303PathwayFluoxetine Metabolism PathwayFluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that exerts antidepressive effects by selectively inhibiting serotonin reuptake in the brain. It does so by competing for the same binding site as serotonin on the the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter (SLC6A4). This increases the concentrations of serotonin in the synaptic cleft and reverses the state of low concentration seen in depression. Higher concentration of serotonin has also been shown to have long-term neuromodulatory effects. Binding of serotonin to certain serotonin receptors activate adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP. cAMP activates protein kinase A which activates cAMP-responsive binding protein 1 (CREB-1). CREB-1 enters the nucleus and affects transcription of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF subsequently stimulates neurogenesis, which may contribute to the long-term reversal of depression.
Drug MetabolismPW000622CenterPathwayVisualizationContext73514001800#000099PathwayVisualization328303Fluoxetine PathwayFluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that exerts antidepressive effects by selectively inhibiting serotonin reuptake in the brain. It does so by competing for the same binding site as serotonin on the the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter (SLC6A4). This increases the concentrations of serotonin in the synaptic cleft and reverses the state of low concentration seen in depression. Higher concentration of serotonin has also been shown to have long-term neuromodulatory effects. Binding of serotonin to certain serotonin receptors activate adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP. cAMP activates protein kinase A which activates cAMP-responsive binding protein 1 (CREB-1). CREB-1 enters the nucleus and affects transcription of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF subsequently stimulates neurogenesis, which may contribute to the long-term reversal of depression.
Drug1531Fluoxetine inhibition of Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterInhibitorySubPathway8708977Compound74871785ProteinComplex73660Norfluoxetine inhibition of Cytochrome P450 2D6InhibitorySubPathway109940649Compound311100802ProteinComplex101420Prozac. (2009). e-CPS (online version of Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties). Retrieved December 23, 2009.303Pathway142115600376Shelton RC: The dual-action hypothesis: does pharmacology matter? J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65 Suppl 17:5-10.303Pathway3NeuronCL:00005401CellCL:00000002Platelet CL:00002335HepatocyteCL:00001824Cardiomyocyte CL:00007467Epithelial CellCL:00000661Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia425Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote15Plasmodium falciparum5833Eukaryote5CytoplasmGO:00057377Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:00057891CytosolGO:00058294PeroxisomeGO:00057772MitochondrionGO:000573920Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578813Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:00057836LysosomeGO:00057648Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum GO:000579010Cell MembraneGO:00058863Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575916Lysosomal LumenGO:004320212Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574311Extracellular SpaceGO:000561518Melanosome MembraneGO:003316214Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574124Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575835ChloroplastGO:000950736MembraneGO:001602025Golgi apparatusGO:000579421SynapseGO:004520215NucleusGO:000563431Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032540PeriplasmGO:00425971LiverBTO:00007597292Endothelium BTO:00003934Adrenal MedullaBTO:000004971825IntestineBTO:000064828StomachBTO:0001307155267Nervous SystemBTO:00014848Blood VesselBTO:0001102741111HeartBTO:0000562731024BrainBTO:000014289167413PW_BS000074311511PW_BS00003116212PW_BS000016101711PW_BS0000108511PW_BS0000082111PW_BS0000025411PW_BS0000053211PW_BS00000349711PW_BS0000493612011PW_BS000036181311PW_BS00001829111PW_BS0000299611PW_BS000009111811PW_BS000011261115PW_BS00002614101PW_BS0000144311PW_BS0000042811611PW_BS000028951721PW_BS0000951231751PW_BS0001231251351PW_BS00012512915121PW_BS00012914117191PW_BS00014178811PW_BS00007811PW_BS000001151141PW_BS0001511601181PW_BS0001601613181PW_BS0001612137181PW_BS0000241985181PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS0000241644PW_BS00016429817101PW_BS00002430013101PW_BS000024171211PW_BS00001729341PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS0000241115121PW_BS00011113013121PW_BS0001303317121PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS0000281151012PW_BS0001153361121PW_BS0000283344121PW_BS0000281333121PW_BS0001331321121PW_BS0001321122121PW_BS00011213412121PW_BS000134405105PW_BS000115408451PW_BS000115407251PW_BS000115383751PW_BS000100429151PW_BS000115124151PW_BS000124122551PW_BS000122406351PW_BS0001153841251PW_BS0001003761017PW_BS00005344717171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS0001363744171PW_BS0000531192171PW_BS0001193987171PW_BS0001134641171PW_BS0001151181171PW_BS0001181355171PW_BS0001351203171PW_BS00012012112171PW_BS0001214824101PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS0000242975101PW_BS0000244957101PW_BS0001154793101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS000115502461PW_BS000115206261PW_BS000024388161PW_BS000112205561PW_BS0000243951361PW_BS000113390761PW_BS000112501361PW_BS0001153911261PW_BS000112204111PW_BS00002015111PW_BS000015331811PW_BS0000332441011PW_BS000024221411PW_BS000022422411PW_BS00004213121PW_BS000013126651PW_BS00012612711651PW_BS00012710813PW_BS0001081471241PW_BS00014715924PW_BS000159188118PW_BS0000241632181PW_BS00016321013181PW_BS00002421217181PW_BS0000242164181PW_BS0000242156181PW_BS0000242253541PW_BS0000242863641PW_BS000024226441PW_BS0000242916491PW_BS0000242924491PW_BS0000243016101PW_BS000024302116101PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS000024315123PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS0000241136121PW_BS000113337116121PW_BS00002834141121PW_BS0000281141112PW_BS00011432914121PW_BS00002834524121PW_BS00002834318121PW_BS000028360410121PW_BS0000284141551PW_BS000115409115PW_BS0001154151851PW_BS00011543441051PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS0001004182451PW_BS0001154436171PW_BS000115448116171PW_BS00011545015171PW_BS0001151371117PW_BS00013745118171PW_BS000115469410171PW_BS00011539914171PW_BS00011345424171PW_BS0001154781010PW_BS0001154831110PW_BS00011548414101PW_BS00011548924101PW_BS000115207661PW_BS000024209106PW_BS000024208116PW_BS0000245041861PW_BS00011551541061PW_BS0001153891461PW_BS0001125062461PW_BS000115541315PW_BS0000546131PW_BS000006103331PW_BS000103100521PW_BS0001001553241PW_BS0001551783211PW_BS000178117131PW_BS000117222341PW_BS000024224241PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS00002434713125PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS000028943PW_BS0000944251355PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS000115432511PW_BS00004360251PW_BS00006046114PW_BS0000467028511PW_BS00007072513PW_BS000072612517PW_BS0000613772113PW_BS00003793252011PW_BS00009327151PW_BS000027711PW_BS000007971521PW_BS000097105113PW_BS000105110231PW_BS000110140103PW_BS000140101531PW_BS00010114315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS000146107313PW_BS0001071572241PW_BS00015716611PW_BS0001661802211PW_BS00018015284PW_BS00015221425181PW_BS0000241901118PW_BS00002417018PW_BS00017016212181PW_BS0001622771218PW_BS0000242811251PW_BS0000242851041PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS00002465111PW_BS0000652905491PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS000024253541PW_BS0000243331212PW_BS0000283522512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS00002835625121PW_BS0000283702601PW_BS000028228361PW_BS000024232403PW_BS000024412125PW_BS0001154192551PW_BS000115436255PW_BS0001154461217PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS0001154712517PW_BS00011547225177PW_BS00011548718101PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS0001155072561PW_BS0001155131761PW_BS000115731013PW_BS00007385241011PW_BS00008561517151PW_BS0005038977FluoxetineHMDB0014615Fluoxetine hydrochloride is the first agent of the class of antidepressants known as selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Despite distinct structural differences between compounds in this class, SSRIs possess similar pharmacological activity. As with other antidepressant agents, several weeks of therapy may be required before a clinical effect is seen. SSRIs are potent inhibitors of neuronal serotonin reuptake. They have little to no effect on norepinephrine or dopamine reuptake and do not antagonize α- or β-adrenergic, dopamine D2, or histamine H1 receptors. During acute use, SSRIs block serotonin reuptake and increase serotonin stimulation of somatodendritic 5-HT1A and terminal autoreceptors. Chronic use leads to desensitization of somatodendritic 5-HT1A and terminal autoreceptors. The overall clinical effect of increased mood and decreased anxiety is thought to be due to adaptive changes in neuronal function that lead to enhanced serotonergic neurotransmission. Side effects include dry mouth, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, sexual dysfunction, and headache. Side effects generally occur within the first two weeks of therapy and are usually less severe and frequent than those observed with tricyclic antidepressants. Fluoxetine may be used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), moderate to severe bulimia nervosa, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, and, in combination with olanzapine, for treatment-resistant or bipolar I depression. Fluoxetine is the most anorexic and stimulating SSRI.54910-89-3338651183269DB00472CNCCC(OC1=CC=C(C=C1)C(F)(F)F)C1=CC=CC=C1C17H18F3NOInChI=1S/C17H18F3NO/c1-21-12-11-16(13-5-3-2-4-6-13)22-15-9-7-14(8-10-15)17(18,19)20/h2-10,16,21H,11-12H2,1H3RTHCYVBBDHJXIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-Nmethyl({3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propyl})amine309.3261309.134048818-5.261fluoxetine01Fluoxetinum [inn-latin];Fluoxetina [spanish];Fluoxetina [inn-spanish];(+-)-n-methyl-3-phenyl-3-((alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl)oxy)propylamine;(+-)-n-methyl-gamma-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzenepropanamine;Fluoxetina;Fluoxetinum;ProzacPW_C008977Fluox32957440413140649NorfluoxetineHMDB0060551Norfluoxetine is a metabolite of fluoxetine. (S)-Norfluoxetine, also known as seproxetine, is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). It is the most important active metabolite of the widely used antidepressant fluoxetine but little is known about its pharmacological actions. Seproxetine was being investigated by Eli Lilly and Company as an antidepressant, however, a cardiac side effect was noted and development was discontinued (Wikipedia).83891-03-645414382DB06731NCCC(OC1=CC=C(C=C1)C(F)(F)F)C1=CC=CC=C1C16H16F3NOInChI=1S/C16H16F3NO/c17-16(18,19)13-6-8-14(9-7-13)21-15(10-11-20)12-4-2-1-3-5-12/h1-9,15H,10-11,20H2WIQRCHMSJFFONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine295.2995295.118398754-4.5113-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine01DBMET00197DesmethylfluoxetinePW_C040649Norfluo40423140650Fluoxetine glucuronideHMDB0060607Fluoxetine glucuronide is a metabolite of fluoxetine. Fluoxetine (also known by the tradenames Prozac, Sarafem, Fontex, among others) is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. Fluoxetine was first documented in 1974 by scientists from Eli Lilly and Company. It was presented to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in February 1977, with Eli Lilly receiving final approval to market the drug in December 1987. Fluoxetine went off-patent in August 2001 (Wikipedia).96735-71-671316864CN(CCC(OC1=CC=C(C=C1)C(F)(F)F)C1=CC=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O)C(O)=OC23H26F3NO7InChI=1S/C23H26F3NO7/c1-27(21-19(30)17(28)18(29)20(34-21)22(31)32)12-11-16(13-5-3-2-4-6-13)33-15-9-7-14(8-10-15)23(24,25)26/h2-10,16-21,28-30H,11-12H2,1H3,(H,31,32)/t16?,17-,18-,19+,20-,21+/m0/s1ROQAUFRWFXOLOE-FEKBJPIOSA-N(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[methyl({3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propyl})amino]oxane-2-carboxylic acid485.456485.16613667-3.564(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[methyl({3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propyl})amino]oxane-2-carboxylic acid0-1DBMET00857PW_C040650FluGlu40493140651Norfluoxetine glucuronideHMDB0061170Norfluoxetine glucuronide is a metabolite of fluoxetine. Fluoxetine (also known by the tradenames Prozac, Sarafem, Fontex, among others) is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. Fluoxetine was first documented in 1974 by scientists from Eli Lilly and Company. It was presented to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in February 1977, with Eli Lilly receiving final approval to market the drug in December 1987. Fluoxetine went off-patent in August 2001 (Wikipedia).96735-72-77175119957530480O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](NCCC(OC2=CC=C(C=C2)C(F)(F)F)C2=CC=CC=C2)O[C@@H]([C@H]1O)C(O)=OC22H24F3NO7InChI=1S/C22H24F3NO7/c23-22(24,25)13-6-8-14(9-7-13)32-15(12-4-2-1-3-5-12)10-11-26-20-18(29)16(27)17(28)19(33-20)21(30)31/h1-9,15-20,26-29H,10-11H2,(H,30,31)/t15?,16-,17-,18+,19-,20+/m0/s1GXZQMXPRYAFVRG-OJRVOLPLSA-N(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-({3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propyl}amino)oxane-2-carboxylic acid471.429471.150486606-3.375(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-({3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propyl}amino)oxane-2-carboxylic acid00DBMET00964PW_C040651NFluGlu4050311799HemeHMDB0003178Heme is the color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. A heme or haem is a prosthetic group that consists of an iron atom contained in the center of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin. Not all porphyrins contain iron, but a substantial fraction of porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic subunit; these are known as hemoproteins.14875-96-8C0003217627HEME_A24604415DB02577CC1=C(CCC(O)=O)C2=CC3=[N+]4C(=CC5=C(C)C(C=C)=C6C=C7C(C)=C(C=C)C8=[N+]7[Fe--]4(N2C1=C8)N56)C(C)=C3CCC(O)=OC34H32FeN4O4InChI=1S/C34H34N4O4.Fe/c1-7-21-17(3)25-13-26-19(5)23(9-11-33(39)40)31(37-26)16-32-24(10-12-34(41)42)20(6)28(38-32)15-30-22(8-2)18(4)27(36-30)14-29(21)35-25;/h7-8,13-16H,1-2,9-12H2,3-6H3,(H4,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42);/q;+2/p-2/b25-13-,26-13-,27-14-,28-15-,29-14-,30-15-,31-16-,32-16-;KABFMIBPWCXCRK-RGGAHWMASA-L4,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide616.487616.177297665-5.4824,20-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-10,15-diethenyl-5,9,14,19-tetramethyl-2lambda5,22,23lambda5,25-tetraaza-1-ferraoctacyclo[11.9.1.1^{1,8}.1^{3,21}.0^{2,6}.0^{16,23}.0^{18,22}.0^{11,25}]pentacosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(23),17,19,21(24)-undecaene-2,23-bis(ylium)-1,1-diuide0-2FDB016272(protoporphyrinato)iron;Ferroheme;Ferroheme b;Ferroprotoheme;Ferroprotoporphyrin;Ferroprotoporphyrin ix;Ferrous protoheme;Ferrous protoheme ix;Haem;Hem;Heme;Iron protoporphyrin;Iron protoporphyrin ix;Iron(ii) protoporphyrin ix;Protoferroheme;Protohaem;Protoheme;Protoheme ix;Reduced hematinPW_C001799Heme2471630810324860827665124431354491413361963182806292938932381133672634211437344404331482328517095547212354851255517129583014162467862831659715170441607060161732621311835198118982111206516413009298130213004227817769152937693124977351111773641307736733177398332775171157762933677813334783801337860213278963112799321341204314051206034081209554071210853831216584291217461241219101221225704061226913841230653761231334471231441361232283741235211191236503981242164641242971181244631351251421201252771211257424821258964811261962991264992971265124951267184791268274801272245021273572061276323881280702051280833951280863901283095011284343911065OxygenHMDB0001377Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131).7782-44-7C0000797715379CPD-6641952O=OO2InChI=1S/O2/c1-2MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-Noxidanone31.998831.9898292440singlet oxygen00FDB022589Dioxygen;Molecular oxygen;O2;Oxygen;Oxygen molecule;[oo];Dioxygene;Disauerstoff;E 948;E-948;E948PW_C001065O2959110524516500185058549146252863836491067431688207541576347693383621375492016242531222803294260424747135467123548012554931265508127580910859731476129159700618870321637050160731921375332107560212839515111816216118641981188321511894211120572251206316412247286122792261232524912706291127162921300429813016300130263011303830213260223422761742657315769102937704429477214134773501117736313077377331773953327749711377512115775373347762633677723337777361127774712977756341778051147781213378070329781511327838134578805343791113601200474081203831221204264051205424071205534141205944091206014061208834151210451241211043831216054341216564291221173821225734181226893841227983741228224431230271351230603761231284471231391361231634481231761191231874501232191371232261201234594511236091181236693981241634691242144641246693991251454541252751211254254821257064781257314831257372971257404791258844811261002991262724841265224951267214891268254801269645021269862071271982091272142081272192051272225011273055041273452061275573881275745151278353891280813951280953901283125061284323911144NADHHMDB0001487NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). It forms NADP with the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.(Dorland, 27th ed).58-68-4C0000443915316908NADH388299DB00157NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H29N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H29N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,33)(H,34,35)(H,36,37)(H2,22,24,25)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BOPGDPNILDQYTO-NNYOXOHSSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy})phosphinic acid665.441665.124771695-2.358NADH0-2FDB0226491,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dpnh;Dihydrocodehydrogenase i;Dihydrocozymase;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide;Enada;Nadh;Nadh2;Reduced codehydrogenase i;Reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Reduced nicotinamide adenine diphosphate;Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide;B-dpnh;B-nadh;Beta-dpnh;Beta-nadh;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced);Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidePW_C001144NADH143415334908648101115212755146954223049278117283629310994806184812184821284904649593151699552401035332111535811254661235479125559313556981005737108582914159151475945151602715560791616387164721786771117689316070111887099163717220571952067462222824422683602259086224118091981182121612320249130032981301530013255223424033224261831577107132771231337720813477371331776513367766833477700332777071307791711377986347800093688069111993822124110549388112854941158381181199554061201724071203781221209864081211624251212441261216934291218183831226163841227451201231274471231381361235513741237344601238144431242424641243713981251891211253454791255314811257622971258082991259264821265164951267674801268885011273855021280903901283623911284293951420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O55894910951394151316214481135261562428652106912077033823188382109431137749146554159043201824253222267860272746277817280529314370316472363461459836472737494193503027515675195975214100522794523610352971055319111534311353551125402110547012354831255492126550712755341305537114554112955911355608118562210856916575914057781015841143585314658771075890955910147594015160321556059157608716161231636133159621516218166647717865071806600152671311768401886888160716220571812077193206721121172282137238214724321572951987350216738821074012127467222749222475001907588170820122582372268414162926526118502771192216412011281122132851225028612264287123272491252022712632651269329012705291127152921300729813019300130253011303730213261223133272941534030842327315426953184369132276914293770192537710213277131133772151347737833177397332774713337751611577536334776283367772233777759341778163437798234778071329782353527824235378270356791133608001436880039370805912288065611993830383947943841105573901106393911158443981198792321199151221199634061200084071200464081201131241203654121204304051204384091206064151207944141211584251212404291213511211213814191216074341221183821223844361227531201227973741228044431230124461230643761230721371231314471231421361231624481232314511233844501237304601238104641239404551241654691246703991249384711249454721253052971253534791253864811254244821254802991256824831257074781257454871260544901262384951262734841267644801268965011269635021270173881271772081271992091272275041275065071275765151278363891280823951281765131102FormaldehydeHMDB0001426Formaldehyde is a highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717) -- Pubchem; The chemical compound formaldehyde (also known as methanal), is a gas with a pungent smell. It is the simplest aldehyde. Its chemical formula is H2CO. Formaldehyde was first synthesized by the Russian chemist Aleksandr Butlerov in 1859 but was conclusively identified by August Wilhelm van Hofmann in 1867. Although formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature, it is readily soluble in water, and it is most commonly sold as a 37% solution in water called by trade names such as formalin or formol. In water, formaldehyde polymerizes, and formalin actually contains very little formaldehyde in the form of H2CO monomer. Usually, these solutions contain a few percent methanol to limit the extent of polymerization. Formaldehyde exhibits most of the general chemical properties of the aldehydes, except that is generally more reactive than other aldehydes. Formaldehyde is a potent electrophile. It can participate in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions with aromatic compounds and can undergo electrophilic addition reactions with alkenes. In the presence of basic catalysts, formaldehyde undergoes a Cannizaro reaction to produce formic acid and methanol. Because formaldehyde resins are used in many construction materials, including plywood, carpet, and spray-on insulating foams, and because these resins slowly give off formaldehyde over time, formaldehyde is one of the more common indoor air pollutants. At concentrations above 0.1 mg/kg in air, inhaled formaldehyde can irritate the eyes and mucous membranes, resulting in watery eyes, headache, a burning sensation in the throat, and difficulty breathing. -- Wikipedia.50-00-0C0006771216842FORMALDEHYDE692DB03843C=OCH2OInChI=1S/CH2O/c1-2/h1H2WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-Nformaldehyde30.02630.0105646860.820formaldehyde00DBMET00531FDB009445Methaldehyde;Methylene glycol;Aldeide formica;Chlodithan;Chlodithane;Fannoform;Formaldehyde;Formalina;Formaline;Formalith;Formic aldehyde;Formol;Methanal;Methylene oxide;Oxomethylene;Paraform;Formaldehyd;Formalin;OxomethanePW_C001102Formol65310255532562445891854711235484125130082981302030077703332777101307808011278083133122126407122129406123132447123143136124678119124681120126283481126286479127846206127849501721NADHMDB0000902NAD (or Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be converted to ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it by cellular respiration. (wikipedia). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed).53-84-9C00003589315846NAD5682NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H28N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H27N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,5-6H2,(H5-,22,23,24,25,33,34,35,36,37)/p+1/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-O1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium664.433664.116946663-2.5981-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium1-1FDB0223093-carbamoyl-1-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide;Co-i;Codehydrase i;Codehydrogenase i;Coenzyme i;Cozymase;Cozymase i;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidized;Endopride;Nad trihydrate;Nad-oxidized;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized;Nicotinamide dinucleotide;Nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide;Oxidized diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Pyridine nucleotide diphosphate;[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl {[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxyphosphoryl) hydrogen phosphate;[adenylate-32-p]-nad;Beta-diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Beta-nad;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide trihydrate;Dpn;Nad;Nad+;Nadide;B-nad;β-nadPW_C000721NAD140415033538651101114211344312735146654222949277917283529310794807184813184819284902649603151679552381035334111536011254691235482125559013556101185696100573810858271415912147594215160241556072157607616163851646917867721176890160701218870971637174205719720674051987459222824122683592259085224118192161232224913006298130183001325622342404322426193157710413277120133772091347737033177650336776673347770233277709130779151137798334778406356800063688069011993825124110552388112750166112853941199291221199524061201714071208344191209844081211594251212421261212594291218173831226143841227421201231304471231411361234194551235493741237314601238124431238294641243703981251871211253192971253424791255304811258062991258254901259244821265154951267654801268855011272785071273835021280893901283603911284283951822Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterP31645Serotonin transporter whose primary function in the central nervous system involves the regulation of serotonergic signaling via transport of serotonin molecules from the synaptic cleft back into the pre-synaptic terminal for re-utilization. Plays a key role in mediating regulation of the availability of serotonin to other receptors of serotonergic systems. Terminates the action of serotonin and recycles it in a sodium-dependent manner.
HMDBP02165SLC6A417q11.2L0556813291733906144329851436Cytochrome P450 2D6P10635Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants.
HMDBP01548CYP2D622q13.1DQ28214411.14.14.132391134162636252938002404831405110457918517395628411442Cytochrome P450 3A5P20815Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
HMDBP01554CYP3A57q21.1CH23695611.14.14.1293429327323369263436104044314590184339549135699615136001332956Cytochrome P450 3A4P08684Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide.
HMDBP01018CYP3A47q21.1M1890711.14.13.-; 1.14.13.157; 1.14.13.32; 1.14.13.67; 1.14.13.972933293272232901033682640453145771851749513569861513600033213601749136018331973Cytochrome P450 2C9P11712Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan.
HMDBP01036CYP2C910q24AY34124811.14.13.-; 1.14.13.80; 1.14.13.48; 1.14.13.4933562934351038462404631481018481618975Cytochrome P450 2C19P33261Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine.
HMDBP01038CYP2C1910q24L3910211.14.13.-; 1.14.13.80; 1.14.13.48; 1.14.13.4932891033582934241437382637952404731136210181362124913656936785Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter1PW_P00078589018221802Cytochrome P450 2D61PW_P0008029071436134417991731Cytochrome P450 3A51PW_P0007318251442132617991293010730Cytochrome P450 3A41PW_P000730824956132517991292910820Cytochrome P450 2C91PW_P000820944973135117991809Cytochrome P450 2C191PW_P0008099319751348179912068PW_R002068Right737589771Compoundfalse7376406501Compoundfalse2069PW_R002069Right7377406491Compoundfalse7378406511Compoundfalse2067falsePW_R002067Right737389771Compoundfalse856710651Compoundtrue856811441Compoundtrue7374406491Compoundfalse856914201Compoundtrue857011021Compoundtrue85717211Compoundtrue19387311.14.14.119397301940820194180919428021.14.14.16545897774157false3305510regular2001908153897731157false89030010regular20019081544064931157false905104010regular20019081604065031157false136530010regular20019081614065131157false1355103510regular20019081621799109false132575510regular100251036610651065false82851110regular78781036711441060false108053510regular50301036814201049false108592510regular7878103691102103false82091510regular100100103707211059false109588010regular5030103711799109false86282210regular10025103721799109false85762710regular10025103731799109false85772710regular10025103741799109false103262710regular10025103751799109false103282210regular10025277718227376false3553308subunitregular1507040881436102false12157358subunitregular1507056611442102false8377678subunitregular150705662956102false8376378subunitregular150705663973102false9227028subunitregular150705664975102false10076378subunitregular1507056651436102false10077678subunitregular1507024557853287327662777338480232810406940881464816212273Cofactor4627731328105632566120911037116418Cofactor4628730328105633566220921037216419Cofactor4629820328105634566320931037316420Cofactor4630809328105635566420941037416421Cofactor4631802328105636566520951037516422Cofactor9977M430 245 C430 263 430 297 430 330 148false18falsetrueM 545 205 L 545 190 L 545 1759978M355 365 C325 365 442 130 412 130 5true1812268M1090 395 C1120 395 1343 395 1365 395 5false18trueM 1237.0096189432334 407.5 L 1250 400 L 1237.0096189432334 392.5false12269M1365 395 C1335 395 1151 338 1175 355 5true18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false12270M1105 1135 C1132 1135 1340 1131 1355 1130 5false18trueM 1387.5 897.0096189432334 L 1395 910 L 1402.5 897.0096189432334false12271M1455 1035 C1455 1005 926 928 950 945 5true18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false12272M1261 572 C1284 588 1324 615 1348 632 5true1812273M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z10true1812274M1105 1135 C1156 1134 1291 847 1290 805 148false18falsetrueM 1344.9830220658666 749.2865227587682 L 1330 750 L 1315.0169779341334 750.713477241231812278M1090 395 C1134 396 1290 692 1290 735 148false18falsetrueM 1319.3297398882949 557.2403672165249 L 1328 545 L 1336.6702601117051 532.759632783475112279M530 150 C593 150 812 395 890 395 83false18trueM 887.0096189432334 407.5 L 900 400 L 887.0096189432334 392.5false16411M990 490 C990 520 997 672 997 702 5false1816412M906 550 C935 550 993 616 997 702 5false1816413M1080 550 C1054 550 995 617 997 702 5false1816414M1005 1040 C1005 1010 997 802 997 772 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16415M1085 964 C1047 964 1001 917 997 772 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16416M920 965 C960 964 1002 900 997 772 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16417M1095 895 C1063 894 1001 889 997 772 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false16418M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z10true1816419M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z10true1816420M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z10true1816421M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z10true1816422M150 150 L150 200 L200 150 z10true1824093282068317927815312268Left7928816012269Right24103282069317929815412270Left7930816112271Right30933282067109888815316411Left98891036616412Left98901036716413Left9891815416414Right98921036816415Right98931036916416Right98941037016417Right31621938462731631939462831641940462931651941463031661942463156953132814true2629516regular55565459977Left24224559978Right74066032814true0016regular702815412272Left426338412274Right511227852122794327920200.40.4021334273156272655151.01.00292001455636690010151.31.3-10023280360453M261 464 C261 414 311 364 361 364 C397 364 444 364 480 364 C530 364 580 414 580 464 C580 495 580 534 580 565 C580 615 530 665 480 665 C444 665 397 665 361 665 C311 665 261 615 261 565 C261 534 261 495 261 464 1true6319.0301.0570M720 338 C720 288 770 238 820 238 C1037 238 1318 238 1535 238 C1585 238 1635 288 1635 338 C1635 599 1635 938 1635 1199 C1635 1249 1585 1299 1535 1299 C1318 1299 1037 1299 820 1299 C770 1299 720 1249 720 1199 C720 938 720 599 720 338 1true6915.01061.086715Axon Terminal335555201.01.0160152101182442062663371839442769228370585662181169913644410371183