61802PathwayCardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(i-14:0/a-13:0/i-15:0/a-21:0)Cardiolipin (CL) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition. It is essential for the optimal function of numerous enzymes that are involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism. (Wikipedia) Cardiolipin biosynthesis occurs mainly in the mitochondria, but there also exists an alternative synthesis route for CDP-diacylglycerol that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum. This second route may supplement this pathway. All membrane-localized enzymes are coloured dark green in the image. First, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (or glycerone phosphate) from glycolysis is used by the cytosolic enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] to synthesize sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. Second, the mitochondrial outer membrane enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase esterifies an acyl-group to the sn-1 position of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA). Third, the enzyme 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase converts LPA into phosphatidic acid (PA or 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) by esterifying an acyl-group to the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. PA is then transferred to the inner mitochondrial membrane to continue cardiolipin synthesis. Fourth, magnesium-dependent phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase catalyzes the conversion of PA into CDP-diacylglycerol. Fifth, CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase synthesizes phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP). Sixth, phosphatidylglycerophosphatase and protein-tyrosine phosphatase dephosphorylates PGP to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Last, cardiolipin synthase catalyzes the synthesis of cardiolipin by transferring a phosphatidyl group from a second CDP-diacylglycerol to PG. It requires a divalent metal cation cofactor. Newly synthesized cardiolipins undergo remodeling, a process carried out by the enzyme tafazzin. A mutated tafazzin gene disrupts this post-synthetic remodeling and causes Barth syndrome (BTHS), an X-linked human disease (PMID: 16973164). BTHS patients seem to lack acyl specificity and consequently, many potential cardiolipin species can exist (PMID: 16226238).DiseasePW061946CenterPathwayVisualizationContext6222416512700#000099PathwayVisualization6169461802Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(i-14:0/a-13:0/i-15:0/a-21:0)Cardiolipin (CL) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition. It is essential for the optimal function of numerous enzymes that are involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism. (Wikipedia) Cardiolipin biosynthesis occurs mainly in the mitochondria, but there also exists an alternative synthesis route for CDP-diacylglycerol that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum. This second route may supplement this pathway. All membrane-localized enzymes are coloured dark green in the image. First, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (or glycerone phosphate) from glycolysis is used by the cytosolic enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] to synthesize sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. Second, the mitochondrial outer membrane enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase esterifies an acyl-group to the sn-1 position of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA). Third, the enzyme 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase converts LPA into phosphatidic acid (PA or 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) by esterifying an acyl-group to the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. PA is then transferred to the inner mitochondrial membrane to continue cardiolipin synthesis. Fourth, magnesium-dependent phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase catalyzes the conversion of PA into CDP-diacylglycerol. Fifth, CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase synthesizes phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP). Sixth, phosphatidylglycerophosphatase and protein-tyrosine phosphatase dephosphorylates PGP to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Last, cardiolipin synthase catalyzes the synthesis of cardiolipin by transferring a phosphatidyl group from a second CDP-diacylglycerol to PG. It requires a divalent metal cation cofactor. Newly synthesized cardiolipins undergo remodeling, a process carried out by the enzyme tafazzin. A mutated tafazzin gene disrupts this post-synthetic remodeling and causes Barth syndrome (BTHS), an X-linked human disease (PMID: 16973164). BTHS patients seem to lack acyl specificity and consequently, many potential cardiolipin species can exist (PMID: 16226238).Disease15455176GlycolysisSubPathway523881134Compound221725216678169Houtkooper RH, Akbari H, van Lenthe H, Kulik W, Wanders RJ, Frentzen M, Vaz FM: Identification and characterization of human cardiolipin synthase. FEBS Lett. 2006 May 29;580(13):3059-64. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.04.054. Epub 2006 Apr 27.61802Pathway21725321173190Prasad SS, Garg A, Agarwal AK: Enzymatic activities of the human AGPAT isoform 3 and isoform 5: localization of AGPAT5 to mitochondria. J Lipid Res. 2011 Mar;52(3):451-62. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M007575. Epub 2010 Dec 20.61802Pathway21725422409430Tian HF, Feng JM, Wen JF: The evolution of cardiolipin biosynthesis and maturation pathways and its implications for the evolution of eukaryotes. BMC Evol Biol. 2012 Mar 13;12:32. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-32.61802Pathway21725518238778Chen YQ, Kuo MS, Li S, Bui HH, Peake DA, Sanders PE, Thibodeaux SJ, Chu S, Qian YW, Zhao Y, Bredt DS, Moller DE, Konrad RJ, Beigneux AP, Young SG, Cao G: AGPAT6 is a novel microsomal glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. J Biol Chem. 2008 Apr 11;283(15):10048-57. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M708151200. Epub 2008 Jan 31.61802Pathway21725616460752Ou X, Ji C, Han X, Zhao X, Li X, Mao Y, Wong LL, Bartlam M, Rao Z: Crystal structures of human glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1). J Mol Biol. 2006 Mar 31;357(3):858-69. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.12.074. Epub 2006 Jan 18.61802Pathway1CellCL:00000005HepatocyteCL:00001824Cardiomyocyte CL:00007463NeuronCL:00005407Epithelial CellCL:00000661Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia425Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel51Picea sitchensis3332EukaryoteSitka spruce29Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c)559292EukaryoteBaker's yeast3Mitochondrial MatrixGO:00057592MitochondrionGO:00057395CytoplasmGO:00057377Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:00057891CytosolGO:00058294PeroxisomeGO:000577712Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:00057436LysosomeGO:000576413Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:000578316Lysosomal LumenGO:004320235ChloroplastGO:000950711Extracellular SpaceGO:000561514Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574124Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:000575831Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562010Cell MembraneGO:000588636MembraneGO:001602053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032532Inner MembraneGO:007025825Golgi apparatusGO:000579427Peroxisome MembraneGO:00057788Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum GO:000579015NucleusGO:000563426Golgi apparatus membraneGO:000013918Melanosome MembraneGO:003316220Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578821SynapseGO:004520240PeriplasmGO:004259719sarcoplasmic reticulumGO:00165291LiverBTO:000075972928StomachBTO:0001307155268Blood VesselBTO:000110274114Adrenal MedullaBTO:000004971825IntestineBTO:00006487Nervous SystemBTO:000148411HeartBTO:000056273104311PW_BS0000043211PW_BS0000038511PW_BS000008101711PW_BS0000102111PW_BS0000025411PW_BS000005541315PW_BS00005449711PW_BS000049171211PW_BS00001729111PW_BS0000299611PW_BS000009181311PW_BS0000182811611PW_BS0000286131PW_BS000006311511PW_BS000031951721PW_BS000095103331PW_BS0001031115121PW_BS0001111122121PW_BS0001121231751PW_BS0001231251351PW_BS0001251355171PW_BS000135100521PW_BS00010010813PW_BS00010814117191PW_BS0001411471241PW_BS000147151141PW_BS0001511553241PW_BS0001551613181PW_BS00016111PW_BS0000011783211PW_BS000178117131PW_BS0001171601181PW_BS000160188118PW_BS0000241632181PW_BS000163205561PW_BS000024206261PW_BS000024222341PW_BS000024226441PW_BS0000242253541PW_BS000024224241PW_BS0000241985181PW_BS0000242164181PW_BS0000242491341PW_BS00002429817101PW_BS00002430013101PW_BS0000242231241PW_BS0000243221231PW_BS000024315123PW_BS0000241321121PW_BS0001321333121PW_BS00013313412121PW_BS0001343317121PW_BS0000283361121PW_BS0000283344121PW_BS00002833217121PW_BS00002813013121PW_BS0001301136121PW_BS00011334713125PW_BS0000283683601PW_BS0000281192171PW_BS000119124151PW_BS000124388161PW_BS000112943PW_BS0000941181171PW_BS000118406351PW_BS000115407251PW_BS000115122551PW_BS000122408451PW_BS0001154251355PW_BS000115126651PW_BS000126429151PW_BS000115383751PW_BS0001003841251PW_BS0001001203171PW_BS00012044717171PW_BS00011513613171PW_BS0001363744171PW_BS00005346013175PW_BS0001154436171PW_BS0001154641171PW_BS0001153987171PW_BS00011312112171PW_BS0001214793101PW_BS0001154812101PW_BS0001152975101PW_BS0000242991101PW_BS0000244824101PW_BS0001154957101PW_BS00011548012101PW_BS000115501361PW_BS000115502461PW_BS000115390761PW_BS0001123911261PW_BS0001123951361PW_BS00011315111PW_BS000015261115PW_BS000026221411PW_BS000022422411PW_BS0000427028511PW_BS000070107313PW_BS000107105113PW_BS0001051572241PW_BS00015715924PW_BS00015916611PW_BS00016615284PW_BS000152101531PW_BS0001011873118PW_BS000024219314PW_BS00002422014PW_BS0000242137181PW_BS00002421013181PW_BS00002421217181PW_BS00002417018PW_BS00017016212181PW_BS0001621951318PW_BS0000241644PW_BS0001642811251PW_BS0000242851041PW_BS0000242863641PW_BS0000242875341PW_BS0000242273441PW_BS0000242941141PW_BS0000243081011PW_BS0000243183123PW_BS0000243125231PW_BS0000243201123PW_BS00002429341PW_BS0000241141112PW_BS00011432711125PW_BS00002834524121PW_BS000028310312PW_BS00002430412PW_BS000024109323PW_BS000109409115PW_BS0001154241155PW_BS0001154182451PW_BS0001151371117PW_BS00013745911175PW_BS00011545424171PW_BS0001154831110PW_BS00011548924101PW_BS000115208116PW_BS0000245062461PW_BS000115432511PW_BS00004335625121PW_BS0000284192551PW_BS00011545525171PW_BS00011549025101PW_BS0001155072561PW_BS0001155811411PW_BS000058350114121PW_BS000028253541PW_BS00002443311451PW_BS000115468114171PW_BS000115592711PW_BS000059111811PW_BS00001114101PW_BS0000141021231PW_BS0001021041431PW_BS00010419914181PW_BS00002432914121PW_BS00002812915121PW_BS0001291151012PW_BS00011533527121PW_BS0000283331212PW_BS0000283761017PW_BS0000533821451PW_BS0001002881441PW_BS0000243891461PW_BS00011239914171PW_BS000113405105PW_BS0001154141551PW_BS0001154222751PW_BS00011545015171PW_BS00011537527171PW_BS0000534781010PW_BS00011548414101PW_BS00011549127101PW_BS000115209106PW_BS0000245082761PW_BS000115231511PW_BS00002312815121PW_BS0001284101551PW_BS00011544415171PW_BS00011548515101PW_BS0001153211515PW_BS000032892PW_BS0000892905491PW_BS00002430635511PW_BS000024372102PW_BS000028562611PW_BS00005613121PW_BS000013204111PW_BS000020331811PW_BS0000332441011PW_BS00002460251PW_BS00006046114PW_BS00004672513PW_BS000072612517PW_BS0000613612011PW_BS0000363772113PW_BS00003793252011PW_BS00009327151PW_BS000027711PW_BS000007971521PW_BS000097110231PW_BS00011012711651PW_BS000127140103PW_BS00014014315191PW_BS0001431465191PW_BS0001461802211PW_BS000180207661PW_BS0000242111018PW_BS00002421425181PW_BS0000242156181PW_BS0000241901118PW_BS0000242771218PW_BS00002465111PW_BS0000652916491PW_BS0000242924491PW_BS0000243016101PW_BS000024302116101PW_BS000024337116121PW_BS00002834141121PW_BS00002834318121PW_BS0000283522512PW_BS00002835325127PW_BS000028360410121PW_BS0000283702601PW_BS000028228361PW_BS000024232403PW_BS000024412125PW_BS0001154151851PW_BS00011543441051PW_BS000115436255PW_BS0001154461217PW_BS000115448116171PW_BS00011545118171PW_BS000115469410171PW_BS0001154712517PW_BS00011547225177PW_BS00011548718101PW_BS0001155041861PW_BS00011551541061PW_BS0001155131761PW_BS000115471914PW_BS000047241529PW_BS00002425715291PW_BS0000241144NADHHMDB0001487NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). It forms NADP with the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.(Dorland, 27th ed).58-68-4C0000443915316908NADH388299DB00157NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H29N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H29N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,33)(H,34,35)(H,36,37)(H2,22,24,25)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BOPGDPNILDQYTO-NNYOXOHSSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy})phosphinic acid665.441665.124771695-2.358NADH0-2FDB0226491,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dpnh;Dihydrocodehydrogenase i;Dihydrocozymase;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide;Enada;Nadh;Nadh2;Reduced codehydrogenase i;Reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Reduced nicotinamide adenine diphosphate;Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide;B-dpnh;B-nadh;Beta-dpnh;Beta-nadh;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced);Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidePW_C001144NADH1434153349086481011152127551469542230492781172836293109948061848121848212849046495931516995524010353321115358112546612354791255593135569810057371085829141591514759451516027155607916163871647217867711176893160701118870991637172205719520674622228244226836022590862241180919811821216123202491300329813015300132552234240332242618315771071327712313377208134773713317765133677668334777003327770713077917113779863478000936880691119938221241105493881128549411583811811995540612017240712037812212098640812116242512124412612169342912181838312261638412274512012312744712313813612355137412373446012381444312424246412437139812518912112534547912553148112576229712580829912592648212651649512676748012688850112738550212809039012836239112842939540034Hydrogen IonHMDB0059597Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [WikiPedia])C000801038153781010[H+]HInChI=1S/p+1GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-Nhydron1.00791.0078250320hydron10H+;H(+);Hydrogen cation;Hydron;ProtonPW_C040034H+2154670875315788318483111621463261464542231492780174250224254424547104576184694705241103532711153531125626108563910756991005720105574211759631476037155607015760931616130159623216664831786601152669210168431886910187710016371682057191206745321974542207472222752521375322107558212757216075901708195225821815182432268413162842022491391959155249119151641201528112181285122462861226628712521227132572231332529415330308423293154235431842401322424053124245432076912293771361337721013477372331778041147795513277990327779913477837934579929130800193688038731080388304807221199382312494823383110550388112855941132803901155373981155391181158563361162051091199734061201934071205491221205934091211704241211714251225694181226153841226871251227581201231831351232181371237424591237434601251414541251881211252731361253594791255504811257304831257362971258092991265174951267174891267664801268233001269025011272132081283085061283613911284303951134Dihydroxyacetone phosphateHMDB0001473Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, also known as 3-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone or 3-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Dihydroxyacetone phosphate has been detected in multiple biofluids, such as saliva and blood. Within the cell, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is primarily located in the peroxisome, mitochondria and cytoplasm. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is involved in cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(i-13:0/i-21:0/a-17:0/i-14:0) pathway, cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(i-14:0/a-13:0/i-19:0/a-25:0) pathway, cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(i-12:0/i-13:0/i-17:0/i-12:0) pathway, and cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(a-13:0/18:2(9Z,11Z)/i-20:0/i-22:0) pathway. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(8:0/a-21:0/13:0) pathway, de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(16:0/20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/20:3(5Z,8Z,11Z)) pathway, de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(i-20:0/i-21:0/19:0) pathway, and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(i-22:0/17:0/i-14:0) pathway. Outside of the human body, dihydroxyacetone phosphate can be found in a number of food items such as towel gourd, boysenberry, jujube, and prunus (cherry, plum). This makes dihydroxyacetone phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is an important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.57-04-5C0011166816108DIHYDROXY-ACETONE-PHOSPHATE648DB04326OCC(=O)COP(O)(O)=OC3H7O6PInChI=1S/C3H7O6P/c4-1-3(5)2-9-10(6,7)8/h4H,1-2H2,(H2,6,7,8)GNGACRATGGDKBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N(3-hydroxy-2-oxopropoxy)phosphonic acid170.0578169.998024468-0.893dihydroxyacetone-phosphate0-2FDB0016181,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone mono(dihydrogen phosphate);1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone phosphate;1,3-dihydroxyacetone 1-phosphate;1-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)-2-propanone;1-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)acetone;Dhap;Di-oh-acetone-p;Dihydroxy-acetone-p;Dihydroxy-acetone-phosphate;Dihydroxyacetone 3-phosphate;Dihydroxyacetone monophosphate;Dihydroxyacetone phosphate;Dihydroxyacetone-p;Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate;Glycerone phosphate;Glycerone-phosphate;Phosphoric acid ester with 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone;1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone monodihydrogen phosphate;3-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl phosphate;Glycerone monophosphate;1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone monodihydrogen phosphoric acid;Glycerone phosphoric acid;1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone phosphoric acid;1,3-dihydroxyacetone 1-phosphoric acid;3-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl phosphoric acid;Dihydroxyacetone monophosphoric acid;Dihydroxyacetone phosphoric acid;Glycerone monophosphoric acidPW_C001134Dhapp1026814742330554253425813108590814759361516884160426603157709813277934111783743457855933493824124110551388115839118120733122122564418122590408123333135125137454125162374125787297125950299126712489126736482127242205128303506128330502721NADHMDB0000902NAD (or Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be converted to ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it by cellular respiration. (wikipedia). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed).53-84-9C00003589315846NAD5682NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC21H28N7O14P2InChI=1S/C21H27N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,5-6H2,(H5-,22,23,24,25,33,34,35,36,37)/p+1/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-O1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium664.433664.116946663-2.5981-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium1-1FDB0223093-carbamoyl-1-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide;Co-i;Codehydrase i;Codehydrogenase i;Coenzyme i;Cozymase;Cozymase i;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidized;Endopride;Nad trihydrate;Nad-oxidized;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized;Nicotinamide dinucleotide;Nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide;Oxidized diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Pyridine nucleotide diphosphate;[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl {[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxyphosphoryl) hydrogen phosphate;[adenylate-32-p]-nad;Beta-diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Beta-nad;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide trihydrate;Dpn;Nad;Nad+;Nadide;B-nad;β-nadPW_C000721NAD1404150335386511011142113443127351466542229492779172835293107948071848131848192849026496031516795523810353341115360112546912354821255590135561011856961005738108582714159121475942151602415560721576076161638516469178677211768901607012188709716371742057197206740519874592228241226835922590852241181921612322249130062981301830013256223424043224261931577104132771201337720913477370331776503367766733477702332777091307791511377983347784063568000636880690119938251241105523881127501661128539411992912211995240612017140712083441912098440812115942512124212612125942912181738312261438412274212012313044712314113612341945512354937412373146012381244312382946412437039812518712112531929712534247912553048112580629912582549012592448212651549512676548012688550112727850712738350212808939012836039112842839581Glycerol 3-phosphateHMDB0000126Glycerol 3-phosphate is a chemical intermediate in the glycolysis metabolic pathway. It is commonly confused with the similarly named glycerate 3-phosphate or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycerol 3-phosphate is produced from glycerol, the triose sugar backbone of triglycerides and glycerophospholipids, by the enzyme glycerol kinase. Glycerol 3-phospate may then be converted by dehydrogenation to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. DHAP can then be rearranged into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P) by triose phosphate isomerase (TIM), and feed into glycolysis. The glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle is used to rapidly regenerate NAD+ in the brain and skeletal muscle cells of mammals (wikipedia).17989-41-2C0009343916215978GLYCEROL-3P388308DB02515OC[C@@H](O)COP(O)(O)=OC3H9O6PInChI=1S/C3H9O6P/c4-1-3(5)2-9-10(6,7)8/h3-5H,1-2H2,(H2,6,7,8)/t3-/m1/s1AWUCVROLDVIAJX-GSVOUGTGSA-N[(2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropoxy]phosphonic acid172.0737172.013674532-0.7543-phosphoglycerol0-2FDB0218001-(dihydrogen phosphate) glycerol;1-glycerophosphate;1-glycerophosphorate;1-glycerophosphoric acid;3-glycerophosphate;Dl-glycerol 1-phosphate;Dl-glycerol 3-phosphate;Dl-a-glycerol phosphate;Dl-a-glycerophosphate;Dl-a-glycerophosphorate;Dl-a-glycerophosphoric acid;Dl-a-glyceryl phosphate;Dl-alpha-glycerol phosphate;Dl-alpha-glycerophosphate;Dl-alpha-glycerophosphorate;Dl-alpha-glycerophosphoric acid;Dl-alpha-glyceryl phosphate;Dihydrogen a-glycerophosphate;Glycerol 1-phosphate;Glycerol a-phosphate;Glycerol monophosphate;Glycerophosphate;Glycerophosphorate;Glycerophosphoric acid;Glycerophosphoric acid i;Glyceryl phosphate;Sn-gro-1-p;Sn-glycerol 3-phosphate;A-glycerophosphate;A-glycerophosphorate;A-glycerophosphoric acid;A-phosphoglycerol;Alpha-glycerophosphate;Alpha-glycerophosphorate;Alpha-glycerophosphoric acid;Alpha-phosphoglycerol;D-glycerol 1-phosphate;Glycerol 3-phosphoric acid;D-glycerol 1-phosphoric acidPW_C000081Glyc1P104381475214884221155862951076296108841216291221701065318812546151125502231531924934814174246631842467315780301117805235078372345783781327995213481808253938261249478938411055338811063639111584011812075612212129741812134512112141543312335313512386745412397446812578829712597848912599129912724320512743150663866Isotetradecanoyl-CoAHMDB0112244Isotetradecanoyl-CoA, also known as isomyristoyl-coenzyme A or CoA(I-14:0), belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acyl coas. These are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. Isotetradecanoyl-CoA is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Isotetradecanoyl-CoA has been primarily detected in urine. Within the cell, isotetradecanoyl-CoA is primarily located in the cytoplasm. In humans, isotetradecanoyl-CoA is involved in cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(i-13:0/i-14:0/a-25:0/i-13:0) pathway, cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(i-14:0/a-13:0/i-18:0/i-19:0) pathway, cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(i-14:0/i-17:0/i-15:0/i-17:0) pathway, and cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(a-13:0/i-14:0/i-19:0/i-12:0) pathway. Isotetradecanoyl-CoA is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(a-25:0/i-19:0/i-14:0) pathway, de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(21:0/i-14:0/i-12:0) pathway, de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(22:0/i-14:0/a-15:0) pathway, and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(a-21:0/i-14:0/i-24:0) pathway. A methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA obtained from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of isotetradecanoic acid.CC(C)CCCCCCCCCCC(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)[C@H](O)C(C)(C)COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2NC35H62N7O17P3SInChI=1S/C35H62N7O17P3S/c1-23(2)13-11-9-7-5-6-8-10-12-14-26(44)63-18-17-37-25(43)15-16-38-33(47)30(46)35(3,4)20-56-62(53,54)59-61(51,52)55-19-24-29(58-60(48,49)50)28(45)34(57-24)42-22-41-27-31(36)39-21-40-32(27)42/h21-24,28-30,34,45-46H,5-20H2,1-4H3,(H,37,43)(H,38,47)(H,51,52)(H,53,54)(H2,36,39,40)(H2,48,49,50)/t24-,28-,29-,30+,34-/m1/s1AIBXWGHBFFDDCX-QSGBVPJFSA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-({[hydroxy({hydroxy[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-{[2-({2-[(12-methyltridecanoyl)sulfanyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}propoxy]phosphoryl}oxy)phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid977.89977.313575732-2.649[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-({[hydroxy([hydroxy((3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-{[2-({2-[(12-methyltridecanoyl)sulfanyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}propoxy)phosphoryl]oxy)phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxyphosphonic acid0-4isotetradecanoyl-coenzyme A;12-methyltridecanoyl-CoA;12-methyltridecanoyl-coenzyme A;CoA(i-14:0) PW_C063866COA(I-1438454959113221099Coenzyme AHMDB0001423Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidization of fatty acids and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. It is adapted from beta-mercaptoethylamine, panthothenate, and adenosine triphosphate. It is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, phenylglyoxylyl-CoA, tetracosanoyl-CoA, and 6-hydroxyhex-3-enoyl-CoA. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process from pantothenate and cysteine. In the first step pantothenate (vitamin B5) is phosphorylated to 4'-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme pantothenate kinase (PanK, CoaA, CoaX). In the second step, a cysteine is added to 4'-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase (PPC-DC, CoaB) to form 4'-phospho-N-pantothenoylcysteine (PPC). In the third step, PPC is decarboxylated to 4'-phosphopantetheine by phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase (CoaC). In the fourth step, 4'-phosphopantetheine is adenylylated to form dephospho-CoA by the enzyme phosphopantetheine adenylyl transferase (CoaD). Finally, dephospho-CoA is phosphorylated using ATP to coenzyme A by the enzyme dephosphocoenzyme A kinase (CoaE). Since coenzyme A is, in chemical terms, a thiol, it can react with carboxylic acids to form thioesters, thus functioning as an acyl group carrier. CoA assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. A molecule of coenzyme A carrying an acetyl group is also referred to as acetyl-CoA. When it is not attached to an acyl group, it is usually referred to as 'CoASH' or 'HSCoA'. Coenzyme A is also the source of the phosphopantetheine group that is added as a prosthetic group to proteins such as acyl carrier proteins and formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. Furthermore, it contributes an acetyl group to choline to produce acetylcholine in a reaction catalysed by choline acetyltransferase. Its main task is conveying the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production (Wikipedia).85-61-0C0001068161146900CO-A6557CC(C)(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2N)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCSC21H36N7O16P3SInChI=1S/C21H36N7O16P3S/c1-21(2,16(31)19(32)24-4-3-12(29)23-5-6-48)8-41-47(38,39)44-46(36,37)40-7-11-15(43-45(33,34)35)14(30)20(42-11)28-10-27-13-17(22)25-9-26-18(13)28/h9-11,14-16,20,30-31,48H,3-8H2,1-2H3,(H,23,29)(H,24,32)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H2,22,25,26)(H2,33,34,35)/t11-,14-,15-,16+,20-/m1/s1RGJOEKWQDUBAIZ-IBOSZNHHSA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-({[hydroxy({hydroxy[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-({2-[(2-sulfanylethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)propoxy]phosphoryl}oxy)phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid767.534767.115208365-2.2210coenzyme A0-4FDB022614Acetoacetyl coenzyme a sodium salt;Coa;Coa hydrate;Coa-sh;Coash;Coenzyme a;Coenzyme a hydrate;Coenzyme a-sh;Coenzyme ash;Coenzymes a;Depot-zeel;Propionyl coa;Propionyl coenzyme a;S-propanoate;S-propanoate coa;S-propanoate coenzyme a;S-propanoic acid;S-propionate coa;S-propionate coenzyme a;Zeel;[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(6-amino-9h-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl 3-hydroxy-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulfanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl dihydrogen diphosphatePW_C001099CoA211438688453879228921724075924142245952813292862313342113351184618104629584842144865544879652321025247104528010354771245734108577710160231556075161638416468178693016069611626973199708318871081637293198734721074582228229151908122690902249124170921519513013299153182492548849426163157690729377119133772221347723032977292111775501327755533477563112776333367767212977996115780473327805635078413335785671307925933379974331800053688062011880627374806351198066537693828382938343839867428811055538911056139011584239911584739811995140612014740512023138412030512212063440712076211712140612312142143312152112512166642912168240812171441412240442212274112012290412112296013512396544712397946812407913612422046412426545012497437512534147912550947812557948012559248412563429712608448112654949112656048212674630012688450112704620912710939112730120512754020612766738812812150812813350212834039563883LPA(i-14:0/0:0)HMDB0114765LPA(i-14:0/0:0) is a lysophosphatidic acid. It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphate moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. Lysophosphatidic acids can have different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 (sn-1) or C-2 (sn-2) position. Fatty acids containing 16 and 18 carbons are the most common. LPA(i-14:0/0:0), in particular, consists of one chain of isotetradecanoic acid at the C-1 position. Lysophosphatidic acid is the simplest possible glycerophospholipid. It is the biosynthetic precursor of phosphatidic acid. Although it is present at very low levels only in animal tissues, it is extremely important biologically, influencing many biochemical processes.C0068116975ACYL-SN-GLYCEROL-3PCC(C)CCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)COP(O)(O)=OC17H35O7PInChI=1S/C17H35O7P/c1-15(2)11-9-7-5-3-4-6-8-10-12-17(19)23-13-16(18)14-24-25(20,21)22/h15-16,18H,3-14H2,1-2H3,(H2,20,21,22)QWRVNPWTRIUQKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N{2-hydroxy-3-[(12-methyltridecanoyl)oxy]propoxy}phosphonic acid382.434382.212040465-4.3632-hydroxy-3-[(12-methyltridecanoyl)oxy]propoxyphosphonic acid0-21-isotetradecanoyl-glycero-3-phosphate;1-isotetradecanoyl-lysophosphatidic acid;LPA(i-14:0);Lysophosphatidic acid(i-14:0/0:0);Lysophosphatidic acid(i-14:0)PW_C063883LPA(I-1742402264197PA(i-14:0/a-13:0)HMDB0115811PA(i-14:0/a-13:0) is a phosphatidic acid. It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphate moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, phosphatidic acids can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PA(i-14:0/a-13:0), in particular, consists of one chain of isotetradecanoic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of anteisotridecanoic acid at the C-2 position. Phosphatidic acids are quite rare but are extremely important as intermediates in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols and phospholipids.C0041616337L-PHOSPHATIDATE[H][C@@](COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(C)C)(COP(O)(O)=O)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(C)CCC30H59O8PInChI=1S/C30H59O8P/c1-5-27(4)21-17-13-10-11-15-19-23-30(32)38-28(25-37-39(33,34)35)24-36-29(31)22-18-14-9-7-6-8-12-16-20-26(2)3/h26-28H,5-25H2,1-4H3,(H2,33,34,35)/t27?,28-/m1/s1ZYNPBIOQKYZXOL-PLYLYKGUSA-N[(2R)-2-[(10-methyldodecanoyl)oxy]-3-[(12-methyltridecanoyl)oxy]propoxy]phosphonic acid578.768578.394755858-6.472(2R)-2-[(10-methyldodecanoyl)oxy]-3-[(12-methyltridecanoyl)oxy]propoxyphosphonic acid0-21-isotetradecanoyl-2-anteisotridecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate;1-isotetradecanoyl-2-anteisotridecanoyl-sn-phosphatidic acid;PA(i-14:0/a-13:0);PA(27:0);Phosphatidic acid(i-14:0/a-13:0);Phosphatidic acid(27:0);Phosphatidate(i-14:0/a-13:0);Phosphatidate(27:0)PW_C064197PA27:07424122742421763861Anteisotridecanoyl-CoAHMDB0100001Anteisotridecanoyl-CoA, also known as 10-methyldodecanoyl-CoA or CoA(a-13:0), belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl coas. These are acyl-CoAs carrying a 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl chain. Anteisotridecanoyl-CoA is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Anteisotridecanoyl-CoA has been primarily detected in urine. Within the cell, anteisotridecanoyl-CoA is primarily located in the cytoplasm. In humans, anteisotridecanoyl-CoA is involved in cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(a-13:0/i-14:0/i-19:0/a-25:0) pathway, cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(a-13:0/18:2(9Z,11Z)/a-25:0/i-18:0) pathway, cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(a-13:0/i-12:0/18:2(9Z,11Z)/i-21:0) pathway, and cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(a-13:0/i-14:0/i-22:0/a-15:0) pathway. Anteisotridecanoyl-CoA is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(a-21:0/i-14:0/a-13:0) pathway, de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(i-22:0/i-24:0/a-13:0) pathway, de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(i-24:0/a-13:0/i-12:0) pathway, and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(21:0/a-13:0/17:0) pathway. A methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA obtained from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of anteisotridecanoic acid.CCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)[C@H](O)C(C)(C)COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2NC34H60N7O17P3SInChI=1S/C34H60N7O17P3S/c1-5-22(2)12-10-8-6-7-9-11-13-25(43)62-17-16-36-24(42)14-15-37-32(46)29(45)34(3,4)19-55-61(52,53)58-60(50,51)54-18-23-28(57-59(47,48)49)27(44)33(56-23)41-21-40-26-30(35)38-20-39-31(26)41/h20-23,27-29,33,44-45H,5-19H2,1-4H3,(H,36,42)(H,37,46)(H,50,51)(H,52,53)(H2,35,38,39)(H2,47,48,49)/t22?,23-,27-,28-,29+,33-/m1/s1PRCFQVOZXKIBSF-UZDIFWIKSA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-({[hydroxy({hydroxy[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-{[2-({2-[(10-methyldodecanoyl)sulfanyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}propoxy]phosphoryl}oxy)phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid963.87963.297925668-2.609[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-({[hydroxy([hydroxy((3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-{[2-({2-[(10-methyldodecanoyl)sulfanyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}propoxy)phosphoryl]oxy)phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxyphosphonic acid0-4anteisotridecanoyl-coenzyme A;10-methyldodecanoyl-CoA;10-methyldodecanoyl-coenzyme A;CoA(a-13:0)PW_C063861COA(A-14383149561692257Cytidine triphosphateHMDB0000082Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) or CTP is a cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to a ribose moiety at the 5' position. CTP is integral to the synthesis or mRNA, rRNA and tRNA through RNA polymerases. Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) is also critical to the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine via the enzyme CTP: phosphocholine cytidyltransferase. This reaction is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine.65-47-4C00063617617677CTP5941DB02431NC1=NC(=O)N(C=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC9H16N3O14P3InChI=1S/C9H16N3O14P3/c10-5-1-2-12(9(15)11-5)8-7(14)6(13)4(24-8)3-23-28(19,20)26-29(21,22)25-27(16,17)18/h1-2,4,6-8,13-14H,3H2,(H,19,20)(H,21,22)(H2,10,11,15)(H2,16,17,18)/t4-,6-,7-,8-/m1/s1PCDQPRRSZKQHHS-XVFCMESISA-N({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-amino-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid483.1563482.984511771-1.647CTP0-3FDB0128335'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) cytidine;5'-ctp;Ctp;Cytidine 3'-triphosphate;Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate);Cytidine 5'-triphosphate;Cytidine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Cytidine 5-prime-triphosphate;Cytidine triphosphate;Cytidine mono;Cytidine mono(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) (ester);Cytidine-5'-triphosphate;Deoxycytosine triphosphate;H4ctpPW_C000057CTP42723115082718257661015800108707718875931609137195914221312194164125102881528515115317249153422215374183475917426503157731512878448111787331327994913479957130799643298041617094784384948121259481738298677223110633391113268395113273389115525136115530399120328410120854122121340121122212124122983444123434135124764118125654485125840297126374299127292205127935388170PyrophosphateHMDB0000250The anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphate anion is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells. This hydrolysis is called pyrophosphorolysis. The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74-, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and rapidly hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate. Pyrophosphate is an osteotoxin (arrests bone development) and an arthritogen (promotes arthritis). It is also a metabotoxin (an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health affects at chronically high levels). Chronically high levels of pyrophosphate are associated with hypophosphatasia. Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase or phosphoethanolaminuria) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease. Hypophosphatasia is associated with a molecular defect in the gene encoding tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is an enzyme that is tethered to the outer surface of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. TNSALP hydrolyzes several substances, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), a major form of vitamin B6. When TSNALP is low, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulates outside of cells and inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite, one of the main components of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults. Vitamin B6 must be dephosphorylated by TNSALP before it can cross the cell membrane. Vitamin B6 deficiency in the brain impairs synthesis of neurotransmitters which can cause seizures. In some cases, a build-up of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints can cause pseudogout.14000-31-8C0001364410218361PPI559142DB04160[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=OO7P2InChI=1S/H4O7P2/c1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6)/p-4XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J(phosphonooxy)phosphonic acid173.9433173.9119253784pyrophosphoric acid0-3FDB021918(4-)diphosphoric acid ion;(p2o74-)diphosphate;Diphosphate;Diphosphoric acid;Ppi;Pyrometaphosphate;Pyrophosphate;Pyrophosphate tetraanion;Pyrophosphate(4-) ion;[o3popo3](4-);Diphosphat;P2o7(4-);Pyrophosphat;Pyrophosphate ion;Phosphonato phosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid ionPW_C000170Ppi12235463842923735328822212173162049241059281529417514486854503489525210452941015409117542410354331185458120554811155591325584133560613556551085879107623916669781997073188713416372721607312198731821382751518283210118691611200222212041164123152251232324912512288125792261269529015219306153751834760174256131542697318772353297731712877635336784163357892833179153112799501347995813080047372804171708563019478638494814125948193829867822311063439111327039511327538911552713611553239911993412212001712412003240612033041012093640712126142912134112112148638312240742212298544412350211912383146412404439812497737512532429712539529912541047912559748412565648512587648112655249112686920512693538812695050112733720612812450876524CDP-DG(i-14:0/a-13:0)HMDB0116188CDP-DG(i-14:0/a-13:0) is a cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol or CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DG). CDP-diacylglycerol is an important branchpoint intermediate in eukaryotic phospholipid biosynthesis and could be a key regulatory molecule in phospholipid metabolism. It is a glycerophospholipid in which a cytidine diphosphate moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, CDP-diacylglycerols can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. CDP-DG(i-14:0/a-13:0), in particular, consists of one chain of isotetradecanoic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of anteisotridecanoic acid at the C-2 position. Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerols are rarely noticed in analyses of lipid compositions of tissues, as they are present is such small amounts (perhaps only 0.05% or so of the total phospholipids).C0026917962CDPDIACYLGLYCEROL[H][C@@](COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(C)C)(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H](C(O)[C@H]1O)N1C=CC(N)=NC1=O)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(C)CCC39H71N3O15P2InChI=1S/C39H71N3O15P2/c1-5-30(4)21-17-13-10-11-15-19-23-35(44)55-31(26-52-34(43)22-18-14-9-7-6-8-12-16-20-29(2)3)27-53-58(48,49)57-59(50,51)54-28-32-36(45)37(46)38(56-32)42-25-24-33(40)41-39(42)47/h24-25,29-32,36-38,45-46H,5-23,26-28H2,1-4H3,(H,48,49)(H,50,51)(H2,40,41,47)/t30?,31-,32-,36+,37?,38-/m1/s1MJLGHXPNYWRBAZ-LGZUTBRDSA-N{[(2R,3R,5R)-5-(4-amino-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}({hydroxy[(2R)-2-[(10-methyldodecanoyl)oxy]-3-[(12-methyltridecanoyl)oxy]propoxy]phosphoryl}oxy)phosphinic acid883.951883.436042594-4.385[(2R,3R,5R)-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy([hydroxy((2R)-2-[(10-methyldodecanoyl)oxy]-3-[(12-methyltridecanoyl)oxy]propoxy)phosphoryl]oxy)phosphinic acid0-21-isotetradecanoyl-2-anteisotridecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-CDP;1-isotetradecanoyl-2-anteisotridecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-cytidine-5'-diphosphate;CDP-DG(i-14:0/a-13:0);CDP-DG(27:0);CDP-diacylglycerol(i-14:0/a-13:0);CDP-diacylglycerol(27:0)PW_C076524CDP-DG(564651776371PGP(i-14:0/a-13:0)HMDB0116566PGP(i-14:0/a-13:0) is a phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphoglycerol moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site followed by another phosphate moiety. Phosphatidylglycerolphosphate is present at a level of 1-2% in most animal tissues, but it can be the second most abundant phospholipid in lung surfactant (up to 11% of the total). It is well established that the concentration of phosphatidylglycerolphosphate increases during fetal development. Phosphatidylglycerolphosphate may be present in animal tissues merely as a precursor for cardiolipin synthesis. As is the case with diacylglycerols, phosphatidylglycerophosphates can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached to the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PGP(i-14:0/a-13:0), in particular, consists of one chain of isotetradecanoic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of anteisotridecanoic acid at the C-2 position. They are synthesized by the addition of glycerol 3-phosphate to a CDP-diacylglycerol. In turn, PGPs are dephosphorylated to phosphatidylglycerols (PGs). While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes.C0389237393L-1-PHOSPHATIDYL-GLYCEROL-P[H][C@](O)(COP(O)(O)=O)COP(O)(=O)OC[C@@]([H])(COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(C)CCC33H66O13P2InChI=1S/C33H66O13P2/c1-5-29(4)21-17-13-10-11-15-19-23-33(36)46-31(27-45-48(40,41)44-25-30(34)24-43-47(37,38)39)26-42-32(35)22-18-14-9-7-6-8-12-16-20-28(2)3/h28-31,34H,5-27H2,1-4H3,(H,40,41)(H2,37,38,39)/t29?,30-,31+/m0/s1ZANZEFHWVVZWAB-CJZYSFCQSA-N[(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-({hydroxy[(2R)-2-[(10-methyldodecanoyl)oxy]-3-[(12-methyltridecanoyl)oxy]propoxy]phosphoryl}oxy)propoxy]phosphonic acid732.826732.397866181-5.454(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-{[hydroxy((2R)-2-[(10-methyldodecanoyl)oxy]-3-[(12-methyltridecanoyl)oxy]propoxy)phosphoryl]oxy}propoxyphosphonic acid0-31-isotetradecanoyl-2-anteisotridecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol-3'-phosphate);PGP(i-14:0/a-13:0);PGP(27:0)PW_C076371PGP27:0742431764Cytidine monophosphateHMDB0000095Cytidine monophosphate, also known as 5'-cytidylic acid and abbreviated CMP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside cytidine. CMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase cytosine. Cytidine monophosphate (CMP) is derived from cytidine triphosphate (CTP) with subsequent loss of two phosphates. The synthesis of the pyrimidines CTP and UTP occurs in the cytoplasm and starts with the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from glutamine and CO2. Next, aspartate undergoes a condensation reaction with carbamoyl-phosphate to form orotic acid. In a subsequent cyclization reaction, the enzyme Aspartate carbamoyltransferase forms N-carbamoyl-aspartate which is converted into dihydroorotic acid by Dihydroorotase. The latter is converted to orotate by Dihydroorotate oxidase. Orotate is covalently linked with a phosphorylated ribosyl unit with Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (aka "PRPP transferase") catalyzing reaction, yielding orotidine monophosphate (OMP). Orotidine-5-phosphate is decarboxylated by Orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase to form uridine monophosphate (UMP). UMP is phosphorylated by two kinases to uridine triphosphate (UTP) via two sequential reactions with ATP. CTP is subsequently formed by amination of UTP by the catalytic activity of CTP synthetase. Cytosine monophosphate (CMP) and uridine monophosphate (UMP) have been prescribed for the treatment of neuromuscular affections in humans. Patients treated with CMP/UMP recover from altered neurological functions. Additionally, the administration of CMP/UMP appears to favour the entry of glucose in the muscle and CMP/UMP may be important in maintaining the level of hepatic glycogen constant during exercise. [PMID:18663991].63-37-6C00055613117361CMP5901NC1=NC(=O)N(C=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC9H14N3O8PInChI=1S/C9H14N3O8P/c10-5-1-2-12(9(15)11-5)8-7(14)6(13)4(20-8)3-19-21(16,17)18/h1-2,4,6-8,13-14H,3H2,(H2,10,11,15)(H2,16,17,18)/t4-,6-,7-,8-/m1/s1IERHLVCPSMICTF-XVFCMESISA-N{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-amino-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}phosphonic acid323.1965323.051850951-1.305cytidine monophosphate0-2FDB0118825'-cmp;5-cytidylate;5-cytidylic acid;Cmp;Cytidine 5'-monophosphate;Cytidine 5'-monophosphorate;Cytidine 5'-monophosphoric acid;Cytidine 5'-phosphate;Cytidine 5'-phosphorate;Cytidine 5'-phosphoric acid;Cytidine mono(dihydrogen phosphate);Cytidine monophosphate;Cytidylate;Cytidylic acid;Cytidine-5'-monophosphate;Pc;Cytidine-5'-monophosphoric acidPW_C000064CMP115182512142734233861849725657681015802108707918875951609147249915122492571951219616412210151152742851533630815373493481517426523157844911178488115785731307873613279953134799693318042117094791384948213839868022311063739111327739011553539812085512212134612112221612412248740512260512512343513512476811812505337612517713612584129712637829912664147812675230012729320512794038812821720912834639576308PG(i-14:0/a-13:0)HMDB0116690PG(i-14:0/a-13:0) is a phosphatidylglycerol - a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphoglycerol moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, phosphatidylglycerols can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PG(i-14:0/a-13:0), in particular, consists of one chain of isotetradecanoic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of anteisotridecanoic acid at the C-2 position. Phosphatidylglycerol is present at a level of 1-2% in most animal tissues, but it can be the second most abundant phospholipid in lung surfactant (up to 11% of the total). It is well established that the concentration of phosphatidylglycerol increases during fetal development. Phosphatidylglycerol may be present in animal tissues merely as a precursor for cardiolipin synthesis. C0034417517L-1-PHOSPHATIDYL-GLYCEROL[H][C@](O)(CO)COP(O)(=O)OC[C@@]([H])(COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(C)CCC33H65O10PInChI=1S/C33H65O10P/c1-5-29(4)21-17-13-10-11-15-19-23-33(37)43-31(27-42-44(38,39)41-25-30(35)24-34)26-40-32(36)22-18-14-9-7-6-8-12-16-20-28(2)3/h28-31,34-35H,5-27H2,1-4H3,(H,38,39)/t29?,30-,31+/m0/s1HBXSRKNIIZAAJR-CJZYSFCQSA-N[(2S)-2,3-dihydroxypropoxy][(2R)-2-[(10-methyldodecanoyl)oxy]-3-[(12-methyltridecanoyl)oxy]propoxy]phosphinic acid652.847652.431535291-6.183(2S)-2,3-dihydroxypropoxy((2R)-2-[(10-methyldodecanoyl)oxy]-3-[(12-methyltridecanoyl)oxy]propoxy)phosphinic acid0-11-isotetradecanoyl-2-anteisotridecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-glycerol);1-isotetradecanoyl-2-anteisotridecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol;PG(i-14:0/a-13:0);PG(27:0);Phosphatidylglycerol(i-14:0/a-13:0);Phosphatidylglycerol(27:0)PW_C076308PG27:074244171420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O55894910951394151316214481135261562428652106912077033823188382109431137749146554159043201824253222267860272746277817280529314370316472363461459836472737494193503027515675195975214100522794523610352971055319111534311353551125402110547012354831255492126550712755341305537114554112955911355608118562210856916575914057781015841143585314658771075890955910147594015160321556059157608716161231636133159621516218166647717865071806600152671311768401886888160716220571812077193206721121172282137238214724321572951987350216738821074012127467222749222475001907588170820122582372268414162926526118502771192216412011281122132851225028612264287123272491252022712632651269329012705291127152921300729813019300130253011303730213261223133272941534030842327315426953184369132276914293770192537710213277131133772151347737833177397332774713337751611577536334776283367772233777759341778163437798234778071329782353527824235378270356791133608001436880039370805912288065611993830383947943841105573901106393911158443981198792321199151221199634061200084071200464081201131241203654121204304051204384091206064151207944141211584251212404291213511211213814191216074341221183821223844361227531201227973741228044431230124461230643761230721371231314471231421361231624481232314511233844501237304601238104641239404551241654691246703991249384711249454721253052971253534791253864811254244821254802991256824831257074781257454871260544901262384951262734841267644801268965011269635021270173881271772081271992091272275041275065071275765151278363891280823951281765131104PhosphateHMDB0001429Phosphate is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry, biogeochemistry and ecology. Phosphate (Pi) is an essential component of life. In biological systems, phosphorus is found as a free phosphate ion in solution and is called inorganic phosphate, to distinguish it from phosphates bound in various phosphate esters. Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted Pi and at physiological (neutral) pH primarily consists of a mixture of HPO<sup>2-</sup><sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sup>-</sup><sub>4</sub> ions. phosphates are most commonly found in the form of adenosine phosphates, (AMP, ADP and ATP) and in DNA and RNA and can be released by the hydrolysis of ATP or ADP. Similar reactions exist for the other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. Phosphoanhydride bonds in ADP and ATP, or other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates, contain high amounts of energy which give them their vital role in all living organisms. Phosphate must be actively transported into cells against its electrochemical gradient. In vertebrates, two unrelated families of Na+-dependent Pi transporters carry out this task. Remarkably, the two families transport different Pi species: whereas type II Na+/Pi cotransporters (SCL34) prefer divalent HPO4(2), type III Na+/Pi cotransporters (SLC20) transport monovalent H2PO4. The SCL34 family comprises both electrogenic and electroneutral members that are expressed in various epithelia and other polarized cells. Through regulated activity in apical membranes of the gut and kidney, they maintain body Pi homeostasis, and in salivary and mammary glands, liver, and testes they play a role in modulating the Pi content of luminal fluids. Phosphate levels in the blood play an important role in hormone signaling and in bone homeostasis. In classical endocrine regulation, low serum phosphate induces the renal production of the seco-steroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3).This active metabolite of vitamin D acts to restore circulating mineral (i.e. phosphate and calcium) levels by increasing absorption in the intestine, reabsorption in the kidney, and mobilization of calcium and phosphate from bone. Thus, chronic renal failure is associated with hyperparathyroidism, which in turn contributes to osteomalacia (softening of the bones). Another complication of chronic renal failure is hyperphosphatemia (low levels of phosphate in the blood). Hyperphosphatemia (excess levels of phosphate in the blood) is a prevalent condition in kidney dialysis patients and is associated with increased risk of mortality. Hypophosphatemia (hungry bone syndrome) has been associated to postoperative electrolyte aberrations and after parathyroidectomy. (PMID: 17581921, 11169009, 11039261, 9159312, 17625581)Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) has recently been recognized as a key mediator of phosphate homeostasis, its most notable effect being promotion of phosphate excretion. FGF-23 was discovered to be involved in diseases such as autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, X-linked hypophosphatemia, and tumor-induced osteomalacia in which phosphate wasting was coupled to inappropriately low levels of 1,25(OH)2D3. FGF-23 is regulated by dietary phosphate in humans. In particular it was found that phosphate restriction decreased FGF-23, and phosphate loading increased FGF-23.14265-44-2C00009106118367CPD-85871032[O-]P([O-])([O-])=OO4PInChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-3NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-Kphosphoric acid94.971494.953423phosphoric acid0-2DBMET00532FDB022617Nfb orthophosphate;O-phosphoric acid;Ortho-phosphate;Orthophosphate (po43-);Orthophosphate(3-);Phosphate;Phosphate (po43-);Phosphate anion(3-);Phosphate ion (po43-);Phosphate ion(3-);Phosphate trianion;Phosphate(3-);Phosphoric acid ion(3-);Pi;[po4](3-);Orthophosphate;Phosphate ion;Po4(3-);Phosphoric acid;Orthophosphoric acid;Phosphoric acid ionPW_C001104Pi244848814581818831298031763141767492500102729472737463129293166723636613851234249224475315031275158752079752161005317111535111253811035447120554312955731335605135562510856936584814358551465911147594115160401556100161629410764871786691101671411768421886889160716120571892067212211730619873892107402212743616374752228196225825822710118241101342571174813211761115117732131190417011927164120142811272829013263223348191742255304423503154243531843692322770182537719429377217134779403367796613078048332780573297824535378669331800223688927930893831383947963841105583901106403911132359411584539811620610911998240612006912212069940712105712412121612512126842912135212112140912312142338212185240512330411912362111812378613612383846412396844712398139912440537612494847212536247912544629712577448112595429912622147812659430012660429812672348412690450112741338812778320912816639512817751312831538994296CL(i-14:0/a-13:0/i-15:0/a-21:0)HMDB0090822CL(i-14:0/a-13:0/i-15:0/a-21:0) is a cardiolipin (CL). Cardiolipins (bisphosphatidyl glycerol) are an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where they constitute about 20% of the total lipid. Cardiolipins are a "double" phospholipid because they have four fatty acid tails, instead of the usual two. While most lipids are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, cardiolipin is synthesized on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. They are highly abundant in metabolically active cells (heart, muscle) and play an important role in the blood clotting process. CL(i-14:0/a-13:0/i-15:0/a-21:0), in particular, consists of one chain of isotetradecanoic acid at the C-1 position, one chain of anteisotridecanoic acid at the C-2 position, one chain of isopentadecanoic acid at the C-3 position, and one chain of anteisoheneicosanoic acid at the C-4 position. While the theoretical charge of cardiolipins is -2, under normal physiological conditions (pH near 7), the molecule may carry only one negative charge. Newly synthesized cardiolipins undergo remodeling, a process carried out by the enzyme tafazzin. A mutated tafazzin gene disrupts this post-synthetic remodeling and causes Barth syndrome (BTHS), an X-linked human disease (PMID: 16973164). BTHS patients seem to lack acyl specificity and consequently, many potential cardiolipin species can exist (PMID: 16226238).C0598028494CARDIOLIPIN[H]C(O)(COP(O)(=O)OC[C@@]([H])(COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCC(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(C)CC)COP(O)(=O)OC[C@@]([H])(COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(C)CCC72H140O17P2InChI=1S/C72H140O17P2/c1-9-64(7)50-42-34-26-19-15-13-11-12-14-16-20-29-38-46-54-71(76)88-67(58-82-69(74)52-44-36-27-21-17-18-24-32-40-48-62(3)4)60-86-90(78,79)84-56-66(73)57-85-91(80,81)87-61-68(89-72(77)55-47-39-31-30-35-43-51-65(8)10-2)59-83-70(75)53-45-37-28-23-22-25-33-41-49-63(5)6/h62-68,73H,9-61H2,1-8H3,(H,78,79)(H,80,81)/t64?,65?,66-,67-,68-/m1/s1UWFPPGQHUJAPFG-IZFXDSFASA-N[2-hydroxy-3-({hydroxy[(2R)-2-[(18-methylicosanoyl)oxy]-3-[(13-methyltetradecanoyl)oxy]propoxy]phosphoryl}oxy)propoxy][(2R)-2-[(10-methyldodecanoyl)oxy]-3-[(12-methyltridecanoyl)oxy]propoxy]phosphinic acid1339.8431338.956577044-7.4432-hydroxy-3-{[hydroxy((2R)-2-[(18-methylicosanoyl)oxy]-3-[(13-methyltetradecanoyl)oxy]propoxy)phosphoryl]oxy}propoxy((2R)-2-[(10-methyldodecanoyl)oxy]-3-[(12-methyltridecanoyl)oxy]propoxy)phosphinic acid0-2CL(i-14:0/a-13:0/i-15:0/a-21:0);CL(63:0);Cardiolipin(i-14:0/a-13:0/i-15:0/a-21:0);Cardiolipin(63:0)PW_C094296CL63:0744111776545CDP-DG(i-15:0/a-21:0)HMDB0116209CDP-DG(i-15:0/a-21:0) is a cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol or CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DG). CDP-diacylglycerol is an important branchpoint intermediate in eukaryotic phospholipid biosynthesis and could be a key regulatory molecule in phospholipid metabolism. It is a glycerophospholipid in which a cytidine diphosphate moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, CDP-diacylglycerols can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. CDP-DG(i-15:0/a-21:0), in particular, consists of one chain of isopentadecanoic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of anteisoheneicosanoic acid at the C-2 position. Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerols are rarely noticed in analyses of lipid compositions of tissues, as they are present is such small amounts (perhaps only 0.05% or so of the total phospholipids).C0026917962CDPDIACYLGLYCEROL[H][C@@](COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCC(C)C)(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H](C(O)[C@H]1O)N1C=CC(N)=NC1=O)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(C)CCC48H89N3O15P2InChI=1S/C48H89N3O15P2/c1-5-39(4)30-26-22-18-14-10-8-6-7-9-11-15-20-24-28-32-44(53)64-40(35-61-43(52)31-27-23-19-16-12-13-17-21-25-29-38(2)3)36-62-67(57,58)66-68(59,60)63-37-41-45(54)46(55)47(65-41)51-34-33-42(49)50-48(51)56/h33-34,38-41,45-47,54-55H,5-32,35-37H2,1-4H3,(H,57,58)(H,59,60)(H2,49,50,56)/t39?,40-,41-,45+,46?,47-/m1/s1AFELHIJHDXYASY-DJYRTNJZSA-N{[(2R,3R,5R)-5-(4-amino-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}({hydroxy[(2R)-2-[(18-methylicosanoyl)oxy]-3-[(13-methyltetradecanoyl)oxy]propoxy]phosphoryl}oxy)phosphinic acid1010.1941009.576893174-5.545[(2R,3R,5R)-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy([hydroxy((2R)-2-[(18-methylicosanoyl)oxy]-3-[(13-methyltetradecanoyl)oxy]propoxy)phosphoryl]oxy)phosphinic acid0-21-isopentadecanoyl-2-anteisoheneicosanoyl-sn-glycero-3-CDP;1-isopentadecanoyl-2-anteisoheneicosanoyl-sn-glycero-3-cytidine-5'-diphosphate;CDP-DG(i-15:0/a-21:0);CDP-DG(36:0);CDP-diacylglycerol(i-15:0/a-21:0);CDP-diacylglycerol(36:0)PW_C076545CDP-DG(5650717782Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(+)], cytoplasmicP21695HMDBP00837GPD112q12-q13AC02515411.1.1.81044814762783Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1, mitochondrialQ9HCL2Esterifies acyl-group from acyl-ACP to the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate, an essential step in glycerolipid biosynthesis.
HMDBP00838GPAM10q25.2AL39198612.3.1.151646320871021355846282221881-Acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase epsilonQ9NUQ2Converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid by incorporating an acyl moiety at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. Acts on LPA containing saturated or unsaturated fatty acids C15:0-C20:4 at the sn-1 position using C18:1-CoA as the acyl donor. Also acts on lysophosphatidylethanolamine using oleoyl-CoA, but not arachidonoyl-CoA, and lysophosphatidylinositol using arachidonoyl-CoA, but not oleoyl-CoA. Activity toward lysophosphatidylglycerol not detectable.
HMDBP03003AGPAT58p23.1BC02355012.3.1.513474222702Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 2O95674Provides CDP-diacylglycerol an important precursor for the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin.
HMDBP00746CDS220p13Y1652112.7.7.4134761172351CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase, mitochondrialQ32NB8Functions in the biosynthesis of the anionic phospholipids phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin (By similarity).
HMDBP03388PGS117q25.3CH47109912.7.8.51575434816172625Phosphatidylglycerophosphatase and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1Q8WUK0Lipid phosphatase which dephosphorylates phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) to phosphatidylglycerol (PG). PGP is an essential intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of cardiolipin, a mitochondrial-specific phospholipid regulating the membrane integrity and activities of the organelle. Has also been shown to display phosphatase activity toward phosphoprotein substrates, specifically mediates dephosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins, thereby playing an essential role in ATP production. Has probably a preference for proteins phosphorylated on Ser and/or Thr residues compared to proteins phosphorylated on Tyr residues. Probably involved in regulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells (By similarity).
HMDBP07398PTPMT111p11.2AC10494213.1.3.27; 3.1.3.16; 3.1.3.481578334820172350Cardiolipin synthaseQ9UJA2Catalyzes the reversible phosphatidyl group transfer from one phosphatidylglycerol molecule to another to form cardiolipin (CL) (diphosphatidylglycerol) and glycerol.
HMDBP03379CRLS120p13-p12.3AL03546112.7.8.-158133482317293Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(+)], cytoplasmic1PW_P0002933127822240325664Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase1PW_P00566413138783238672256691-Acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase epsilon1PW_P005669131412188346524934653225668Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 21PW_P005668131407023459117428CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase, mitochondrial1PW_P0004284512351430Phosphatidylglycerophosphatase and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 11PW_P0004304532625431Cardiolipin synthase1PW_P000431454235055814PW_R055814Right18217411441Compoundtrue182175400341Compoundtrue18217611341Compoundfalse1821777211Compoundtrue182178811Compoundfalse45939293105748PW_R105748Right382670638661Compoundfalse382671811Compoundfalse38267210991Compoundfalse382673638831Compoundfalse958595664105749PW_R105749Right382674638831Compoundfalse382675638611Compoundfalse382676641971Compoundfalse38267710991Compoundfalse958605669105750PW_R105750Right382678571Compoundfalse382679641971Compoundfalse3826801701Compoundfalse382681765241Compoundfalse9586156682.7.7.41105751PW_R105751Right382682765241Compoundfalse382683811Compoundfalse382684763711Compoundfalse382685641Compoundfalse958624282.7.8.5105752PW_R105752Right382686763711Compoundfalse38268714201Compoundfalse382688763081Compoundfalse38268911041Compoundfalse95863430105919PW_R105919Right383354763081Compoundfalse383355765451Compoundfalse383356942961Compoundfalse383357641Compoundfalse9603043115158801144260false77132510regular5030151588140034255false75221010regular78781515882113423false67139310regular1001101515883721259false107132410regular503015158848123false112139410regular100110151588581173false152090010regular100110151588663866223false117124910regular100110151588710992285false152132110regular5030151588810992285false197142110regular5030151588963883223false157150110regular100100151589064197223false202150110regular100110151589164197173false202075410regular100110151589263861223false162135110regular100110151589357173false197089910regular10011015158941701745false165989710regular6343151589576524173false157074710regular100110151589676371173false112075210regular100110151589764173false117089710regular100110151589864173false615112810regular100110151589976308173false67075510regular100110151590014201749false107189910regular7878151590111041746false77889510regular4443151590294296173false475117310regular100120151590376545173false41586010regular10011057190578226false8764098proteinregular160805719067832299false13215148proteinregular1507057190721882299false17715188proteinregular150705719087021799false17757678proteinregular1507057190923511799false13207658proteinregular1507057191026251799false8707678proteinregular1507057191123501799false45010158proteinregular150704610472936169425708025719054610485664616942257080357190646104956696169422570804571907461050566861694175708055719084610514286169417570806571909461052430616941757080757191046105343161694175708085719112067629M2071 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1403 C276 1352 277 675 275 629 C273 592 319 550 350 550 C383 549 2098 550 2174 550 84false61899.0853.0212401M523 1403 C524 1348 525 929 524 878 C524 838 557 801 597 800 C638 799 2127 799 2174 800 84false61651.0603.0212402M125 225 C125 175 175 125 225 125 C898 125 1774 125 2447 125 C2497 125 2547 175 2547 225 C2547 589 2547 1062 2547 1426 C2547 1476 2497 1526 2447 1526 C1774 1526 898 1526 225 1526 C175 1526 125 1476 125 1426 C125 1062 125 589 125 225 1true62422.01401.073363015Cytosol241160201.61.61601573363115Mitochondrial Outer Membrane352490201.61.61601573363215Mitochondrial Intermembrane Space352560201.61.61601573363315Mitochondrial Matrix18901303201.61.61601573363415Mitochondrial Inner Membrane3901308201.61.61601599557241712262505242175140440#FFEBEB41925880