58351PathwayDexbrompheniramine H1-Antihistamine ActionDexbrompheniramine is a first-generation alkylamine H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions.Drug ActionPW058503CenterPathwayVisualizationContext5878313002350#FFFFFFPathwayVisualization5825358351Dexbrompheniramine H1-Antihistamine ActionDexbrompheniramine is a first-generation alkylamine H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions.Drug149899Mast Cells Release HistamineSubPathway47738693Compound120028322035879Simons FE, Simons KJ: Histamine and H1-antihistamines: celebrating a century of progress. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Dec;128(6):1139-1150.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.09.005. Epub 2011 Oct 27.58351Pathway2002847913608Simons FE: H1-receptor antagonists. Comparative tolerability and safety. Drug Saf. 1994 May;10(5):350-80.58351Pathway2002852174351Mignery GA, Sudhof TC: The ligand binding site and transduction mechanism in the inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor. EMBO J. 1990 Dec;9(12):3893-8.58351Pathway1CellCL:00000005HepatocyteCL:00001824Cardiomyocyte CL:00007463NeuronCL:00005407Epithelial CellCL:00000662Platelet CL:00002338Beta cellCL:00006396MyocyteCL:000018714Parietal CellCL:00001621Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia462Acinetobacter baylyi (strain ATCC 33305 / BD413 / ADP1)62977Prokaryote56Andro6666Eukaryote157Acinetobacter baumannii 107673Prokaryote10Cell MembraneGO:00058865CytoplasmGO:00057376LysosomeGO:00057644PeroxisomeGO:00057773Mitochondrial MatrixGO:00057592MitochondrionGO:000573911Extracellular SpaceGO:000561516Lysosomal LumenGO:00432027Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:00057891CytosolGO:000582918Melanosome MembraneGO:003316213Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:000578325Golgi ApparatusGO:000579414Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574112Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574320Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578821SynapseGO:004520215NucleusGO:000563431Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562035ChloroplastGO:000950736MembraneGO:001602053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032540PeriplasmGO:004259719sarcoplasmic reticulumGO:001652924Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575837Basolateral cell membraneGO:001632333Outer MembraneGO:004316554Endocytic VesicleGO:00301391LiverBTO:00007597294Adrenal MedullaBTO:000004971825IntestineBTO:000064828StomachBTO:0001307155267Nervous SystemBTO:00014848Blood VesselBTO:0001102741111HeartBTO:000056273106KidneyBTO:00006717182Endothelium BTO:00003935cardiocyteBTO:000153918PancreasBTO:00009889MuscleBTO:00008871411824BrainBTO:0000142891632Adrenal CortexBTO:00000453081011PW_BS0000248511PW_BS0000089611PW_BS0000095411PW_BS0000054311PW_BS0000043211PW_BS00000314101PW_BS00001413121PW_BS00001315111PW_BS0000152811611PW_BS000028101711PW_BS000010204111PW_BS000020331811PW_BS000033181311PW_BS0000182111PW_BS000002311511PW_BS00003149711PW_BS000049541315PW_BS000054432511PW_BS0000432441011PW_BS000024221411PW_BS00002260251PW_BS00006046114PW_BS000046171211PW_BS00001729111PW_BS0000297028511PW_BS00007072513PW_BS000072612517PW_BS0000613612011PW_BS0000363772113PW_BS00003793252011PW_BS00009327151PW_BS000027711PW_BS000007971521PW_BS000097100521PW_BS000100943PW_BS000094103331PW_BS000103105113PW_BS0001051115121PW_BS0001111136121PW_BS0001131122121PW_BS000112110231PW_BS0001101231751PW_BS0001231251351PW_BS000125126651PW_BS00012612711651PW_BS00012713013121PW_BS0001301141112PW_BS00011412915121PW_BS0001291355171PW_BS0001351181171PW_BS00011810813PW_BS0001086131PW_BS000006140103PW_BS000140101531PW_BS00010114315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS000146107313PW_BS000107951721PW_BS0000951471241PW_BS000147151141PW_BS0001511553241PW_BS0001551572241PW_BS0001571613181PW_BS0001611632181PW_BS00016315924PW_BS00015911PW_BS00000116611PW_BS0001661783211PW_BS0001781802211PW_BS00018015284PW_BS000152117131PW_BS000117188118PW_BS0000241601181PW_BS000160205561PW_BS000024207661PW_BS000024206261PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS0000242137181PW_BS00002421425181PW_BS0000242156181PW_BS0000241985181PW_BS0000242164181PW_BS00002421013181PW_BS00002421217181PW_BS000024222341PW_BS000024224241PW_BS0000241901118PW_BS00002417018PW_BS0001702253541PW_BS000024226441PW_BS00002416212181PW_BS000162261115PW_BS0000262771218PW_BS0000241644PW_BS0001642811251PW_BS0000242851041PW_BS0000242863641PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS00002465111PW_BS0000652905491PW_BS0000242916491PW_BS0000242924491PW_BS00002429817101PW_BS00002430013101PW_BS0000243016101PW_BS000024302116101PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS000024315123PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS00002429341PW_BS000024253541PW_BS0000241321121PW_BS0001321333121PW_BS00013313412121PW_BS0001343317121PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS0000283331212PW_BS0000281151012PW_BS0001153344121PW_BS0000283361121PW_BS000028337116121PW_BS00002834141121PW_BS00002834318121PW_BS00002834713125PW_BS00002832914121PW_BS0000283522512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS00002835625121PW_BS000028360410121PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS0000283702601PW_BS000028228361PW_BS0000241192171PW_BS000119383751PW_BS0001003841251PW_BS000100390761PW_BS0001123911261PW_BS0001123987171PW_BS000113232403PW_BS000024122551PW_BS000122406351PW_BS000115407251PW_BS000115408451PW_BS000115124151PW_BS000124412125PW_BS000115405105PW_BS000115409115PW_BS0001154151851PW_BS0001154141551PW_BS0001154251355PW_BS000115429151PW_BS00011512112171PW_BS0001214192551PW_BS00011543441051PW_BS0001153821451PW_BS000100436255PW_BS0001151203171PW_BS0001203744171PW_BS0000534436171PW_BS0001154461217PW_BS0001153761017PW_BS0000531371117PW_BS00013744717171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS000136448116171PW_BS00011545118171PW_BS00011545015171PW_BS00011546013175PW_BS0001154641171PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS000115469410171PW_BS00011539914171PW_BS0001134712517PW_BS00011547225177PW_BS0001152975101PW_BS0000244793101PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS0001154824101PW_BS0001152991101PW_BS0000244831110PW_BS0001154781010PW_BS00011548718101PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS0001154957101PW_BS00011548414101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS000115501361PW_BS000115502461PW_BS000115388161PW_BS000112208116PW_BS000024209106PW_BS0000245041861PW_BS0001155072561PW_BS00011551541061PW_BS0001153891461PW_BS0001123951361PW_BS0001135131761PW_BS0001157906111PW_BS0005248346111PW_BS000549185321PW_BS00002416212PW_BS000016231511PW_BS00002321815181PW_BS00002412815121PW_BS0001284101551PW_BS00011544415171PW_BS00011548515101PW_BS0001155161561PW_BS000115215114PW_BS0000213551914PW_BS000035471914PW_BS000047422411PW_BS0000425811411PW_BS000058711113PW_BS0000716618518PW_BS00006634524121PW_BS0000287413PW_BS0000745181PW_BS0000514182451PW_BS00011545424171PW_BS00011548924101PW_BS0001155062461PW_BS000115509516PW_BS000050731013PW_BS00007385241011PW_BS000085892PW_BS0000896531624PW_BS0005086651818PW_BS00050848113PW_BS000048599856PW_BS000501608321PW_BS0005015602410171PW_BS0002047772837114PW_BS000521658285114PW_BS000508787241013PW_BS000524898283715714PW_BS00055289928515714PW_BS00055220473313PW_BS0000248047331573PW_BS00054865413621PW_BS0005088705413PW_BS00055224PW_B000024566635ProteinComplex1576636ProteinComplex158936Compound1596637ProteinComplex16931230826PW_B00002663986Compound1646636ProteinComplex169318827PW_B00002765693Compound1666635ProteinComplex170003308936Guanosine diphosphateHMDB0001201Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GDP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine. GDP is the product of GTP dephosphorylation by GTPases, e.g. the G-proteins that are involved in signal transduction.146-91-8C00035897717552GDP-4-DEHYDRO-6-DEOXY-D-MANNOSE8630NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1C10H15N5O11P2InChI=1S/C10H15N5O11P2/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(25-9)1-24-28(22,23)26-27(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1QGWNDRXFNXRZMB-UUOKFMHZSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-3H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid443.2005443.024329371-2.007{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-3H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxyphosphonic acid0-3FDB0224875'-gdp;Gdp;Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate);Guanosine 5'-diphosphate;Guanosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Guanosine mono(trihydrogen diphosphate);Guanosine pyrophosphate;Guanosine-5'-diphosphate;Guanosine-diphosphate;Ppg;Guanosine diphosphate;Guanosine 5'-diphosphoric acidPW_C000936GDP83823841762142391241547350078553821036041155610116164881787476222117541151177121111823198127272901339515169322177142133775461117795213280023368800803088012216489115253119983406120068122121205124121847405122766120122820135123775118124400376125363479125445297126905501126984205986Guanosine triphosphateHMDB0001273Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is a guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. GTP functions as a carrier of phosphates and pyrophosphates involved in channeling chemical energy into specific biosynthetic pathways. GTP activates the signal transducing G proteins which are involved in various cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and activation of several intracellular kinase cascades. Proliferation and apoptosis are regulated in part by the hydrolysis of GTP by small GTPases Ras and Rho. Another type of small GTPase, Rab, plays a role in the docking and fusion of vesicles and may also be involved in vesicle formation. In addition to its role in signal transduction, GTP also serves as an energy-rich precursor of mononucleotide units in the enzymatic biosynthesis of DNA and RNA.86-01-1C00044683015996GTP6569NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1C10H16N5O14P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O14P3/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(27-9)1-26-31(22,23)29-32(24,25)28-30(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H,24,25)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1XKMLYUALXHKNFT-UUOKFMHZSA-N({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid523.1804522.990659781-1.708triphosphate, guanosine0-3FDB0225275'-gtp;Gtg;Gtp;Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate);Guanosine 5'-triphosphate;Guanosine 5'-triphosphorate;Guanosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Guanosine triphosphate;Guanosine mono(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) (ester);H4gtp;Guanosine-5'-triphosphatePW_C000986GTP81824041939240911441537350068553841036043155610316164901787478222117531151176919811981151127252906932717696222577144133775441117795113280025368800883088012116489113253119985406120066122121204124122768120122818135123774118125365479125443297126480299126907501126982205128051388693HistamineHMDB0000870Histamine, also known as eramin or ceplene, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 2-arylethylamines. These are primary amines that have the general formula RCCNH2, where R is an organic group. Histamine exists as a solid, soluble (in water), and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Histamine has been found throughout most human tissues, and has also been detected in most biofluids, including feces, saliva, urine, and blood. Within the cell, histamine is primarily located in the myelin sheath. In humans, histamine is involved in the phenbenzamine H1-antihistamine action pathway, the omeprazole action pathway, the levocetirizine H1-antihistamine action pathway, and the propiomazine H1-antihistamine action pathway. Histamine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the thiazinamium H1-antihistamine action pathway, the metiamide action pathway, the quetiapine H1-antihistamine action pathway, and the histidinemia pathway. Outside of the human body, histamine can be found in a number of food items such as daikon radish, jicama, caraway, and japanese walnut. This makes histamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Histamine is an amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.51-45-6C0038877418295HISTAMINE753NCCC1=CNC=N1C5H9N3InChI=1S/C5H9N3/c6-2-1-5-3-7-4-8-5/h3-4H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)NTYJJOPFIAHURM-UHFFFAOYSA-N2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethan-1-amine111.1451111.0796473030.182histamine01FDB0125961h-imidazole-4-ethanamine;2-(1h-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine;2-(1h-imidazol-4-yl)ethylamine;2-(1h-imidazol-5-yl)ethanamine;2-(1h-imidazol-5-yl)ethylamine;2-(4-imidazolyl)ethanamine;2-(4-imidazolyl)ethylamine;2-imidazol-4-yl-ethylamine;2-imidazol-4-ylethylamine;4-(2-aminoethyl)-1h-imidazole;4-(2-aminoethyl)imidazole;4-imidazoleethylamine;5-imidazoleethylamine;Eramin;Ergamine;Ergotidine;Free histamine;Hsm;Histamine;L-histamin base;L-histamine;Theramine;B-imidazolyl-4-ethylamine;Beta-aminoethylglyoxaline;Beta-aminoethylimidazole;Beta-aminothethylglyoxaline;Beta-imidazolyl-4-ethylaminePW_C000693Hsm131083153144151154159267311170008308781321111210261221235911351420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O55894910951394151316214481135261562428652106912077033823188382109431137749146554159043201824253222267860272746277817280529314370316472363461459836472737494193503027515675195975214100522794523610352971055319111534311353551125402110547012354831255492126550712755341305537114554112955911355608118562210856916575914057781015841143585314658771075890955910147594015160321556059157608716161231636133159621516218166647717865071806600152671311768401886888160716220571812077193206721121172282137238214724321572951987350216738821074012127467222749222475001907588170820122582372268414162926526118502771192216412011281122132851225028612264287123272491252022712632651269329012705291127152921300729813019300130253011303730213261223133272941534030842327315426953184369132276914293770192537710213277131133772151347737833177397332774713337751611577536334776283367772233777759341778163437798234778071329782353527824235378270356791133608001436880039370805912288065611993830383947943841105573901106393911158443981198792321199151221199634061200084071200464081201131241203654121204304051204384091206064151207944141211584251212404291213511211213814191216074341221183821223844361227531201227973741228044431230124461230643761230721371231314471231421361231624481232314511233844501237304601238104641239404551241654691246703991249384711249454721253052971253534791253864811254244821254802991256824831257074781257454871260544901262384951262734841267644801268965011269635021270173881271772081271992091272275041275065071275765151278363891280823951281765131406747901406758341407551851155Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphateHMDB0001498Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin. (PubChem). Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) is traditionally considered to be the messenger that initiates the increase and spreading of the activating Ca2+ wave. In line with this hypothesis, recent evidence suggests that the penetrating sperm delivers into mammalian eggs a novel isoform of phospholipase C (PLC), which promotes the formation of InsP3. The mechanism by which the interacting sperm triggers the production of NAADP and subsequently that of InsP3 remains obscure. (PMID: 15362223).85166-31-0C0124543945616595inositol_1,4,5-trisphosphate388562O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=OC6H15O15P3InChI=1S/C6H15O15P3/c7-1-2(8)5(20-23(13,14)15)6(21-24(16,17)18)3(9)4(1)19-22(10,11)12/h1-9H,(H2,10,11,12)(H2,13,14,15)(H2,16,17,18)/t1-,2+,3+,4-,5-,6-/m1/s1MMWCIQZXVOZEGG-XJTPDSDZSA-N{[(1R,2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2,3,5-trihydroxy-4,6-bis(phosphonooxy)cyclohexyl]oxy}phosphonic acid420.0956419.962379346-1.459InsP30-6FDB0226571d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate;D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate;Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate;1,4,5-insp3;D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate;Ins(1,4,5)p3;Insp3;Ip3;1d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphoric acid;D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphoric acid;D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-triphosphoric acid;Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphoric acidPW_C001155Inotp2741665822037232575142792467387160740921812214285693441781691287821113278516115799991880089308802378121975410122442124122511405124528444125009118125081376126124485126593299126664478127732516128165388128241209353CalciumHMDB0000464Calcium is essential for the normal growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, and calcium requirements must be met throughout life. Requirements are greatest during periods of growth, such as childhood, during pregnancy and when breast-feeding. Long-term calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased risk of fractures. Adults need between 1,000 and 1,300 mg of calcium in their daily diet. Calcium is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, and is the most common metal in many animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Calcium combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. A deficit can affect bone and tooth formation, while overretention can cause kidney stones. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well-known source of calcium. However, some individuals are allergic to dairy products and even more people, particularly those of non-European descent, are lactose-intolerant, leaving them unable to consume dairy products. Fortunately, many other good sources of calcium exist. These include: seaweeds such as kelp, wakame and hijiki; nuts and seeds (like almonds and sesame); beans; amaranth; collard greens; okra; rutabaga; broccoli; kale; and fortified products such as orange juice and soy milk. Calcium has also been found to assist in the production of lymphatic fluids.14127-61-8C0007627129108CA%2b2266DB01373[Ca++]CaInChI=1S/Ca/q+2BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-Ncalcium(2+) ion40.07839.9625911550calcium(2+) ion22FDB003513Ca;Calcium element;Ca(2+);Ca2+;Calcium ion;Calcium, doubly charged positive ionPW_C000353Ca2+276163038553146012941159932199735104631163461164471478491491421552432116582138172796182937931597131607239422941866647821048222853401115780101717920572322117258160728119011774213118371981184221012198164122152851528815115350308693361773893317760011578154132782663567852634578724130789081148041374805892288182651120220122120465405121049124121300418121377419121850383121923125122370409122895135123099376123613118123870454123936455124403398124476136124924137125571297125711478125981489126009299126050490126533495127203209127434506127460388127502507128105390140676790140677834140695508919DexbrompheniramineHMDB0014549Dexbrompheniramine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antihistamine used to treat allergic conditions such as hay fever or urticaria. Dexbrompheniramine competitively binds to the histamine H<sub>1</sub>-receptor. It competes with histamine for the normal H<sub>1</sub>-receptor sites on effector cells of the gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels and respiratory tract. This blocks the action of endogenous histamine, which subsequently leads to temporary relief of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine.132-21-8169605926916068DB00405CN(C)CC[C@@H](C1=CC=C(Br)C=C1)C1=CC=CC=N1C16H19BrN2InChI=1S/C16H19BrN2/c1-19(2)12-10-15(16-5-3-4-11-18-16)13-6-8-14(17)9-7-13/h3-9,11,15H,10,12H2,1-2H3/t15-/m0/s1ZDIGNSYAACHWNL-HNNXBMFYSA-N[(3S)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)propyl]dimethylamine319.239318.073161265-4.400dexbrompheniramine01D-brompheniramine;Parabromdylamine;Parabromodylamine;(+)-brompheniraminum;(s)-(+)-brompheniramine;(s)-brompheniramine;Dexbromfeniramina;DexbrompheniraminumPW_C008919Dexb70091308344phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphateCompound6073CompoundPW_EC000344C04637KEGG CompoundP45B2951,2-Diacyl-sn-glycerolCompound3149CompoundPW_EC000293C00641KEGG Compound1,2DSG2161-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1Q9NQ66The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes.
HMDBP00222PLCB120p12AL05031513.1.4.112576142790461164689693371800903088023081361246531361916651361996614092748141043714114623618GβP62873Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 is a guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein- effector interactionHMDBP08398GNB11p36.33BC0058881381224138144157735010855161869324170006308135590599136006608136181661361876651385025601397327771403626581405347871408918981408948991591GγP59768Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 is a guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G protein) involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein- effector interactionHMDBP01767GNG214q21BC020774169325170007308800821413600760813618266136188665138503560139804204139981804140004214053578714057274140834482116Histamine H1 receptorP35367In peripheral tissues, the H1 subclass of histamine receptors mediates the contraction of smooth muscles, increase in capillary permeability due to contraction of terminal venules, and catecholamine release from adrenal medulla, as well as mediating neurotransmission in the central nervous systemHMDBP02823HRH13p25X767861673121700093081740Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alphaP50148Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systemsHMDBP02022GNAQ9q21U430831516314693231827158828363081360056081361856651362016613850556014088648141042714114522126Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1Q14643Intracellular channel that mediates calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum following stimulation by inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphateHMDBP02849ITPR13p26.1D2607019671627941885021080091813613865414092848141038870141041491279Protein kinase C beta typeP05771Calcium-activated and phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in various processes such as regulation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signalosome, apoptosis and transcription regulation. Plays a key role in B-cell activation and function by regulating BCR-induced NF-kappa-B activation and B-cell suvival. Required for recruitment and activation of the IKK kinase to lipid rafts and mediates phosphorylation of CARD11/CARMA1 at 'Ser-559', 'Ser-644' and 'Ser- 652', leading to activate the NF-kappa-B signaling. Involved in apoptosis following oxidative damage:in case of oxidative conditions, specifically phosphorylates 'Ser-36' of isoform p66Shc of SHC1, leading to mitochondrial accumulation of p66Shc, where p66Shc acts as a reactive oxygen species producer. Acts as a coactivator of androgen receptor (ANDR)-dependent transcription, by being recruited to ANDR target genes and specifically mediating phosphorylation of 'Thr-6' of histone H3 (H3T6ph), a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that prevents demethylation of histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) by LSD1/KDM1A. Also involved in triglyceride homeostasis. Serves as the receptor for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promotersHMDBP01372PRKCB16p11.2FJ90724612.7.11.136938888005216480414741808Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitP19838NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor which is present in almost all cell types and is involved in many biological processed such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF- kappa-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52 and the heterodimeric p65-p50 complex appears to be most abundant one. The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. Different dimer combinations act as transcriptional activators or repressors, respectively. NF-kappa-B is controlled by various mechanisms of post-translational modification and subcellular compartmentalization as well as by interactions with other cofactors or corepressors. NF-kappa-B complexes are held in the cytoplasm in an inactive state complexed with members of the NF- kappa-B inhibitor (I-kappa-B) family. In a conventional activation pathway, I-kappa-B is phosphorylated by I-kappa-B kinases (IKKs) in response to different activators, subsequently degraded thus liberating the active NF-kappa-B complex which translocates to the nucleus. NF-kappa-B heterodimeric p65-p50 and RelB-p50 complexes are transcriptional activators. The NF-kappa-B p50-p50 homodimer is a transcriptional repressor, but can act as a transcriptional activator when associated with BCL3. NFKB1 appears to have dual functions such as cytoplasmic retention of attached NF-kappa-B proteins by p105 and generation of p50 by a cotranslational processing. The proteasome-mediated process ensures the production of both p50 and p105 and preserves their independent function, although processing of NFKB1/p105 also appears to occur post- translationally. p50 binds to the kappa-B consensus sequence 5'- GGRNNYYCC-3', located in the enhancer region of genes involved in immune response and acute phase reactions. In a complex with MAP3K8, NFKB1/p105 represses MAP3K8-induced MAPK signaling; active MAP3K8 is released by proteasome-dependent degradation of NFKB1/p105HMDBP02145NFKB14q24BC051765141452414723803568115939276635Histamine H1 receptor1PW_P0066351437621166636Gαq1PW_P0066361437717406930416637Gβγ1PW_P0066371437836181437915916931111140Phospholipase C, beta 11PW_P001140130221614713531270Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 11PW_P000270289212646638protein kinase C beta1PW_P0066381438012797443533693878988Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit1PW_P000988111718081100922PW_R100922Right3633683441ElementCollectionfalse36336914201Compoundtrue3633702951ElementCollectionfalse36337111551Compoundfalse910351140101579PW_R101579Right365996241Boundfalse365997261Boundfalse365998271Boundfalse36599966371ProteinComplexfalse1035PW_T00103512593531Compound188Right9222702017-09-13T12:02:00-06:002017-09-13T12:02:00-06:0049240ActivationPW_I000240479693Compound148024Bound1241ActivationPW_I00024148126Bound14821140ProteinComplex1242ActivationPW_I0002424831155Compound1484270ProteinComplex1243ActivationPW_I000243485295ElementCollection14866638ProteinComplex1244ActivationPW_I000244487353Compound14886638ProteinComplex1245ActivationPW_I0002454896638ProteinComplex1490988ProteinComplex1250InhibitionPW_I0002504998919Compound150027Bound1392415825339141177719316895943041919316906043042019316916143042119316924026158253401411778193169462430422193169541273085825341141177919316976343042319316981411777936153false34060210regular50301411778986154false90772210regular503014117796933083false75739210regular10010014117741420149false137335310regular78781411775115513false180248410regular100120141177635319false152748410regular1002514117803531851false200090410regular78781411781353851false162890410regular7878141178269313false23531210regular100100141178335389false107790110regular1002514117878919308158false41211210regular3002808807344371false130247612regular100908808295371false170266912regular100905411132116180false1804678subunitregular200130541114174012false3055478proteinregular150705411153618198false4105577subunitregular150705411161591197false4105076subunitregular15070541117174012false9026678proteinregular15070541118211630880false7024678subunitregular200130541110216199false15024998proteinregular15070541111361830898false9475579subunitregular15070541112159130897false9475078subunitregular15070541119212678false17888838subunitregular135120541120127982false10529118proteinregular150705411211808232false3079138subunitregular1507043041966355825315400115411134304206636582531540012541114430421663758253154001354111554001454111643042266365825315400155411174304236635582533085400165411184304171140582531540008541110588514117761931688Cofactor430418663758253308540009541111540010541112430424270582535400175411194304256638582538540018541120588614117831931710Cofactor43042698858253235400195411211931684M1451 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L747 462 z10true181931699M757 442 C727 442 678.5 537 648.5 537 5true18trueM 25.946855044164835 117.26155629629604 L 11 116 L 17.380887721185843 129.57513432307834false1931700M697 537 C667 537 633 538 603 538 218false18trueM 25.946855044164835 117.26155629629604 L 11 116 L 17.380887721185843 129.57513432307834false1931701M2000 943 C1964 943 1958 944 1923 943 83false18trueM 1670.0096189432334 1054.5 L 1683 1047 L 1670.0096189432334 1039.5false1931702M1706 943 C1740 943 1747 943 1788 943 83false18trueM 1723.9903810567666 824 L 1711 831.5 L 1723.9903810567666 839false1931703M385 467.5 C385 437.5 385 472.5 385 442.5 149true18trueM 25.946855044164835 309.261556296296 L 11 308 L 17.380887721185843 321.5751343230783false1931704M285 412 C285 442 285 462 285 492 149false18trueM 277.5 453.0096189432334 L 285 466 L 292.5 453.0096189432334falsefalsefalse1931705M1077 712.5 C1107 712.5 942 677.5 972 677.5 149true181931706M1577 569 C1578 631 1578 606.5 1577 638.5 C1577 670.5 1562 701.5 1525 701.5 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1175.5 225 1175.5 C175 1175.5 125 1125.5 125 1075.5 C125 943.5 125 770.5 125 638.5 1true60.00.0198523M1855 1088.5 C1855 1048.5 1855 851.5 1855 801.5 91false60.00.020804515Endoplasmic Reticulum1894784201.01.01601520804615Nucleus295814201.01.01601520804715Calcium Ion Channel17711011201.01.01601520804815Cell Membrane11701136201.01.01601520804915Cytoplasm11701081201.01.016015208050235↑ Antigen Presentation485826201.31.320015208051235↑ Pro-inflammatory Cytokines, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Chemotactic Factors486968141.31.320015208052235↑ Mediator Release1488983201.31.320015208053235↓ Mast Cell Stabilization14861048201.31.3200159490520016921829800212810894#FFEEDE4299289