 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16515M150 460 L150 510 L200 460 z10true1816516M150 460 L150 510 L200 460 z10true184383975M375 1556.3333435058594 C398 1572.3333435058594 400 1573.3333435058594 424 1590.3333435058594 148false184383976M382 1545.3333435058594 C405 1561.3333435058594 405 1562.3333435058594 429 1579.3333435058594 148false184383977M421 1945.6666564941406 C444 1961.6666564941406 461 1978.6666564941406 485 1995.6666564941406 148false184383978M426 1935.6666717529297 C449 1951.6666717529297 467 1966.6666717529297 491 1983.6666717529297 148false184383979M426 1810.6666717529297 C449 1826.6666717529297 450 1828.6666717529297 474 1845.6666717529297 148false184383980M416 1820.6666717529297 C439 1836.6666717529297 441 1837.6666717529297 465 1854.6666717529297 148false184383981M570 1640 C691 1646 692 1902.6666717529297 504 1905.6666717529297 5false8trueM 758.0644009829867 778.2781898470366 L 773 779.6666717529297 L 766.7346610946918 766.0378226305118false4383982M2025 2615 C2026 2619 2024 2635 2026 2638 218false18falsefalse4383983M2133 2405 C2135 2404 2145 2388 2149 2387 218false184383984M1936 2373 C1939 2375 1949 2384 1952 2385 218false184383985M2074 2363 C2075 2358 2083 2346 2084 2342 218false184383986M1788 2531.6666870117188 C1823 2512.6666870117188 1856 2490.6666870117188 1893 2468.6666870117188 218false18trueM 283.06440098298674 1217.2782051058257 L 298 1218.6666870117188 L 291.73466109469183 1205.0378378893008false4383987M1997 2288.6666870117188 C2005 2309.6666870117188 2008 2322.6666870117188 2016 2345.6666870117188 218false18trueM 409.6486659217096 1055.86121840267 L 421 1065.6666870117188 L 423.81611787230196 1050.9334090285508false4383988M2121 2363.6666870117188 C2138 2351.6666870117188 2167 2329.6666870117188 2183 2318.6666870117188 218false18trueM 532.2875998729517 1075.048093551392 L 526 1088.6666870117188 L 540.9378478369315 1087.3026115003634false4383989M2176 2538.6666870117188 C2199 2554.6666870117188 2220 2565.6666870117188 2244 2582.6666870117188 218false18trueM 595.9468550441649 1264.9282433080148 L 581 1263.6666870117188 L 587.3808877211858 1277.2418213347971false4383990M563 1498 C586 1514 585 1515 609 1532 148false18falsefalse4383991M573 1488 C596 1504 595 1505 619 1522 148false184383992M1563 1518 C1605 1517 1898 1519 1927 1520 218false18trueM 2016.75886816918 1008.0478668999098 L 2030 1001 L 2017.2758023067765 993.056776909606false4383993M1929.3333435058594 2394 C1850.3333435058594 2488 1913.3333435058594 2605 2015.3333435058594 2625 148false17trueM 1197.2801985500241 796.261556296296 L 1182.3333435058594 795 L 1188.7142312270453 808.5751343230784false4383994M1956.3333435058594 2374 C1984.3333435058594 2351 2040.3333435058594 2332 2067.3333435058594 2354 148false17trueM 1457.397744488846 831.6115180941069 L 1472.3333435058594 833 L 1466.0680046005511 819.3711508775821false4383995M2082.3333435058594 2353 C2108.3333435058594 2358 2119.3333435058594 2368 2135.3333435058594 2390 148false17trueM 1564.397744488846 893.6115180941069 L 1579.3333435058594 895 L 1573.0680046005511 881.3711508775821false4383996M2037.3333435058594 2628 C2126.3333435058594 2626 2224.3333435058594 2514 2151.3333435058594 2407 148false17trueM 1460.1519490323574 1102.2100479875653 L 1447.3333435058594 1110 L 1460.4889426061384 1117.2062620208217false310316617631099581044216502Left99591044316503Left99601044416504Left99611044516505Right99621044616506Right99631044716507Right99641044816508Right318315054648318415064649310416617641099651045116511Left99661045216512Left99671045316513Right99681045416514Right318515074650390252166865941314854Left866941414855Right391251166867941514856Left868941614857Right88579216614true031016regular825941414858Left528425914860Right886793166217false760166016regular142148618195343839758195443839768195543839778195643839788195743839798195843839808195943839818196043839828196143839838196243839848196343839858196443839868196543839878196643839888196743839898196843839908196943839918197043839928197143839938197243839948197343839958197443839964687216253853.43.4029200145759668652201.71.745232803607608720522551.61.6031432726776168113513350.80.802528532048805043014701.71.7806733825848805244015851.31.30174710210148805359517311.01.002047102101488054187523261.61.601378200200488055166025010.80.802047102101488056191521911.11.10204710210148805719838200.70.7021392159195048806011451660.60.640214902404880615051811.31.3031432726748806256023071.31.3-1523280360488063100525620.80.8-55111490240481M127 1126 C127 1076 177 1026 227 1026 C577 1026 1031 1026 1381 1026 C1431 1026 1481 1076 1481 1126 C1481 1595 1481 2205 1481 2674 C1481 2724 1431 2774 1381 2774 C1031 2774 577 2774 227 2774 C177 2774 127 2724 127 2674 C127 2205 127 1595 127 1126 1true61354.01748.0677M278 225 C278 175 328 125 378 125 C665 125 1039 125 1326 125 C1376 125 1426 175 1426 225 C1426 407 1426 642 1426 824 C1426 874 1376 924 1326 924 C1039 924 665 924 378 924 C328 924 278 874 278 824 C278 642 278 407 278 225 1true61148.0799.0477329M230 1523 C230 1473 280 1423 330 1423 C511 1423 747 1423 928 1423 C978 1423 1028 1473 1028 1523 C1028 1691 1028 1908 1028 2076 C1028 2126 978 2176 928 2176 C747 2176 511 2176 330 2176 C280 2176 230 2126 230 2076 C230 1908 230 1691 230 1523 93true6798.0753.0373235Cancer Cell620950201.91.920015896622235DNA strand break6301440201.61.620015896623235DNA repair5001732181.31.32001589662415S- DNA replication15452471191.91.91601589662515G1- cell growth22152531201.91.91601589662615M- mitosis/ cell division21652236192.22.21601589662715G2- growth, preparation for mitosis and DNA repair18152171191.91.916015896628235Cell cycle18952426121.31.32001589663015Re-ligation of DNA strand breaks cannot occur since DNA toposiomerase II is non-functional. This leads to errors in DNA synthesis5821879202.22.216015896632235Nucleus6101353201.71.720015896633235Apoptosis24391410202.82.82001589663615Errors in DNA synthesis promotes apoptosis of the cancer cell15281273202.52.516015896638235Hepatocyte33151201.91.920015896639235Liver1773334201.91.920015235184759325298145494940412028512834651775224515512195254927504#FFEBEB4998555283466610235020213991053220441#FFF9C94851805