300PathwayDesipramine Metabolism PathwayDesipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that exerts its therapeutic effects by inhibiting norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake in the brain. It does so by competing for the same binding site as norepinephrine on the sodium-dependent noradraneline transporter (SLC6A2) and by competing with serotonin for binding to the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter (SLC6A4). This increases the concentrations of both norepinephrine and serotonin in their respective synapses and reverses the state of low concentrations of both neurotransmitters found in depression. Higher concentrations of norepinephrine and serotonin have also been shown to have long-term neuromodulatory effects. Binding of these neurotransmitters to their respective receptors activate adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP. cAMP activates protein kinase A which activates cAMP-responsive binding protein 1 (CREB-1). CREB-1 enters the nucleus and affects transcription of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF subsequently stimulates neurogenesis, which may contribute to the long-term reversal of depression.
Drug MetabolismPW000602CenterPathwayVisualizationContext67215001200#000099PathwayVisualization325300Desipramine PathwayDesipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that exerts its therapeutic effects by inhibiting norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake in the brain. It does so by competing for the same binding site as norepinephrine on the sodium-dependent noradraneline transporter (SLC6A2) and by competing with serotonin for binding to the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter (SLC6A4). This increases the concentrations of both norepinephrine and serotonin in their respective synapses and reverses the state of low concentrations of both neurotransmitters found in depression. Higher concentrations of norepinephrine and serotonin have also been shown to have long-term neuromodulatory effects. Binding of these neurotransmitters to their respective receptors activate adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP. cAMP activates protein kinase A which activates cAMP-responsive binding protein 1 (CREB-1). CREB-1 enters the nucleus and affects transcription of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF subsequently stimulates neurogenesis, which may contribute to the long-term reversal of depression.
Drug1527Desipramine inhibition of Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporterInhibitorySubPathway8629567Compound74863784ProteinComplex73528Desipramine inhibition of Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterInhibitorySubPathway8649567Compound74865785ProteinComplex731413Norpramin. (2009). e-CPS (online version of Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties). Retrieved December 23, 2009.300Pathway141415600376Shelton RC: The dual-action hypothesis: does pharmacology matter? J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65 Suppl 17:5-10.300Pathway1CellCL:00000003NeuronCL:00005405HepatocyteCL:00001822Platelet CL:00002334Cardiomyocyte CL:00007467Epithelial CellCL:00000661Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia419Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote7Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:00057891CytosolGO:000582911Extracellular SpaceGO:00056156LysosomeGO:00057644PeroxisomeGO:000577713Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:00057835CytoplasmGO:000573710Cell MembraneGO:000588616Lysosomal LumenGO:00432022MitochondrionGO:00057393Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575918Melanosome MembraneGO:003316214Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574124Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575835ChloroplastGO:000950736MembraneGO:001602012Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574319sarcoplasmic reticulumGO:001652931Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032532Inner MembraneGO:007025825Golgi apparatusGO:000579420Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578821SynapseGO:004520215NucleusGO:000563440PeriplasmGO:00425978Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum GO:00057901LiverBTO:00007597292Endothelium BTO:00003934Adrenal MedullaBTO:00000497185cardiocyteBTO:000153928StomachBTO:0001307155268Blood VesselBTO:0001102741125IntestineBTO:00006487Nervous SystemBTO:000148411HeartBTO:0000562731024BrainBTO:00001428916101711PW_BS0000107413PW_BS000074261115PW_BS00002615111PW_BS00001529111PW_BS0000299611PW_BS0000095411PW_BS00000516212PW_BS000016181311PW_BS0000188511PW_BS00000814101PW_BS0000142811611PW_BS0000283211PW_BS000003311511PW_BS000031204111PW_BS0000204311PW_BS000004331811PW_BS0000332111PW_BS00000249711PW_BS0000492441011PW_BS000024221411PW_BS000022422411PW_BS00004213121PW_BS0000131231751PW_BS0001231251351PW_BS000125126651PW_BS00012612711651PW_BS00012710813PW_BS0001081471241PW_BS00014715924PW_BS000159188118PW_BS0000241632181PW_BS0001631601181PW_BS0001602137181PW_BS00002421013181PW_BS00002421217181PW_BS000024151141PW_BS0001512164181PW_BS0000241985181PW_BS0000242156181PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS0000242253541PW_BS0000241644PW_BS0001642863641PW_BS000024226441PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS0000242916491PW_BS0000242924491PW_BS00002429817101PW_BS00002430013101PW_BS0000243016101PW_BS000024302116101PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS000024171211PW_BS000017315123PW_BS00002429341PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS00002413412121PW_BS0001341115121PW_BS00011113013121PW_BS0001303317121PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS0000281136121PW_BS0001131151012PW_BS0001153344121PW_BS0000283361121PW_BS000028337116121PW_BS0000281122121PW_BS00011212915121PW_BS00012934141121PW_BS0000281141112PW_BS0001141333121PW_BS00013332914121PW_BS0000281321121PW_BS00013234524121PW_BS00002834318121PW_BS000028360410121PW_BS000028408451PW_BS000115122551PW_BS000122405105PW_BS000115407251PW_BS0001154141551PW_BS000115409115PW_BS000115406351PW_BS0001154151851PW_BS000115124151PW_BS000124383751PW_BS00010043441051PW_BS000115429151PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS0001004182451PW_BS0001153841251PW_BS0001003744171PW_BS0000534436171PW_BS0001151355171PW_BS0001353761017PW_BS00005344717171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS000136448116171PW_BS0001151192171PW_BS00011945015171PW_BS0001151371117PW_BS0001371203171PW_BS00012045118171PW_BS0001151181171PW_BS0001183987171PW_BS000113469410171PW_BS0001154641171PW_BS00011539914171PW_BS00011345424171PW_BS00011512112171PW_BS0001214824101PW_BS0001154781010PW_BS0001154831110PW_BS0001152975101PW_BS0000244793101PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS00002448414101PW_BS0001154957101PW_BS00011548924101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS000115502461PW_BS000115207661PW_BS000024209106PW_BS000024208116PW_BS000024205561PW_BS000024501361PW_BS0001155041861PW_BS000115206261PW_BS000024388161PW_BS00011251541061PW_BS0001153891461PW_BS0001123951361PW_BS000113390761PW_BS0001125062461PW_BS0001153911261PW_BS0001123551914PW_BS000035117131PW_BS00011717018PW_BS000170224241PW_BS000024222341PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS000024943PW_BS000094541315PW_BS0000547028511PW_BS000070103331PW_BS000103107313PW_BS000107100521PW_BS000100105113PW_BS0001051553241PW_BS0001551572241PW_BS0001571613181PW_BS00016116611PW_BS0001661783211PW_BS00017815284PW_BS000152101531PW_BS0001011873118PW_BS000024219314PW_BS00002422014PW_BS00002416212181PW_BS0001621951318PW_BS0000242811251PW_BS0000242851041PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS0000243125231PW_BS0000243201123PW_BS00002432711125PW_BS00002834713125PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS000028310312PW_BS00002430412PW_BS000024109323PW_BS0001094241155PW_BS0001154251355PW_BS00011545911175PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS000115432511PW_BS00004360251PW_BS00006046114PW_BS00004672513PW_BS000072612517PW_BS0000613612011PW_BS0000363772113PW_BS00003793252011PW_BS00009327151PW_BS000027711PW_BS000007971521PW_BS000097110231PW_BS0001106131PW_BS000006140103PW_BS00014014315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS000146951721PW_BS00009511PW_BS0000011802211PW_BS00018021425181PW_BS0000241901118PW_BS0000242771218PW_BS00002465111PW_BS0000652905491PW_BS000024253541PW_BS0000243331212PW_BS0000283522512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS00002835625121PW_BS0000283702601PW_BS000028228361PW_BS000024232403PW_BS000024412125PW_BS0001154192551PW_BS000115436255PW_BS0001154461217PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS0001154712517PW_BS00011547225177PW_BS00011548718101PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS0001155072561PW_BS0001155131761PW_BS000115111811PW_BS00001114117191PW_BS00014178811PW_BS000078731013PW_BS00007385241011PW_BS0000859567DesipramineHMDB0015282Desipramine hydrochloride is a dibenzazepine-derivative tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). TCAs are structurally similar to phenothiazines. They contain a tricyclic ring system with an alkyl amine substituent on the central ring. In non-depressed individuals, desipramine does not affect mood or arousal, but may cause sedation. In depressed individuals, desipramine exerts a positive effect on mood. TCAs are potent inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Secondary amine TCAs, such as desipramine and nortriptyline, are more potent inhibitors of norepinephrine reuptake than tertiary amine TCAs, such as amitriptyline and doxepine. TCAs also down-regulate cerebral cortical β-adrenergic receptors and sensitize post-synaptic serotonergic receptors with chronic use. The antidepressant effects of TCAs are thought to be due to an overall increase in serotonergic neurotransmission. TCAs also block histamine-H<sub>1</sub> receptors, α<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors, which accounts for their sedative, hypotensive and anticholinergic effects (e.g. blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), respectively. See toxicity section below for a complete listing of side effects. Desipramine exerts less anticholinergic and sedative side effects compared to tertiary amine TCAs, such as amitriptyline and clomipramine. Desipramine may be used to treat depression, neuropathic pain (unlabeled use), agitation and insomnia (unlabeled use) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (unlabeled use). 50-47-5C069432995477812888DB01151CNCCCN1C2=CC=CC=C2CCC2=CC=CC=C12C18H22N2InChI=1S/C18H22N2/c1-19-13-6-14-20-17-9-4-2-7-15(17)11-12-16-8-3-5-10-18(16)20/h2-5,7-10,19H,6,11-14H2,1H3HCYAFALTSJYZDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N(3-{2-azatricyclo[9.4.0.0³,⁸]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,11,13-hexaen-2-yl}propyl)(methyl)amine266.3807266.178298714-3.831desipramine01DBMET00255Demethylimipramine;Desimipramine;Desimpramine;Desipramin;Desmethylimipramine;Dezipramine;Dimethylimipramine;Methylaminopropyliminodibenzyl;Monodemethylimipramine;Norimipramine;Norpramine;3-(10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl)-n-methylpropan-1-amine;5-(gamma-methylaminopropyl)iminodibenzyl;Desipramina;Desipraminum;Dmi;N-(3-methylaminopropyl)iminobibenzyl;5-(g-methylaminopropyl)iminodibenzyl;5-(γ-methylaminopropyl)iminodibenzylPW_C009567Desipra328810329274473626473715405992-hydroxydesipramineHMDB00609922-hydroxydesipramine is a metabolite of desipramine. Desipramine (also known as desmethylimipramine) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and to a lesser extent serotonin. It is used to treat depression, but not considered a first line treatment since the introduction of SSRI antidepressants. Desipramine is an active metabolite of imipramine. It is sold under the brand names Norpramin and Pertofane. Along with other tricyclics, desipramine has found use in treating neuropathic pain. (Wikipedia)121249108234CNCCCN1C2=CC=CC=C2CCC2=CC(O)=CC=C12C18H22N2OInChI=1S/C18H22N2O/c1-19-11-4-12-20-17-6-3-2-5-14(17)7-8-15-13-16(21)9-10-18(15)20/h2-3,5-6,9-10,13,19,21H,4,7-8,11-12H2,1H3NVJBOLMRGMDGLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N2-[3-(methylamino)propyl]-2-azatricyclo[9.4.0.0³,⁸]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,11,13-hexaen-6-ol282.3801282.173213336-3.2222-[3-(methylamino)propyl]-2-azatricyclo[9.4.0.0³,⁸]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,11,13-hexaen-6-ol01DBMET00314PW_C0405992Hd383229406002-Hydroxy-desipramine glucuronideHMDB00607162-Hydroxy-desipramine glucuronide is a metabolite of desipramine. Desipramine (also known as desmethylimipramine) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and to a lesser extent serotonin. It is used to treat depression, but not considered a first line treatment since the introduction of SSRI antidepressants. Desipramine is an active metabolite of imipramine. It is sold under the brand names Norpramin and Pertofane. Along with other tricyclics, desipramine has found use in treating neuropathic pain. (Wikipedia)7174897330778581CNCCCN1C2=CC=CC=C2CCC2=CC(O[C@@H]3O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]3O)C(O)=O)=CC=C12C24H30N2O7InChI=1S/C24H30N2O7/c1-25-11-4-12-26-17-6-3-2-5-14(17)7-8-15-13-16(9-10-18(15)26)32-24-21(29)19(27)20(28)22(33-24)23(30)31/h2-3,5-6,9-10,13,19-22,24-25,27-29H,4,7-8,11-12H2,1H3,(H,30,31)/t19-,20-,21+,22-,24+/m0/s1XJHAOJJEVSPMBA-QMDPOKHVSA-N(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-({2-[3-(methylamino)propyl]-2-azatricyclo[9.4.0.0³,⁸]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,11,13-hexaen-6-yl}oxy)oxane-2-carboxylic acid458.5042458.205301324-2.425(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-({2-[3-(methylamino)propyl]-2-azatricyclo[9.4.0.0³,⁸]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,11,13-hexaen-6-yl}oxy)oxane-2-carboxylic acid00DBMET00679PW_C0406002hdg3833291065OxygenHMDB0001377Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131).7782-44-7C0000797715379CPD-6641952O=OO2InChI=1S/O2/c1-2MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-Noxidanone31.998831.9898292440singlet oxygen00FDB022589Dioxygen;Molecular oxygen;O2;Oxygen;Oxygen molecule;[oo];Dioxygene;Disauerstoff;E 948;E-948;E948PW_C001065O295911052451650018505854914625286383649106743168820754157634769338362137549201624253122280329426042474713546712354801255493126550812758091085973147612915970061887032163705016073192137533210756021283951511181621611864198118832151189421112057225120631641224728612279226123252491270629112716292130042981301630013026301130383021326022342276174265731576910293770442947721413477350111773631307737733177395332774971137751211577537334776263367772333777736112777471297775634177805114778121337807032978151132783813457880534379111360120047408120383122120426405120542407120553414120594409120601406120883415121045124121104383121605434121656429122117382122573418122689384122798374122822443123027135123060376123128447123139136123163448123176119123187450123219137123226120123459451123609118123669398124163469124214464124669399125145454125275121125425482125706478125731483125737297125740479125884481126100299126272484126522495126721489126825480126964502126986207127198209127214208127219205127222501127305504127345206127557388127574515127835389128081395128095390128312506128432391146NADPHHMDB0000221Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed.).53-57-6C000052283351216474NADPH17215925NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@H]1O[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1OC21H30N7O17P3InChI=1S/C21H30N7O17P3/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(30)11(43-21)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(42-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)32/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-31H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,32)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H2,22,24,25)(H2,33,34,35)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m0/s1ACFIXJIJDZMPPO-NCHANQSKSA-N{[(2S,3S,4S,5S)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-[({[({[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid745.4209745.091102105-2.149[(2S,3S,4S,5S)-2-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-5-{[({[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-(3-carbamoyl-4H-pyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxyphosphonic acid0-4FDB0219092'-(dihydrogen phosphate) 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) adenosine 5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-b-d-ribofuranosylnicotinamide;2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) adenosine 5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylnicotinamide;Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) p'-5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) p'-5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;Dihydrocodehydrogenase ii;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-p;Dihydrotriphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced;Nadp-reduced;Nadph;Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Reduced codehydrase ii;Reduced coenzyme ii;Reduced cozymase ii;Reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide;Triphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced;B-nadph;B-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;B-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Beta-nadph;Beta-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;Beta-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate - reducedPW_C000146NADPH1858190377810796582118837216092916154946873147931447971453101115789108597214761281596271356779117706818871031637154205720516073152137345210755921275911708194225821915184212241181219811893211120062221215016412245286125962261264824942343315437463227691129377166132773853317739433277460130775041127751111577623336807121191131649412010540712042540512045212212061612312114112512127542912140212412148338312305937612308613512324144712371213612384646412396111812404139812547248112569629712621429912652949512700920612757238812810139040034Hydrogen IonHMDB0059597Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [WikiPedia])C000801038153781010[H+]HInChI=1S/p+1GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-Nhydron1.00791.0078250320hydron10H+;H(+);Hydrogen cation;Hydron;ProtonPW_C040034H+2154670875315788318483111621463261464542231492780174250224254424547104576184694705241103532711153531125626108563910756991005720105574211759631476037155607015760931616130159623216664831786601152669210168431886910187710016371682057191206745321974542207472222752521375322107558212757216075901708195225821815182432268413162842022491391959155249119151641201528112181285122462861226628712521227132572231332529415330308423293154235431842401322424053124245432076912293771361337721013477372331778041147795513277990327779913477837934579929130800193688038731080388304807221199382312494823383110550388112855941132803901155373981155391181158563361162051091199734061201934071205491221205934091211704241211714251225694181226153841226871251227581201231831351232181371237424591237434601251414541251881211252731361253594791255504811257304831257362971258092991265174951267174891267664801268233001269025011272132081283085061283613911284303951420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O5589491095139415131621448113526156242865210691207703382318838210943113774914655415904320182425322226786027274627781728052931437031647236346145983647273749419350302751567519597521410052279452361035297105531911153431135355112540211054701235483125549212655071275534130553711455411295591135560811856221085691657591405778101584114358531465877107589095591014759401516032155605915760871616123163613315962151621816664771786507180660015267131176840188688816071622057181207719320672112117228213723821472432157295198735021673882107401212746722274922247500190758817082012258237226841416292652611850277119221641201128112213285122502861226428712327249125202271263265126932901270529112715292130072981301930013025301130373021326122313327294153403084232731542695318436913227691429377019253771021327713113377215134773783317739733277471333775161157753633477628336777223377775934177816343779823477807132978235352782423537827035679113360800143688003937080591228806561199383038394794384110557390110639391115844398119879232119915122119963406120008407120046408120113124120365412120430405120438409120606415120794414121158425121240429121351121121381419121607434122118382122384436122753120122797374122804443123012446123064376123072137123131447123142136123162448123231451123384450123730460123810464123940455124165469124670399124938471124945472125305297125353479125386481125424482125480299125682483125707478125745487126054490126238495126273484126764480126896501126963502127017388127177208127199209127227504127506507127576515127836389128082395128176513143NADPHMDB0000217Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5-phosphate adenosine 2,5-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed.) Hydrogen carrier in biochemical redox systems. In the hexose monophosphoric acid system it is reduced to Dihydrocoenzyme II and reoxidation in the presence of flavoproteins (Dictionary of Organic Compounds).53-59-8C00006588618009NAD(P)5675NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H29N7O17P3InChI=1S/C21H28N7O17P3/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(30)11(43-21)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(42-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)32/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-31H,5-6H2,(H7-,22,23,24,25,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39)/p+1/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1XJLXINKUBYWONI-NNYOXOHSSA-O1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[({[({[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3-hydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium744.4129744.083277073-2.2791-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3-hydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium1-3FDB021908Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate;Codehydrase ii;Codehydrogenase ii;Coenzyme ii;Cozymase ii;Nad phosphate;Nadp;Nadp+;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Tpn;Triphosphopyridine nucleotide;B-nadp;B-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;B-tpn;Beta-nadp;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Beta-tpn;Oxidized nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate;B-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acid;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acid;β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acidPW_C000143NADP18381913768578010824188392161129161749468531479614480114530811157901086017147613215962733567781177069188710516371522057206160731721373462107562212758917081972258220151841922411811198118972111200822212152164122492861259722612650249423443154374532276913293771641327738433177396332774611307751511577624336778143347787011280713119113165941201064071204294051204501221206044081206181231211421251212774291214011241214853831230633761230841351232293741232434471237131361238484641239601181240433981254734811256942971257434821262152991265284951270102061272255021275703881281003901799HemeHMDB0003178Heme is the color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. A heme or haem is a prosthetic group that consists of an iron atom contained in the center of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin. Not all porphyrins contain iron, but a substantial fraction of porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic subunit; these are known as hemoproteins.14875-96-8C0003217627HEME_A24604415DB02577CC1=C(CCC(O)=O)C2=CC3=[N+]4C(=CC5=C(C)C(C=C)=C6C=C7C(C)=C(C=C)C8=[N+]7[Fe--]4(N2C1=C8)N56)C(C)=C3CCC(O)=OC34H32FeN4O4InChI=1S/C34H34N4O4.Fe/c1-7-21-17(3)25-13-26-19(5)23(9-11-33(39)40)31(37-26)16-32-24(10-12-34(41)42)20(6)28(38-32)15-30-22(8-2)18(4)27(36-30)14-29(21)35-25;/h7-8,13-16H,1-2,9-12H2,3-6H3,(H4,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42);/q;+2/p-2/b25-13-,26-13-,27-14-,28-15-,29-14-,30-15-,31-16-,32-16-;KABFMIBPWCXCRK-RGGAHWMASA-L4,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide616.487616.177297665-5.4824,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide0-2FDB016272(protoporphyrinato)iron;Ferroheme;Ferroheme b;Ferroprotoheme;Ferroprotoporphyrin;Ferroprotoporphyrin ix;Ferrous protoheme;Ferrous protoheme ix;Haem;Hem;Heme;Iron protoporphyrin;Iron protoporphyrin ix;Iron(ii) protoporphyrin ix;Protoferroheme;Protohaem;Protoheme;Protoheme ix;Reduced hematinPW_C001799Heme2471630810324860827665124431354491413361963182806292938932381133672634211437344404331482328517095547212354851255517129583014162467862831659715170441607060161732621311835198118982111206516413009298130213004227817769152937693124977351111773641307736733177398332775171157762933677813334783801337860213278963112799321341204314051206034081209554071210853831216584291217461241219101221225704061226913841230653761231334471231441361232283741235211191236503981242164641242971181244631351251421201252771211257424821258964811261962991264992971265124951267184791268274801272245021273572061276323881280702051280833951280863901283095011284343911814Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporterP23975Amine transporter. Terminates the action of noradrenaline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
HMDBP02154SLC6A216q12.2CH47109213214733905144328851822Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterP31645Serotonin transporter whose primary function in the central nervous system involves the regulation of serotonergic signaling via transport of serotonin molecules from the synaptic cleft back into the pre-synaptic terminal for re-utilization. Plays a key role in mediating regulation of the availability of serotonin to other receptors of serotonergic systems. Terminates the action of serotonin and recycles it in a sodium-dependent manner.
HMDBP02165SLC6A417q11.2L0556813291733906144329851436Cytochrome P450 2D6P10635Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants.
HMDBP01548CYP2D622q13.1DQ28214411.14.14.13239113416263625293800240483140511045791851739562841784Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter1PW_P00078488918141785Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter1PW_P00078589018221802Cytochrome P450 2D61PW_P00080290714361344179911965PW_R001965Right7142405991Compoundfalse7143406001Compoundfalse1963falsePW_R001963Right713795671Compoundfalse849410651Compoundtrue84951461Compoundtrue8496400341Compoundtrue7138405991Compoundfalse849714201Compoundtrue84981431Compoundtrue18078021.14.14.1268PW_T00026830795671Compound2615Right6542956774157false24512510regular20019077694059929157false405115510regular20019077714060029157false765115010regular2002001023710651065false32580610regular7878102381461062false62786510regular503010239400341055false61377110regular78781024014201049false325103510regular7878102411431061false630102010regular5030102421799109false50991510regular1002510244956726157true0010regular20019010245956715157false40557510regular200190277318147376false5402458subunitregular15070277418227376false5401258subunitregular1507056161436102false4299258subunitregular1507024517843257327622773245278532573276327744582802325105587561620501024216229Cofactor9969M445 220 C475 220 510 280 540 280 148false18falsetrueM 460.0012983078745 210.1973513380543 L 475 210 L 489.9987016921255 209.80264866194579970M540 280 C510 280 367 130 337 130 5true189971M445 220 C475 220 519 160 540 160 148false18falsetrueM 710 230 L 710 215 L 710 2009972M540 160 C510 160 717 115 687 115 5true1811644M605 1250 C635 1250 747 1250 765 1250 5false18trueM 742.0096189432334 657.5 L 755 650 L 742.0096189432334 642.5false11645M765 1250 C735 1250 661 583 685 600 5true18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16222M505 765 C505 795 504 895 504 925 5false1816223M403 845 C431 845 504 895 504 925 5false1816224M627 880 C599 880 504 895 504 925 5false1816225M613 810 C574 811 504 895 504 925 5false1816226M505 1155 C505 1125 504 1025 504 995 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16227M403 1074 C430 1075 504 1025 504 995 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16228M630 1035 C604 1035 504 1025 504 995 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16229M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z10true1816235M11 12 C34 28 74 55 98 72 83true1816236M345 315 C345 347 505 547 505 575 83false18trueM 352.5 327.9903810567666 L 345 315 L 337.5 327.9903810567666falsetrueM 497.5 562.0096189432334 L 505 575 L 512.5 562.0096189432334false22593251965297647776911644Left7648777111645Right30663251963109764654216222Left97651023716223Left97661023816224Left97671023916225Left9768776916226Right97691024016227Right97701024116228Right3117180745824202683259071024416235Left9081024516236Right56552732514true1879516regular55165429969Left23824519970Right56652832514true5378016regular55265429971Left23924529972Right4297920200.40.4021334273151672154351.01.0029200145517663808100.80.8023280360450M615 175 C615 125 665 75 715 75 C754 75 804 75 843 75 C893 75 943 125 943 175 C943 206 943 245 943 276 C943 326 893 376 843 376 C804 376 754 376 715 376 C665 376 615 326 615 276 C615 245 615 206 615 175 1true6328.0301.0701M270 610 C270 560 320 510 370 510 C540 510 761 510 931 510 C981 510 1031 560 1031 610 C1031 823 1031 1101 1031 1314 C1031 1364 981 1414 931 1414 C761 1414 540 1414 370 1414 C320 1414 270 1364 270 1314 C270 1101 270 823 270 610 1true6761.0904.086015Axon Terminal730185201.01.0160152071251152162699142639477540026076492218460108914703948711010