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Pathway Description
D-Galactose Degradation (Leloir pathway)
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2017-02-24
Last Updated: 2019-09-12
The Leloir pathway is a metabolic pathway for the catabolism of D-galactose into D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate named after Luis Federico Leloir . Since galactose cannot be directly used for glycolysis, it needs to be converted into a different form. This pathway starts in the cytosol and finishes in the chloroplast. First, aldose 1-epimerase is a predicted enzyme (coloured orange in the image) that is theorized to catalyze the conversion of beta-D-galactose into alpha-D-galactose. This enzyme has not yet been elucidated for Arabidopsis thaliana. Second, galactokinase catalyzes the conversion of alpha-D-galactose into alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate. Third, D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase is a predicted enzyme theorized to catalyze the reaction whereby alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate and UDP-glucose is converted into alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate and UDP-galactose. This enzyme has not yet been elucidated in Arabidopsis thaliana. UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose can be interconverted by the enzyme UDP-glucose 4-epimerase which requires NAD as a cofactor. Alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate must then be imported into the chloroplast, by a yet not discovered alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate transporter. Last, phosphoglucomutase uses magnesium ion as a cofactor to convert alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate into D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate.
References
D-Galactose Degradation (Leloir pathway) References
Barber C, Rosti J, Rawat A, Findlay K, Roberts K, Seifert GJ: Distinct properties of the five UDP-D-glucose/UDP-D-galactose 4-epimerase isoforms of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jun 23;281(25):17276-85. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M512727200. Epub 2006 Apr 27.
Pubmed: 16644739
Kaplan CP, Tugal HB, Baker A: Isolation of a cDNA encoding an Arabidopsis galactokinase by functional expression in yeast. Plant Mol Biol. 1997 Jun;34(3):497-506.
Pubmed: 9225860
Kaplan CP, Tugal HB, Baker A: Isolation of a cDNA encoding an Arabidopsis galactokinase by functional expression in yeast. Plant Mol Biol. 1997 Jun;34(3):497-506. doi: 10.1023/a:1005816104743.
Pubmed: 9225860
Sherson S, Gy I, Medd J, Schmidt R, Dean C, Kreis M, Lecharny A, Cobbett C: The arabinose kinase, ARA1, gene of Arabidopsis is a novel member of the galactose kinase gene family. Plant Mol Biol. 1999 Mar;39(5):1003-12. doi: 10.1023/a:1006181908753.
Pubmed: 10344205
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Pubmed: 11130713
Kotake T, Takata R, Verma R, Takaba M, Yamaguchi D, Orita T, Kaneko S, Matsuoka K, Koyama T, Reiter WD, Tsumuraya Y: Bifunctional cytosolic UDP-glucose 4-epimerases catalyse the interconversion between UDP-D-xylose and UDP-L-arabinose in plants. Biochem J. 2009 Nov 11;424(2):169-77. doi: 10.1042/BJ20091025.
Pubmed: 19754426
Dormann P, Benning C: Functional expression of uridine 5'-diphospho-glucose 4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2) from Arabidopsis thaliana in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1996 Mar 1;327(1):27-34. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1996.0088.
Pubmed: 8615692
Theologis A, Ecker JR, Palm CJ, Federspiel NA, Kaul S, White O, Alonso J, Altafi H, Araujo R, Bowman CL, Brooks SY, Buehler E, Chan A, Chao Q, Chen H, Cheuk RF, Chin CW, Chung MK, Conn L, Conway AB, Conway AR, Creasy TH, Dewar K, Dunn P, Etgu P, Feldblyum TV, Feng J, Fong B, Fujii CY, Gill JE, Goldsmith AD, Haas B, Hansen NF, Hughes B, Huizar L, Hunter JL, Jenkins J, Johnson-Hopson C, Khan S, Khaykin E, Kim CJ, Koo HL, Kremenetskaia I, Kurtz DB, Kwan A, Lam B, Langin-Hooper S, Lee A, Lee JM, Lenz CA, Li JH, Li Y, Lin X, Liu SX, Liu ZA, Luros JS, Maiti R, Marziali A, Militscher J, Miranda M, Nguyen M, Nierman WC, Osborne BI, Pai G, Peterson J, Pham PK, Rizzo M, Rooney T, Rowley D, Sakano H, Salzberg SL, Schwartz JR, Shinn P, Southwick AM, Sun H, Tallon LJ, Tambunga G, Toriumi MJ, Town CD, Utterback T, Van Aken S, Vaysberg M, Vysotskaia VS, Walker M, Wu D, Yu G, Fraser CM, Venter JC, Davis RW: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 1 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 2000 Dec 14;408(6814):816-20. doi: 10.1038/35048500.
Pubmed: 11130712
Periappuram C, Steinhauer L, Barton DL, Taylor DC, Chatson B, Zou J: The plastidic phosphoglucomutase from Arabidopsis. A reversible enzyme reaction with an important role in metabolic control. Plant Physiol. 2000 Apr;122(4):1193-9. doi: 10.1104/pp.122.4.1193.
Pubmed: 10759515
Kofler H, Hausler RE, Schulz B, Groner F, Flugge UI, Weber A: Molecular characterisation of a new mutant allele of the plastid phosphoglucomutase in Arabidopsis, and complementation of the mutant with the wild-type cDNA. Mol Gen Genet. 2000 Jul;263(6):978-86. doi: 10.1007/pl00008698.
Pubmed: 10954083
Sato S, Kaneko T, Kotani H, Nakamura Y, Asamizu E, Miyajima N, Tabata S: Structural analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 5. IV. Sequence features of the regions of 1,456,315 bp covered by nineteen physically assigned P1 and TAC clones. DNA Res. 1998 Feb 28;5(1):41-54. doi: 10.1093/dnares/5.1.41.
Pubmed: 9628582
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