299PathwayImipramine Metabolism PathwayImipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that exerts its therapeutic effects by inhibiting norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake in the brain. It does so by competing for the same binding site as norepinephrine on the sodium-dependent noradraneline transporter (SLC6A2) and by competing with serotonin for binding to the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter (SLC6A4). This increases the concentrations of both norepinephrine and serotonin in their respective synapses and reverses the state of low concentrations of both neurotransmitters found in depression. Higher concentrations of norepinephrine and serotonin have also been shown to have long-term neuromodulatory effects. Binding of these neurotransmitters to their respective receptors activate adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP. cAMP activates protein kinase A which activates cAMP-responsive binding protein 1 (CREB-1). CREB-1 enters the nucleus and affects transcription of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF subsequently stimulates neurogenesis, which may contribute to the long-term reversal of depression. Imipramine is metabolized in the liver mostly through N-demethylation by CYP2C19 into desipramine. Desipramine is an active metabolite and also has similar actions to imipramine on norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake.Drug MetabolismPW000601CenterPathwayVisualizationContext67117001700#000099PathwayVisualization324299Imipramine PathwayImipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that exerts its therapeutic effects by inhibiting norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake in the brain. It does so by competing for the same binding site as norepinephrine on the sodium-dependent noradraneline transporter (SLC6A2) and by competing with serotonin for binding to the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter (SLC6A4). This increases the concentrations of both norepinephrine and serotonin in their respective synapses and reverses the state of low concentrations of both neurotransmitters found in depression. Higher concentrations of norepinephrine and serotonin have also been shown to have long-term neuromodulatory effects. Binding of these neurotransmitters to their respective receptors activate adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP. cAMP activates protein kinase A which activates cAMP-responsive binding protein 1 (CREB-1). CREB-1 enters the nucleus and affects transcription of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF subsequently stimulates neurogenesis, which may contribute to the long-term reversal of depression. Imipramine is metabolized in the liver mostly through N-demethylation by CYP2C19 into desipramine. Desipramine is an active metabolite and also has similar actions to imipramine on norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake.Drug1525Desipramine inhibition of Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporterInhibitorySubPathway8589567Compound74859784ProteinComplex73526Desipramine inhibition of Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterInhibitorySubPathway8609567Compound74861785ProteinComplex73647300Desipramine PathwaySubPathway141115600376Shelton RC: The dual-action hypothesis: does pharmacology matter? J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65 Suppl 17:5-10.299Pathway1412Tofranil. (2009). e-CPS (online version of Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties). Retrieved December 23, 2009.299Pathway1CellCL:00000003NeuronCL:00005405HepatocyteCL:00001822Platelet CL:00002334Cardiomyocyte CL:00007467Epithelial CellCL:00000661Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia419Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote15Plasmodium falciparum5833Eukaryote7Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:00057891CytosolGO:000582911Extracellular SpaceGO:00056156LysosomeGO:00057644PeroxisomeGO:000577713Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:00057835CytoplasmGO:000573710Cell MembraneGO:000588616Lysosomal LumenGO:00432022MitochondrionGO:00057393Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575918Melanosome MembraneGO:003316214Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574124Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575835ChloroplastGO:000950736MembraneGO:001602012Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574319sarcoplasmic reticulumGO:001652931Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032532Inner MembraneGO:007025825Golgi apparatusGO:000579420Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578821SynapseGO:004520215NucleusGO:000563440PeriplasmGO:00425978Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum GO:00057901LiverBTO:00007597292Endothelium BTO:00003934Adrenal MedullaBTO:00000497185cardiocyteBTO:000153928StomachBTO:0001307155268Blood VesselBTO:0001102741125IntestineBTO:00006487Nervous SystemBTO:000148411HeartBTO:0000562731024BrainBTO:00001428916101711PW_BS0000107413PW_BS000074261115PW_BS00002615111PW_BS00001529111PW_BS0000299611PW_BS0000095411PW_BS00000516212PW_BS000016181311PW_BS0000188511PW_BS00000814101PW_BS0000142811611PW_BS0000283211PW_BS000003311511PW_BS000031204111PW_BS0000204311PW_BS000004331811PW_BS0000332111PW_BS00000249711PW_BS0000492441011PW_BS000024221411PW_BS000022422411PW_BS00004213121PW_BS0000131231751PW_BS0001231251351PW_BS000125126651PW_BS00012612711651PW_BS00012710813PW_BS0001081471241PW_BS00014715924PW_BS000159188118PW_BS0000241632181PW_BS0001631601181PW_BS0001602137181PW_BS00002421013181PW_BS00002421217181PW_BS000024151141PW_BS0001512164181PW_BS0000241985181PW_BS0000242156181PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS0000242253541PW_BS0000241644PW_BS0001642863641PW_BS000024226441PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS0000242916491PW_BS0000242924491PW_BS00002429817101PW_BS00002430013101PW_BS0000243016101PW_BS000024302116101PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS000024171211PW_BS000017315123PW_BS00002429341PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS00002413412121PW_BS0001341115121PW_BS00011113013121PW_BS0001303317121PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS0000281136121PW_BS0001131151012PW_BS0001153344121PW_BS0000283361121PW_BS000028337116121PW_BS0000281122121PW_BS00011212915121PW_BS00012934141121PW_BS0000281141112PW_BS0001141333121PW_BS00013332914121PW_BS0000281321121PW_BS00013234524121PW_BS00002834318121PW_BS000028360410121PW_BS000028408451PW_BS000115122551PW_BS000122405105PW_BS000115407251PW_BS0001154141551PW_BS000115409115PW_BS000115406351PW_BS0001154151851PW_BS000115124151PW_BS000124383751PW_BS00010043441051PW_BS000115429151PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS0001004182451PW_BS0001153841251PW_BS0001003744171PW_BS0000534436171PW_BS0001151355171PW_BS0001353761017PW_BS00005344717171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS000136448116171PW_BS0001151192171PW_BS00011945015171PW_BS0001151371117PW_BS0001371203171PW_BS00012045118171PW_BS0001151181171PW_BS0001183987171PW_BS000113469410171PW_BS0001154641171PW_BS00011539914171PW_BS00011345424171PW_BS00011512112171PW_BS0001214824101PW_BS0001154781010PW_BS0001154831110PW_BS0001152975101PW_BS0000244793101PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS00002448414101PW_BS0001154957101PW_BS00011548924101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS000115502461PW_BS000115207661PW_BS000024209106PW_BS000024208116PW_BS000024205561PW_BS000024501361PW_BS0001155041861PW_BS000115206261PW_BS000024388161PW_BS00011251541061PW_BS0001153891461PW_BS0001123951361PW_BS000113390761PW_BS0001125062461PW_BS0001153911261PW_BS0001123551914PW_BS000035117131PW_BS00011717018PW_BS000170224241PW_BS000024222341PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS000024943PW_BS000094541315PW_BS0000547028511PW_BS000070103331PW_BS000103107313PW_BS000107100521PW_BS000100105113PW_BS0001051553241PW_BS0001551572241PW_BS0001571613181PW_BS00016116611PW_BS0001661783211PW_BS00017815284PW_BS000152101531PW_BS0001011873118PW_BS000024219314PW_BS00002422014PW_BS00002416212181PW_BS0001621951318PW_BS0000242811251PW_BS0000242851041PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS0000243125231PW_BS0000243201123PW_BS00002432711125PW_BS00002834713125PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS000028310312PW_BS00002430412PW_BS000024109323PW_BS0001094241155PW_BS0001154251355PW_BS00011545911175PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS000115432511PW_BS00004360251PW_BS00006046114PW_BS00004672513PW_BS000072612517PW_BS0000613612011PW_BS0000363772113PW_BS00003793252011PW_BS00009327151PW_BS000027711PW_BS000007971521PW_BS000097110231PW_BS0001106131PW_BS000006140103PW_BS00014014315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS000146951721PW_BS00009511PW_BS0000011802211PW_BS00018021425181PW_BS0000241901118PW_BS0000242771218PW_BS00002465111PW_BS0000652905491PW_BS000024253541PW_BS0000243331212PW_BS0000283522512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS00002835625121PW_BS0000283702601PW_BS000028228361PW_BS000024232403PW_BS000024412125PW_BS0001154192551PW_BS000115436255PW_BS0001154461217PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS0001154712517PW_BS00011547225177PW_BS00011548718101PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS0001155072561PW_BS0001155131761PW_BS000115111811PW_BS00001114117191PW_BS00014178811PW_BS000078731013PW_BS00007385241011PW_BS00008561517151PW_BS0005031223ImipramineHMDB0001848The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. -- Pubchem; Imipramine (sold as Antideprin, Janimine, Tofranil) is an antidepressant medication, a tricyclic antidepressant of the dibenzazepine group, mainly used in the treatment of clinical depression and enuresis. -- Wikipedia.50-49-7C070493696474993568DB00458CN(C)CCCN1C2=CC=CC=C2CCC2=CC=CC=C12C19H24N2InChI=1S/C19H24N2/c1-20(2)14-7-15-21-18-10-5-3-8-16(18)12-13-17-9-4-6-11-19(17)21/h3-6,8-11H,7,12-15H2,1-2H3BCGWQEUPMDMJNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N(3-{2-azatricyclo[9.4.0.0^{3,8}]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,11,13-hexaen-2-yl}propyl)dimethylamine280.4073280.193948778-3.630(3-{2-azatricyclo[9.4.0.0^{3,8}]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,11,13-hexaen-2-yl}propyl)dimethylamine01FDB022706Antideprin;Berkomine;Chimoreptin;Dpid;Declomipramine;Dimipressin;Dyna-zina;Dynaprin;Eupramin;Feinalmin;Imavate;Imidobenzyle;Imilanyle;Imipramine;Janimine;Lofepramine;Melipramin;Melipramine;Psychoforin;Surmontil;Surplix;Teperine;Timolet;Tofranil;Tofranil base;Tofranil-pm;Trimipramine maleate;10,11-dihydro-n,n-dimethyl-5h-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-propanamine;3-(5h-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl)-n,n-dimethylpropan-1-amine;5-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenz[b,f]azepine;Imipramin;Imipraminum;Imizine;Irmin;N-(gamma-dimethylaminopropyl)iminodibenzylPW_C001223Impramn3287109567DesipramineHMDB0015282Desipramine hydrochloride is a dibenzazepine-derivative tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). TCAs are structurally similar to phenothiazines. They contain a tricyclic ring system with an alkyl amine substituent on the central ring. In non-depressed individuals, desipramine does not affect mood or arousal, but may cause sedation. In depressed individuals, desipramine exerts a positive effect on mood. TCAs are potent inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Secondary amine TCAs, such as desipramine and nortriptyline, are more potent inhibitors of norepinephrine reuptake than tertiary amine TCAs, such as amitriptyline and doxepine. TCAs also down-regulate cerebral cortical β-adrenergic receptors and sensitize post-synaptic serotonergic receptors with chronic use. The antidepressant effects of TCAs are thought to be due to an overall increase in serotonergic neurotransmission. TCAs also block histamine-H<sub>1</sub> receptors, α<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors, which accounts for their sedative, hypotensive and anticholinergic effects (e.g. blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), respectively. See toxicity section below for a complete listing of side effects. Desipramine exerts less anticholinergic and sedative side effects compared to tertiary amine TCAs, such as amitriptyline and clomipramine. Desipramine may be used to treat depression, neuropathic pain (unlabeled use), agitation and insomnia (unlabeled use) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (unlabeled use). 50-47-5C069432995477812888DB01151CNCCCN1C2=CC=CC=C2CCC2=CC=CC=C12C18H22N2InChI=1S/C18H22N2/c1-19-13-6-14-20-17-9-4-2-7-15(17)11-12-16-8-3-5-10-18(16)20/h2-5,7-10,19H,6,11-14H2,1H3HCYAFALTSJYZDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N(3-{2-azatricyclo[9.4.0.0³,⁸]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,11,13-hexaen-2-yl}propyl)(methyl)amine266.3807266.178298714-3.831desipramine01DBMET00255Demethylimipramine;Desimipramine;Desimpramine;Desipramin;Desmethylimipramine;Dezipramine;Dimethylimipramine;Methylaminopropyliminodibenzyl;Monodemethylimipramine;Norimipramine;Norpramine;3-(10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl)-n-methylpropan-1-amine;5-(gamma-methylaminopropyl)iminodibenzyl;Desipramina;Desipraminum;Dmi;N-(3-methylaminopropyl)iminobibenzyl;5-(g-methylaminopropyl)iminodibenzyl;5-(γ-methylaminopropyl)iminodibenzylPW_C009567Desipra328810329274473626473715406012-hydroxyimipramineHMDB00609522-hydroxyimipramine is a metabolite of imipramine. Imipramine (sold as Antideprin, Deprimin, Deprinol, Depsol, Depsonil, Dynaprin, Eupramin, Imipramil, Irmin, Janimine, Melipramin, Surplix, Tofranil), also known as melipramine, is an antidepressant medication, a tricyclic antidepressant of the dibenzazepine group. Imipramine is mainly used in the treatment of major depression and enuresis (inability to control urination). It has also been evaluated for use in panic disorder. (Wikipedia)10805197154CN(C)CCCN1C2=CC=CC=C2CCC2=CC(O)=CC=C12C19H24N2OInChI=1S/C19H24N2O/c1-20(2)12-5-13-21-18-7-4-3-6-15(18)8-9-16-14-17(22)10-11-19(16)21/h3-4,6-7,10-11,14,22H,5,8-9,12-13H2,1-2H3ROTCPJFWLNDKHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N2-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-2-azatricyclo[9.4.0.0³,⁸]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,11,13-hexaen-6-ol296.4067296.1888634-3.1012-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-2-azatricyclo[9.4.0.0³,⁸]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,11,13-hexaen-6-ol01DBMET00254PW_C0406012Hi383829406022-Hydroxy-imipramine glucuronideHMDB00607172-Hydroxy-imipramine glucuronide is a metabolite of imipramine. Imipramine (sold as Antideprin, Deprimin, Deprinol, Depsol, Depsonil, Dynaprin, Eupramin, Imipramil, Irmin, Janimine, Melipramin, Surplix, Tofranil), also known as melipramine, is an antidepressant medication, a tricyclic antidepressant of the dibenzazepine group. Imipramine is mainly used in the treatment of major depression and enuresis (inability to control urination). It has also been evaluated for use in panic disorder. (Wikipedia)108743829049659CN(C)CCCN1C2=CC=CC=C2CCC2=CC(O[C@@H]3O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]3O)C(O)=O)=CC=C12C25H32N2O7InChI=1S/C25H32N2O7/c1-26(2)12-5-13-27-18-7-4-3-6-15(18)8-9-16-14-17(10-11-19(16)27)33-25-22(30)20(28)21(29)23(34-25)24(31)32/h3-4,6-7,10-11,14,20-23,25,28-30H,5,8-9,12-13H2,1-2H3,(H,31,32)/t20-,21-,22+,23-,25+/m0/s1CBEJFHYWZSCYSD-LYVDORBWSA-N(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-({2-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-2-azatricyclo[9.4.0.0³,⁸]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,11,13-hexaen-6-yl}oxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid472.5308472.220951388-2.494(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-({2-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-2-azatricyclo[9.4.0.0³,⁸]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,11,13-hexaen-6-yl}oxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid00DBMET00680PW_C0406022hig3839291065OxygenHMDB0001377Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131).7782-44-7C0000797715379CPD-6641952O=OO2InChI=1S/O2/c1-2MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-Noxidanone31.998831.9898292440singlet oxygen00FDB022589Dioxygen;Molecular oxygen;O2;Oxygen;Oxygen molecule;[oo];Dioxygene;Disauerstoff;E 948;E-948;E948PW_C001065O295911052451650018505854914625286383649106743168820754157634769338362137549201624253122280329426042474713546712354801255493126550812758091085973147612915970061887032163705016073192137533210756021283951511181621611864198118832151189421112057225120631641224728612279226123252491270629112716292130042981301630013026301130383021326022342276174265731576910293770442947721413477350111773631307737733177395332774971137751211577537334776263367772333777736112777471297775634177805114778121337807032978151132783813457880534379111360120047408120383122120426405120542407120553414120594409120601406120883415121045124121104383121605434121656429122117382122573418122689384122798374122822443123027135123060376123128447123139136123163448123176119123187450123219137123226120123459451123609118123669398124163469124214464124669399125145454125275121125425482125706478125731483125737297125740479125884481126100299126272484126522495126721489126825480126964502126986207127198209127214208127219205127222501127305504127345206127557388127574515127835389128081395128095390128312506128432391146NADPHHMDB0000221Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed.).53-57-6C000052283351216474NADPH17215925NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@H]1O[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1OC21H30N7O17P3InChI=1S/C21H30N7O17P3/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(30)11(43-21)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(42-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)32/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-31H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,32)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H2,22,24,25)(H2,33,34,35)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m0/s1ACFIXJIJDZMPPO-NCHANQSKSA-N{[(2S,3S,4S,5S)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-[({[({[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid745.4209745.091102105-2.149[(2S,3S,4S,5S)-2-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-5-{[({[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-(3-carbamoyl-4H-pyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxyphosphonic acid0-4FDB0219092'-(dihydrogen phosphate) 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) adenosine 5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-b-d-ribofuranosylnicotinamide;2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) adenosine 5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylnicotinamide;Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) p'-5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) p'-5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;Dihydrocodehydrogenase ii;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-p;Dihydrotriphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced;Nadp-reduced;Nadph;Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Reduced codehydrase ii;Reduced coenzyme ii;Reduced cozymase ii;Reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide;Triphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced;B-nadph;B-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;B-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Beta-nadph;Beta-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;Beta-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate - reducedPW_C000146NADPH1858190377810796582118837216092916154946873147931447971453101115789108597214761281596271356779117706818871031637154205720516073152137345210755921275911708194225821915184212241181219811893211120062221215016412245286125962261264824942343315437463227691129377166132773853317739433277460130775041127751111577623336807121191131649412010540712042540512045212212061612312114112512127542912140212412148338312305937612308613512324144712371213612384646412396111812404139812547248112569629712621429912652949512700920612757238812810139040034Hydrogen IonHMDB0059597Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [WikiPedia])C000801038153781010[H+]HInChI=1S/p+1GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-Nhydron1.00791.0078250320hydron10H+;H(+);Hydrogen cation;Hydron;ProtonPW_C040034H+2154670875315788318483111621463261464542231492780174250224254424547104576184694705241103532711153531125626108563910756991005720105574211759631476037155607015760931616130159623216664831786601152669210168431886910187710016371682057191206745321974542207472222752521375322107558212757216075901708195225821815182432268413162842022491391959155249119151641201528112181285122462861226628712521227132572231332529415330308423293154235431842401322424053124245432076912293771361337721013477372331778041147795513277990327779913477837934579929130800193688038731080388304807221199382312494823383110550388112855941132803901155373981155391181158563361162051091199734061201934071205491221205934091211704241211714251225694181226153841226871251227581201231831351232181371237424591237434601251414541251881211252731361253594791255504811257304831257362971258092991265174951267174891267664801268233001269025011272132081283085061283613911284303951420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O5589491095139415131621448113526156242865210691207703382318838210943113774914655415904320182425322226786027274627781728052931437031647236346145983647273749419350302751567519597521410052279452361035297105531911153431135355112540211054701235483125549212655071275534130553711455411295591135560811856221085691657591405778101584114358531465877107589095591014759401516032155605915760871616123163613315962151621816664771786507180660015267131176840188688816071622057181207719320672112117228213723821472432157295198735021673882107401212746722274922247500190758817082012258237226841416292652611850277119221641201128112213285122502861226428712327249125202271263265126932901270529112715292130072981301930013025301130373021326122313327294153403084232731542695318436913227691429377019253771021327713113377215134773783317739733277471333775161157753633477628336777223377775934177816343779823477807132978235352782423537827035679113360800143688003937080591228806561199383038394794384110557390110639391115844398119879232119915122119963406120008407120046408120113124120365412120430405120438409120606415120794414121158425121240429121351121121381419121607434122118382122384436122753120122797374122804443123012446123064376123072137123131447123142136123162448123231451123384450123730460123810464123940455124165469124670399124938471124945472125305297125353479125386481125424482125480299125682483125707478125745487126054490126238495126273484126764480126896501126963502127017388127177208127199209127227504127506507127576515127836389128082395128176513143NADPHMDB0000217Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5-phosphate adenosine 2,5-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed.) Hydrogen carrier in biochemical redox systems. In the hexose monophosphoric acid system it is reduced to Dihydrocoenzyme II and reoxidation in the presence of flavoproteins (Dictionary of Organic Compounds).53-59-8C00006588618009NAD(P)5675NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H29N7O17P3InChI=1S/C21H28N7O17P3/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(30)11(43-21)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(42-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)32/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-31H,5-6H2,(H7-,22,23,24,25,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39)/p+1/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1XJLXINKUBYWONI-NNYOXOHSSA-O1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[({[({[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3-hydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium744.4129744.083277073-2.2791-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3-hydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium1-3FDB021908Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate;Codehydrase ii;Codehydrogenase ii;Coenzyme ii;Cozymase ii;Nad phosphate;Nadp;Nadp+;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Tpn;Triphosphopyridine nucleotide;B-nadp;B-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;B-tpn;Beta-nadp;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Beta-tpn;Oxidized nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate;B-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acid;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acid;β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acidPW_C000143NADP18381913768578010824188392161129161749468531479614480114530811157901086017147613215962733567781177069188710516371522057206160731721373462107562212758917081972258220151841922411811198118972111200822212152164122492861259722612650249423443154374532276913293771641327738433177396332774611307751511577624336778143347787011280713119113165941201064071204294051204501221206044081206181231211421251212774291214011241214853831230633761230841351232293741232434471237131361238484641239601181240433981254734811256942971257434821262152991265284951270102061272255021275703881281003901799HemeHMDB0003178Heme is the color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. A heme or haem is a prosthetic group that consists of an iron atom contained in the center of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin. Not all porphyrins contain iron, but a substantial fraction of porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic subunit; these are known as hemoproteins.14875-96-8C0003217627HEME_A24604415DB02577CC1=C(CCC(O)=O)C2=CC3=[N+]4C(=CC5=C(C)C(C=C)=C6C=C7C(C)=C(C=C)C8=[N+]7[Fe--]4(N2C1=C8)N56)C(C)=C3CCC(O)=OC34H32FeN4O4InChI=1S/C34H34N4O4.Fe/c1-7-21-17(3)25-13-26-19(5)23(9-11-33(39)40)31(37-26)16-32-24(10-12-34(41)42)20(6)28(38-32)15-30-22(8-2)18(4)27(36-30)14-29(21)35-25;/h7-8,13-16H,1-2,9-12H2,3-6H3,(H4,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42);/q;+2/p-2/b25-13-,26-13-,27-14-,28-15-,29-14-,30-15-,31-16-,32-16-;KABFMIBPWCXCRK-RGGAHWMASA-L4,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide616.487616.177297665-5.4824,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide0-2FDB016272(protoporphyrinato)iron;Ferroheme;Ferroheme b;Ferroprotoheme;Ferroprotoporphyrin;Ferroprotoporphyrin ix;Ferrous protoheme;Ferrous protoheme ix;Haem;Hem;Heme;Iron protoporphyrin;Iron protoporphyrin ix;Iron(ii) protoporphyrin ix;Protoferroheme;Protohaem;Protoheme;Protoheme ix;Reduced hematinPW_C001799Heme2471630810324860827665124431354491413361963182806292938932381133672634211437344404331482328517095547212354851255517129583014162467862831659715170441607060161732621311835198118982111206516413009298130213004227817769152937693124977351111773641307736733177398332775171157762933677813334783801337860213278963112799321341204314051206034081209554071210853831216584291217461241219101221225704061226913841230653761231334471231441361232283741235211191236503981242164641242971181244631351251421201252771211257424821258964811261962991264992971265124951267184791268274801272245021273572061276323881280702051280833951280863901283095011284343911144NADHHMDB0001487NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). It forms NADP with the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.(Dorland, 27th ed).58-68-4C0000443915316908NADH388299DB00157NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H29N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H29N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,33)(H,34,35)(H,36,37)(H2,22,24,25)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BOPGDPNILDQYTO-NNYOXOHSSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy})phosphinic acid665.441665.124771695-2.358NADH0-2FDB0226491,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dpnh;Dihydrocodehydrogenase i;Dihydrocozymase;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide;Enada;Nadh;Nadh2;Reduced codehydrogenase i;Reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Reduced nicotinamide adenine diphosphate;Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide;B-dpnh;B-nadh;Beta-dpnh;Beta-nadh;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced);Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidePW_C001144NADH143415334908648101115212755146954223049278117283629310994806184812184821284904649593151699552401035332111535811254661235479125559313556981005737108582914159151475945151602715560791616387164721786771117689316070111887099163717220571952067462222824422683602259086224118091981182121612320249130032981301530013255223424033224261831577107132771231337720813477371331776513367766833477700332777071307791711377986347800093688069111993822124110549388112854941158381181199554061201724071203781221209864081211624251212441261216934291218183831226163841227451201231274471231381361235513741237344601238144431242424641243713981251891211253454791255314811257622971258082991259264821265164951267674801268885011273855021280903901283623911284293951102FormaldehydeHMDB0001426Formaldehyde is a highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717) -- Pubchem; The chemical compound formaldehyde (also known as methanal), is a gas with a pungent smell. It is the simplest aldehyde. Its chemical formula is H2CO. Formaldehyde was first synthesized by the Russian chemist Aleksandr Butlerov in 1859 but was conclusively identified by August Wilhelm van Hofmann in 1867. Although formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature, it is readily soluble in water, and it is most commonly sold as a 37% solution in water called by trade names such as formalin or formol. In water, formaldehyde polymerizes, and formalin actually contains very little formaldehyde in the form of H2CO monomer. Usually, these solutions contain a few percent methanol to limit the extent of polymerization. Formaldehyde exhibits most of the general chemical properties of the aldehydes, except that is generally more reactive than other aldehydes. Formaldehyde is a potent electrophile. It can participate in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions with aromatic compounds and can undergo electrophilic addition reactions with alkenes. In the presence of basic catalysts, formaldehyde undergoes a Cannizaro reaction to produce formic acid and methanol. Because formaldehyde resins are used in many construction materials, including plywood, carpet, and spray-on insulating foams, and because these resins slowly give off formaldehyde over time, formaldehyde is one of the more common indoor air pollutants. At concentrations above 0.1 mg/kg in air, inhaled formaldehyde can irritate the eyes and mucous membranes, resulting in watery eyes, headache, a burning sensation in the throat, and difficulty breathing. -- Wikipedia.50-00-0C0006771216842FORMALDEHYDE692DB03843C=OCH2OInChI=1S/CH2O/c1-2/h1H2WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-Nformaldehyde30.02630.0105646860.820formaldehyde00DBMET00531FDB009445Methaldehyde;Methylene glycol;Aldeide formica;Chlodithan;Chlodithane;Fannoform;Formaldehyde;Formalina;Formaline;Formalith;Formic aldehyde;Formol;Methanal;Methylene oxide;Oxomethylene;Paraform;Formaldehyd;Formalin;OxomethanePW_C001102Formol65310255532562445891854711235484125130082981302030077703332777101307808011278083133122126407122129406123132447123143136124678119124681120126283481126286479127846206127849501721NADHMDB0000902NAD (or Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be converted to ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it by cellular respiration. (wikipedia). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed).53-84-9C00003589315846NAD5682NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H28N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H27N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,5-6H2,(H5-,22,23,24,25,33,34,35,36,37)/p+1/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-O1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium664.433664.116946663-2.5981-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium1-1FDB0223093-carbamoyl-1-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide;Co-i;Codehydrase i;Codehydrogenase i;Coenzyme i;Cozymase;Cozymase i;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidized;Endopride;Nad trihydrate;Nad-oxidized;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized;Nicotinamide dinucleotide;Nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide;Oxidized diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Pyridine nucleotide diphosphate;[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl {[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxyphosphoryl) hydrogen phosphate;[adenylate-32-p]-nad;Beta-diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Beta-nad;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide trihydrate;Dpn;Nad;Nad+;Nadide;B-nad;β-nadPW_C000721NAD140415033538651101114211344312735146654222949277917283529310794807184813184819284902649603151679552381035334111536011254691235482125559013556101185696100573810858271415912147594215160241556072157607616163851646917867721176890160701218870971637174205719720674051987459222824122683592259085224118192161232224913006298130183001325622342404322426193157710413277120133772091347737033177650336776673347770233277709130779151137798334778406356800063688069011993825124110552388112750166112853941199291221199524061201714071208344191209844081211594251212421261212594291218173831226143841227421201231304471231411361234194551235493741237314601238124431238294641243703981251871211253192971253424791255304811258062991258254901259244821265154951267654801268855011272785071273835021280893901283603911284283951814Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporterP23975Amine transporter. Terminates the action of noradrenaline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
HMDBP02154SLC6A216q12.2CH47109213214733905144328851822Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterP31645Serotonin transporter whose primary function in the central nervous system involves the regulation of serotonergic signaling via transport of serotonin molecules from the synaptic cleft back into the pre-synaptic terminal for re-utilization. Plays a key role in mediating regulation of the availability of serotonin to other receptors of serotonergic systems. Terminates the action of serotonin and recycles it in a sodium-dependent manner.
HMDBP02165SLC6A417q11.2L0556813291733906144329851436Cytochrome P450 2D6P10635Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants.
HMDBP01548CYP2D622q13.1DQ28214411.14.14.13239113416263625293800240483140511045791851739562841975Cytochrome P450 2C19P33261Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine.
HMDBP01038CYP2C1910q24L3910211.14.13.-; 1.14.13.80; 1.14.13.48; 1.14.13.49328910335829342414373826379524047311362101813621249136569361448Cytochrome P450 1A2P05177Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen. Participates in the bioactivation of carcinogenic aromatic and heterocyclic amines. Catalizes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin.
HMDBP01560CYP1A215q24.1BC06742611.14.14.165410342214378829379423962264808184814184827951729513656736956Cytochrome P450 3A4P08684Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide.
HMDBP01018CYP3A47q21.1M1890711.14.13.-; 1.14.13.157; 1.14.13.32; 1.14.13.67; 1.14.13.972933293272232901033682640453145771851749513569861513600033213601749136018331784Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter1PW_P00078488918141785Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter1PW_P00078589018221802Cytochrome P450 2D61PW_P0008029071436134417991809Cytochrome P450 2C191PW_P000809931975134817991190Cytochrome P450 1A21PW_P00019020814481861799163029730Cytochrome P450 3A41PW_P0007308249561325179912929101968PW_R001968Right7148406011Compoundfalse7149406021Compoundfalse1967falsePW_R001967Right714612231Compoundfalse848110651Compoundtrue84821461Compoundtrue8483400341Compoundtrue7147406011Compoundfalse848414201Compoundtrue84851431Compoundtrue18118021.14.14.11718falsePW_R001718Right650812231Compoundfalse858210651Compoundtrue858311441Compoundtrue650995671Compoundfalse858414201Compoundtrue858511021Compoundtrue85867211Compoundtrue144680914471901.14.14.11448730268PW_T00026830795671Compound2615Right6537122310157false34018010regular2001906538956710157false103547510regular20019077774060129157false103018010regular20019077794060229157false134517510regular2002001022010651065false57113010regular7878102211461062false66536710regular503010222400341055false57134310regular78781022314201049false92013010regular7878102241431061false93536510regular5030102251799109false74523010regular1002510233956726157true0010regular20019010234956715157false45597010regular2001901039010651065false49865610regular78781039111441060false59068010regular50301039214201049false93041510regular7878103931102103false89065010regular100100103947211059false86544010regular5030103951799109false71267210regular10025103961799109false71252710regular10025103971799109false71244710regular10025277118147376false38012758subunitregular15070277218227376false59012758subunitregular1507056081436102false7222408subunitregular150705670975102false6876178subunitregular1507056711448102false6875378subunitregular150705672956102false6874578subunitregular1507024497843247327602771245078532473276127724574802324105579560820421022516191Cofactor4636809324105641567021001039516448Cofactor4637190324105642567121011039616449Cofactor4638730324105643567221021039716450Cofactor9965M555 1160 C556 1198 454 1227 455 1275 148false18falsetrueM 450 600 L 465 600 L 480 6009966M455 1275 C455 1245 600 617 600 587 5true189967M555 1160 C556 1198 664 1232 665 1275 148false18falsetrueM 685 605 L 700 605 L 715 6059968M665 1275 C665 1245 855 567 855 537 5true1811656M1230 275 C1260 275 1329 275 1345 275 5false18trueM 1147.0096189432334 227.5 L 1160 220 L 1147.0096189432334 212.5false11657M1345 275 C1315 275 1076 158 1100 175 5true18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false11664M1235 570 C1254 571 1357 570 1375 570 5false18trueM 1182.0096189432334 462.5 L 1195 455 L 1182.0096189432334 447.5false16184M540 275 C570 275 692 275 722 275 5false1816185M610 208 C611 234 692 275 722 275 5false1816186M690 367 C688 335 692 275 722 275 5false1816187M610 343 C609 310 692 275 722 275 5false1816188M1030 275 C1000 275 902 275 872 275 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16189M959 208 C959 242 902 275 872 275 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16190M960 365 C959 331 902 275 872 275 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16191M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z10true1816210M11 12 C34 28 74 55 98 72 83true1816211M1135 665 C1143 863 555 874 555 970 83false18trueM 547.2562767252032 957.1534148567267 L 555 970 L 562.2536074485561 956.8704463525125falsetrueM 1143.0183216491728 658.677007451698 L 1135 646 L 1128.0305503274512 659.2825739697473false16441M440 370 C440 474 591 572 687 572 5false1816442M537 656 C536 625 632 572 687 572 5false1816443M615 680 C615 647 646 573 687 572 5false1816444M1035 570 C1004 570 871 572 837 572 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16445M969 493 C969 534 898 572 837 572 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16446M940 650 C940 620 891 572 837 572 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16447M890 470 C890 504 877 572 837 572 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16448M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z10true1816449M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z10true1816450M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z10true1822633241968297655777711656Left7656777911657Right30603241967109745653716184Left97461022016185Left97471022116186Left97481022216187Left9749777716188Right97501022316189Right97511022416190Right31091811457430963241718109909653716441Left99101039016442Left99111039116443Left9912653816444Right99131039216445Right99141039316446Right99151039416447Right3171144646363172144746373173144846384192683249051023316210Left9061023416211Right56352532414true52551716regular54965389965Left23624499966Right56452632414true78046716regular55065389967Left23724509968Right72764732414false137553516regular22116644277220251.01.0029200145428792512550.40.40213342731518666152151.31.3023280360448M276 172 C276 122 326 72 376 72 C719 72 1164 72 1507 72 C1557 72 1607 122 1607 172 C1607 342 1607 563 1607 733 C1607 783 1557 833 1507 833 C1164 833 719 833 376 833 C326 833 276 783 276 733 C276 563 276 342 276 172 1true61331.0761.0449M285 1411 C285 1361 335 1311 385 1311 C487 1311 620 1311 722 1311 C772 1311 822 1361 822 1411 C822 1442 822 1481 822 1512 C822 1562 772 1612 722 1612 C620 1612 487 1612 385 1612 C335 1612 285 1562 285 1512 C285 1481 285 1442 285 1411 1true6537.0301.085815Axon Terminal4751510201.01.0160152058894224221662890394143886820610915322269328801664394654732