285PathwayMethadone Metabolism PathwayMethadone exerts its analgesic by acting on the mu-opioid receptor of sensory neurons. Binding to the mu-opioid receptor activates associated G(i) proteins. These subsequently act to inhibit adenylate cyclase, reducing the level of intracellular cAMP. G(i) also activates potassium channels and inactivates calcium channels causing the neuron to hyperpolarize. The end result is decreased nerve conduction and reduced neurotransmitter release, which blocks the perception of pain signals. Methadone further acts as an antagonist at the NMDA receptor, reducting calcium influx and neuronal excitability.Drug MetabolismPW000600CenterPathwayVisualizationContext67015002500#000099PathwayVisualization314285Methadone PathwayMethadone exerts its analgesic by acting on the mu-opioid receptor of sensory neurons. Binding to the mu-opioid receptor activates associated G(i) proteins. These subsequently act to inhibit adenylate cyclase, reducing the level of intracellular cAMP. G(i) also activates potassium channels and inactivates calcium channels causing the neuron to hyperpolarize. The end result is decreased nerve conduction and reduced neurotransmitter release, which blocks the perception of pain signals. Methadone further acts as an antagonist at the NMDA receptor, reducting calcium influx and neuronal excitability.Drug1514Methadone inhibition of Glutamate receptor ionotropicInhibitorySubPathway8368862Compound74837782ProteinComplex73515Methadone activation of Mu-type opioid receptorActivatingSubPathway8388862Compound74839254ProteinComplex73137918331375Fredheim OM, Moksnes K, Borchgrevink PC, Kaasa S, Dale O: Clinical pharmacology of methadone for pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008 Aug;52(7):879-89. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01597.x. Epub 2008 Mar 7.285Pathway1380Opioids. (2009). e-CPS (online version of Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties). Retrieved October 25, 2009.285Pathway3NeuronCL:00005401CellCL:00000002Platelet CL:00002335HepatocyteCL:00001824Cardiomyocyte CL:00007467Epithelial CellCL:00000661Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia425Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote15Plasmodium falciparum5833Eukaryote5CytoplasmGO:000573711Extracellular SpaceGO:00056157Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:00057891CytosolGO:00058294PeroxisomeGO:00057772MitochondrionGO:000573920Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578813Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:00057836LysosomeGO:00057648Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum GO:000579010Cell MembraneGO:00058863Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575916Lysosomal LumenGO:004320212Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574318Melanosome MembraneGO:003316214Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574124Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575835ChloroplastGO:000950736MembraneGO:001602025Golgi apparatusGO:000579421SynapseGO:004520215NucleusGO:000563431Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032540PeriplasmGO:004259722post-synaptic membraneGO:00452111LiverBTO:00007597292Endothelium BTO:00003934Adrenal MedullaBTO:000004971825IntestineBTO:000064828StomachBTO:0001307155267Nervous SystemBTO:00014848Blood VesselBTO:0001102741111HeartBTO:000056273107413PW_BS00007429111PW_BS000029311511PW_BS00003115111PW_BS00001516212PW_BS000016101711PW_BS0000108511PW_BS0000082111PW_BS0000025411PW_BS0000053211PW_BS00000349711PW_BS0000493612011PW_BS000036181311PW_BS0000189611PW_BS000009111811PW_BS000011261115PW_BS00002614101PW_BS0000144311PW_BS0000042811611PW_BS000028951721PW_BS0000951231751PW_BS0001231251351PW_BS00012512915121PW_BS00012914117191PW_BS00014178811PW_BS00007811PW_BS000001151141PW_BS0001511601181PW_BS0001601613181PW_BS0001612137181PW_BS0000241985181PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS0000241644PW_BS00016429817101PW_BS00002430013101PW_BS000024171211PW_BS00001729341PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS0000241115121PW_BS00011113013121PW_BS0001303317121PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS0000281151012PW_BS0001153361121PW_BS0000283344121PW_BS0000281333121PW_BS0001331321121PW_BS0001321122121PW_BS00011213412121PW_BS000134405105PW_BS000115408451PW_BS000115407251PW_BS000115383751PW_BS000100429151PW_BS000115124151PW_BS000124122551PW_BS000122406351PW_BS0001153841251PW_BS0001003761017PW_BS00005344717171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS0001363744171PW_BS0000531192171PW_BS0001193987171PW_BS0001134641171PW_BS0001151181171PW_BS0001181355171PW_BS0001351203171PW_BS00012012112171PW_BS0001214824101PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS0000242975101PW_BS0000244957101PW_BS0001154793101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS000115502461PW_BS000115206261PW_BS000024388161PW_BS000112205561PW_BS0000243951361PW_BS000113390761PW_BS000112501361PW_BS0001153911261PW_BS000112204111PW_BS000020331811PW_BS0000332441011PW_BS000024221411PW_BS000022422411PW_BS00004213121PW_BS000013126651PW_BS00012612711651PW_BS00012710813PW_BS0001081471241PW_BS00014715924PW_BS000159188118PW_BS0000241632181PW_BS00016321013181PW_BS00002421217181PW_BS0000242164181PW_BS0000242156181PW_BS0000242253541PW_BS0000242863641PW_BS000024226441PW_BS0000242916491PW_BS0000242924491PW_BS0000243016101PW_BS000024302116101PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS000024315123PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS0000241136121PW_BS000113337116121PW_BS00002834141121PW_BS0000281141112PW_BS00011432914121PW_BS00002834524121PW_BS00002834318121PW_BS000028360410121PW_BS0000284141551PW_BS000115409115PW_BS0001154151851PW_BS00011543441051PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS0001004182451PW_BS0001154436171PW_BS000115448116171PW_BS00011545015171PW_BS0001151371117PW_BS00013745118171PW_BS000115469410171PW_BS00011539914171PW_BS00011345424171PW_BS0001154781010PW_BS0001154831110PW_BS00011548414101PW_BS00011548924101PW_BS000115207661PW_BS000024209106PW_BS000024208116PW_BS0000245041861PW_BS00011551541061PW_BS0001153891461PW_BS0001125062461PW_BS000115541315PW_BS0000546131PW_BS000006103331PW_BS000103100521PW_BS0001001553241PW_BS0001551783211PW_BS000178117131PW_BS000117222341PW_BS000024224241PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS00002434713125PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS000028943PW_BS0000944251355PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS000115432511PW_BS00004360251PW_BS00006046114PW_BS0000467028511PW_BS00007072513PW_BS000072612517PW_BS0000613772113PW_BS00003793252011PW_BS00009327151PW_BS000027711PW_BS000007971521PW_BS000097105113PW_BS000105110231PW_BS000110140103PW_BS000140101531PW_BS00010114315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS000146107313PW_BS0001071572241PW_BS00015716611PW_BS0001661802211PW_BS00018015284PW_BS00015221425181PW_BS0000241901118PW_BS00002417018PW_BS00017016212181PW_BS0001622771218PW_BS0000242811251PW_BS0000242851041PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS00002465111PW_BS0000652905491PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS000024253541PW_BS0000243331212PW_BS0000283522512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS00002835625121PW_BS0000283702601PW_BS000028228361PW_BS000024232403PW_BS000024412125PW_BS0001154192551PW_BS000115436255PW_BS0001154461217PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS0001154712517PW_BS00011547225177PW_BS00011548718101PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS0001155072561PW_BS0001155131761PW_BS000115731013PW_BS0000733872213PW_BS00003861517151PW_BS0005038862MethadoneHMDB0014477A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of morphine. It also has a depressant action on the cough center and may be given to control intractable cough associated with terminal lung cancer. Methadone is also used as part of the treatment of dependence on opioid drugs, although prolonged use of methadone itself may result in dependence. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3)76-99-3C07163409568073953DB00333CCC(=O)C(CC(C)N(C)C)(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1C21H27NOInChI=1S/C21H27NO/c1-5-20(23)21(16-17(2)22(3)4,18-12-8-6-9-13-18)19-14-10-7-11-15-19/h6-15,17H,5,16H2,1-4H3USSIQXCVUWKGNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one309.4452309.209264491-4.720methadone01(+/-)-methadone;(+/-)-methadone hydrochloride;Dl-methadone hydrochloride;Dl-methadone;Methadon;Methadone hcl;Methadone hydrochloride;Phenadone hydrochloride;(+-)-methadone;6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanone;MethadonumPW_C008862Methado327574362029500431500515405212-ethyl-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolinium (EDDP)HMDB00609312-ethyl-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolinium (EDDP) is a metabolite of methadone. Methadone (also known as Symoron, Dolophine, Amidone, Methadose, Physeptone, Heptadon, Phy and many other names) is a synthetic opioid, used medically as an analgesic and a maintenance anti-addictive for use in patients with opioid dependency. It was developed in Germany in 1937. Although chemically unlike morphine or heroin, methadone acts on the same opioid receptors as these drugs, and thus has many of the same effects. (Wikipedia)101101648285690CCC1=[N+](C)C(C)CC1(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1C20H24NInChI=1S/C20H24N/c1-4-19-20(15-16(2)21(19)3,17-11-7-5-8-12-17)18-13-9-6-10-14-18/h5-14,16H,4,15H2,1-3H3/q+1SCIYBRNSSXZMKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N5-ethyl-1,2-dimethyl-4,4-diphenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-1-ium278.4113278.190874773-7.0502-ethyl-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-4,5-dihydropyrrol-1-ium11DBMET00181PW_C040521EDDP3621291799HemeHMDB0003178Heme is the color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. A heme or haem is a prosthetic group that consists of an iron atom contained in the center of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin. Not all porphyrins contain iron, but a substantial fraction of porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic subunit; these are known as hemoproteins.14875-96-8C0003217627HEME_A24604415DB02577CC1=C(CCC(O)=O)C2=CC3=[N+]4C(=CC5=C(C)C(C=C)=C6C=C7C(C)=C(C=C)C8=[N+]7[Fe--]4(N2C1=C8)N56)C(C)=C3CCC(O)=OC34H32FeN4O4InChI=1S/C34H34N4O4.Fe/c1-7-21-17(3)25-13-26-19(5)23(9-11-33(39)40)31(37-26)16-32-24(10-12-34(41)42)20(6)28(38-32)15-30-22(8-2)18(4)27(36-30)14-29(21)35-25;/h7-8,13-16H,1-2,9-12H2,3-6H3,(H4,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42);/q;+2/p-2/b25-13-,26-13-,27-14-,28-15-,29-14-,30-15-,31-16-,32-16-;KABFMIBPWCXCRK-RGGAHWMASA-L4,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide616.487616.177297665-5.4824,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide0-2FDB016272(protoporphyrinato)iron;Ferroheme;Ferroheme b;Ferroprotoheme;Ferroprotoporphyrin;Ferroprotoporphyrin ix;Ferrous protoheme;Ferrous protoheme ix;Haem;Hem;Heme;Iron protoporphyrin;Iron protoporphyrin ix;Iron(ii) protoporphyrin ix;Protoferroheme;Protohaem;Protoheme;Protoheme ix;Reduced hematinPW_C001799Heme2471630810324860827665124431354491413361963182806292938932381133672634211437344404331482328517095547212354851255517129583014162467862831659715170441607060161732621311835198118982111206516413009298130213004227817769152937693124977351111773641307736733177398332775171157762933677813334783801337860213278963112799321341204314051206034081209554071210853831216584291217461241219101221225704061226913841230653761231334471231441361232283741235211191236503981242164641242971181244631351251421201252771211257424821258964811261962991264992971265124951267184791268274801272245021273572061276323881280702051280833951280863901283095011284343911065OxygenHMDB0001377Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131).7782-44-7C0000797715379CPD-6641952O=OO2InChI=1S/O2/c1-2MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-Noxidanone31.998831.9898292440singlet oxygen00FDB022589Dioxygen;Molecular oxygen;O2;Oxygen;Oxygen molecule;[oo];Dioxygene;Disauerstoff;E 948;E-948;E948PW_C001065O2959110524516500185058549146252863836491067431688207541576347693383621375492016242531222803294260424747135467123548012554931265508127580910859731476129159700618870321637050160731921375332107560212839515111816216118641981188321511894211120572251206316412247286122792261232524912706291127162921300429813016300130263011303830213260223422761742657315769102937704429477214134773501117736313077377331773953327749711377512115775373347762633677723337777361127774712977756341778051147781213378070329781511327838134578805343791113601200474081203831221204264051205424071205534141205944091206014061208834151210451241211043831216054341216564291221173821225734181226893841227983741228224431230271351230603761231284471231391361231634481231761191231874501232191371232261201234594511236091181236693981241634691242144641246693991251454541252751211254254821257064781257314831257372971257404791258844811261002991262724841265224951267214891268254801269645021269862071271982091272142081272192051272225011273055041273452061275573881275745151278353891280813951280953901283125061284323911144NADHHMDB0001487NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). It forms NADP with the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.(Dorland, 27th ed).58-68-4C0000443915316908NADH388299DB00157NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H29N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H29N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,33)(H,34,35)(H,36,37)(H2,22,24,25)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BOPGDPNILDQYTO-NNYOXOHSSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy})phosphinic acid665.441665.124771695-2.358NADH0-2FDB0226491,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dpnh;Dihydrocodehydrogenase i;Dihydrocozymase;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide;Enada;Nadh;Nadh2;Reduced codehydrogenase i;Reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Reduced nicotinamide adenine diphosphate;Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide;B-dpnh;B-nadh;Beta-dpnh;Beta-nadh;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced);Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidePW_C001144NADH14341533490864810111521275514695422304927811728362931099480618481218482128490464959315169955240103533211153581125466123547912555931355698100573710858291415915147594515160271556079161638716472178677111768931607011188709916371722057195206746222282442268360225908622411809198118212161232024913003298130153001325522342403322426183157710713277123133772081347737133177651336776683347770033277707130779171137798634780009368806911199382212411054938811285494115838118119955406120172407120378122120986408121162425121244126121693429121818383122616384122745120123127447123138136123551374123734460123814443124242464124371398125189121125345479125531481125762297125808299125926482126516495126767480126888501127385502128090390128362391128429395405222-Ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-pyrrolineHMDB00606722-Ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-pyrroline is a metabolite of methadone. Methadone (also known as Symoron, Dolophine, Amidone, Methadose, Physeptone, Heptadon, Phy and many other names) is a synthetic opioid, used medically as an analgesic and a maintenance anti-addictive for use in patients with opioid dependency. It was developed in Germany in 1937. Although chemically unlike morphine or heroin, methadone acts on the same opioid receptors as these drugs, and thus has many of the same effects. (Wikipedia)C1666098793688055045CCC1=NC(C)CC1(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1C19H21NInChI=1S/C19H21N/c1-3-18-19(14-15(2)20-18,16-10-6-4-7-11-16)17-12-8-5-9-13-17/h4-13,15H,3,14H2,1-2H3UPZKJIHNKKJIKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N5-ethyl-2-methyl-4,4-diphenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole263.3767263.167399677-5.990EMDP01EmdpPW_C0405222E5M33D3626294733101420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O55894910951394151316214481135261562428652106912077033823188382109431137749146554159043201824253222267860272746277817280529314370316472363461459836472737494193503027515675195975214100522794523610352971055319111534311353551125402110547012354831255492126550712755341305537114554112955911355608118562210856916575914057781015841143585314658771075890955910147594015160321556059157608716161231636133159621516218166647717865071806600152671311768401886888160716220571812077193206721121172282137238214724321572951987350216738821074012127467222749222475001907588170820122582372268414162926526118502771192216412011281122132851225028612264287123272491252022712632651269329012705291127152921300729813019300130253011303730213261223133272941534030842327315426953184369132276914293770192537710213277131133772151347737833177397332774713337751611577536334776283367772233777759341778163437798234778071329782353527824235378270356791133608001436880039370805912288065611993830383947943841105573901106393911158443981198792321199151221199634061200084071200464081201131241203654121204304051204384091206064151207944141211584251212404291213511211213814191216074341221183821223844361227531201227973741228044431230124461230643761230721371231314471231421361231624481232314511233844501237304601238104641239404551241654691246703991249384711249454721253052971253534791253864811254244821254802991256824831257074781257454871260544901262384951262734841267644801268965011269635021270173881271772081271992091272275041275065071275765151278363891280823951281765131102FormaldehydeHMDB0001426Formaldehyde is a highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717) -- Pubchem; The chemical compound formaldehyde (also known as methanal), is a gas with a pungent smell. It is the simplest aldehyde. Its chemical formula is H2CO. Formaldehyde was first synthesized by the Russian chemist Aleksandr Butlerov in 1859 but was conclusively identified by August Wilhelm van Hofmann in 1867. Although formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature, it is readily soluble in water, and it is most commonly sold as a 37% solution in water called by trade names such as formalin or formol. In water, formaldehyde polymerizes, and formalin actually contains very little formaldehyde in the form of H2CO monomer. Usually, these solutions contain a few percent methanol to limit the extent of polymerization. Formaldehyde exhibits most of the general chemical properties of the aldehydes, except that is generally more reactive than other aldehydes. Formaldehyde is a potent electrophile. It can participate in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions with aromatic compounds and can undergo electrophilic addition reactions with alkenes. In the presence of basic catalysts, formaldehyde undergoes a Cannizaro reaction to produce formic acid and methanol. Because formaldehyde resins are used in many construction materials, including plywood, carpet, and spray-on insulating foams, and because these resins slowly give off formaldehyde over time, formaldehyde is one of the more common indoor air pollutants. At concentrations above 0.1 mg/kg in air, inhaled formaldehyde can irritate the eyes and mucous membranes, resulting in watery eyes, headache, a burning sensation in the throat, and difficulty breathing. -- Wikipedia.50-00-0C0006771216842FORMALDEHYDE692DB03843C=OCH2OInChI=1S/CH2O/c1-2/h1H2WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-Nformaldehyde30.02630.0105646860.820formaldehyde00DBMET00531FDB009445Methaldehyde;Methylene glycol;Aldeide formica;Chlodithan;Chlodithane;Fannoform;Formaldehyde;Formalina;Formaline;Formalith;Formic aldehyde;Formol;Methanal;Methylene oxide;Oxomethylene;Paraform;Formaldehyd;Formalin;OxomethanePW_C001102Formol65310255532562445891854711235484125130082981302030077703332777101307808011278083133122126407122129406123132447123143136124678119124681120126283481126286479127846206127849501721NADHMDB0000902NAD (or Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be converted to ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it by cellular respiration. (wikipedia). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed).53-84-9C00003589315846NAD5682NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H28N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H27N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,5-6H2,(H5-,22,23,24,25,33,34,35,36,37)/p+1/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-O1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium664.433664.116946663-2.5981-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium1-1FDB0223093-carbamoyl-1-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide;Co-i;Codehydrase i;Codehydrogenase i;Coenzyme i;Cozymase;Cozymase i;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidized;Endopride;Nad trihydrate;Nad-oxidized;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized;Nicotinamide dinucleotide;Nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide;Oxidized diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Pyridine nucleotide diphosphate;[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl {[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxyphosphoryl) hydrogen phosphate;[adenylate-32-p]-nad;Beta-diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Beta-nad;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide trihydrate;Dpn;Nad;Nad+;Nadide;B-nad;β-nadPW_C000721NAD140415033538651101114211344312735146654222949277917283529310794807184813184819284902649603151679552381035334111536011254691235482125559013556101185696100573810858271415912147594215160241556072157607616163851646917867721176890160701218870971637174205719720674051987459222824122683592259085224118192161232224913006298130183001325622342404322426193157710413277120133772091347737033177650336776673347770233277709130779151137798334778406356800063688069011993825124110552388112750166112853941199291221199524061201714071208344191209844081211594251212421261212594291218173831226143841227421201231304471231411361234194551235493741237314601238124431238294641243703981251871211253192971253424791255304811258062991258254901259244821265154951267654801268855011272785071273835021280893901283603911284283951515Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1Q05586NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. This protein plays a key role in synaptic plasticity, synaptogenesis, excitotoxicity, memory acquisition and learning. It mediates neuronal functions in glutamate neurotransmission. Is involved in the cell surface targeting of NMDA receptorsHMDBP01635GRIN19q34.3L056661327673132159141520Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1Q12879NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels possesses high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Activation requires binding of agonist to both types of subunitsHMDBP01642GRIN2A16p13.2U090021327773132158143065Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3AQ8TCU5NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with reduced single-channel conductance, low calcium permeability and low voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. May play a role in the development of dendritic spines. May play a role in PPP2CB-NMDAR mediated signaling mechanismHMDBP07845GRIN3A9q31.1AB0758531327873132163142036Mu-type opioid receptorP35372Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Receptor for beta-endorphinHMDBP02643OPRM16q24-q25AY3090091910383178735103741441Cytochrome P450 2B6P20813Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase.
HMDBP01553CYP2B619q13.2M2987411.14.13.-1384493270233572934231434341045801813656836975Cytochrome P450 2C19P33261Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine.
HMDBP01038CYP2C1910q24L3910211.14.13.-; 1.14.13.80; 1.14.13.48; 1.14.13.49328910335829342414373826379524047311362101813621249136569361450Cytochrome P450 2C8P10632Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol).
HMDBP01562CYP2C810q23.33AK29332811.14.14.11378493359293805104009264809184815181436Cytochrome P450 2D6P10635Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants.
HMDBP01548CYP2D622q13.1DQ28214411.14.14.13239113416263625293800240483140511045791851739562841956Cytochrome P450 3A4P08684Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide.
HMDBP01018CYP3A47q21.1M1890711.14.13.-; 1.14.13.157; 1.14.13.32; 1.14.13.67; 1.14.13.9729332932722329010336826404531457718517495135698615136000332136017491360183311445Cytochrome P450 3A7P24462Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
HMDBP01557CYP3A77q21-q22.1CH23695611.14.14.132712356529373726473410782Glutamate receptor ionotropic1PW_P000782885151518861520188730651254Mu-type opioid receptor1PW_P0002542732036384Cytochrome P450 2B61PW_P0003844061441118017991809Cytochrome P450 2C191PW_P000809931975134817991383Cytochrome P450 2C81PW_P0003834051450117917991802Cytochrome P450 2D61PW_P0008029071436134417991730Cytochrome P450 3A41PW_P000730824956132517991292910858Cytochrome P450 3A71PW_P00085898314451358179911837falsePW_R001837Right682888621Compoundfalse6829405211Compoundfalse16158021.14.14.1161673016173841.14.13.-161880916193831.14.14.116208581.14.14.11840falsePW_R001840Right6839405211Compoundfalse858710651Compoundtrue858811441Compoundtrue6840405221Compoundfalse858914201Compoundtrue859011021Compoundtrue85917211Compoundtrue16248581.14.14.1271PW_T00027131088621Compound3115Right6528886274157false39010010regular2001907216886229157false570100010regular20019072174052129157false135599510regular20020072241799299false1010100510regular1002572251799299false840100510regular1002572261799299false845116010regular1002572271799299false1175100510regular1002572281799299false1175116010regular1002572291799299false1010116010regular100251039810651065false158693810regular78781039911441060false1600120510regular5030104004052210157false205599410regular2002001040114201049false1945117910regular7878104021102103false193091410regular100100104037211059false1875120410regular5030104041799109false1735105210regular10025114808862313true0010regular100100114818862153true0010regular100100275615157380false7504308subunitregular200130275715207380false6303858subunitregular200130275830657380false6304708subunitregular200130275920367380false9102558subunitregular20013033111441292false115011058subunitregular150703312975292false98511058subunitregular1507033131450292false82011058subunitregular1507033141436292false115010158subunitregular150703315956292false98510158subunitregular1507033161445292false82010158subunitregular1507056731445102false171010628subunitregular1507024367823147327452756274627572747275824372543147327482759284138431429330033111214722410941Cofactor284280931429330133121215722510942Cofactor284338331429330233131216722610943Cofactor284480231429330333141217722710944Cofactor284573031429330433151218722810945Cofactor284685831429330533161219722910946Cofactor4639858314105644567321031040416458Cofactor9940M490 290 C490 378 600 504 666 504 148false18falsetrueM 871 137 L 871 122 L 871 1079941M670 540 C640 540 367 130 337 130 5true189942M590 195 C709 195 1013 210 1015 280 149false18trueM 552.1320570057032 147.2291161997888 L 560 160 L 567.1259383026137 146.80071959130564false9943M950 325 C920 325 587 145 557 145 5true1810933M770 1095 C800 1095 1326 1095 1355 1095 5false18trueM 702.0096189432334 986.5 L 715 979 L 702.0096189432334 971.5false10934M1355 1095 C1325 1095 371 923 395 940 5true18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false10941M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z10true1810942M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z10true1810943M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z10true1810944M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z10true1810945M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z10true1810946M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z10true1816451M1555 1095 C1585 1095 1680 1097 1710 1097 5false1816452M1625 1016 C1627 1050 1680 1097 1710 1097 5false1816453M1625 1205 C1626 1177 1680 1097 1710 1097 5false1816454M2055 1094 C2025 1094 1890 1097 1860 1097 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16455M1984 1179 C1984 1151 1890 1097 1860 1097 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16456M1980 1014 C1980 1037 1890 1097 1860 1097 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16457M1900 1204 C1900 1171 1890 1097 1860 1097 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16458M1680 1077 L1680 1127 L1730 1077 z10true1817899M11 12 C34 28 74 55 98 72 5true1817900M490 290 C490 446 669 969 670 1000 83false18trueM 662.0850724474867 987.2581821611489 L 670 1000 L 677.0772741625822 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290 1032 290 920 1true62093.0570.090915Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane675885201.01.016015195231152335541333720394998666246708122377692451145339422146843544649405338872301130939#FFEEDE41768422