64607PathwayLysophosphatidic Acid LPA3 SignallingLysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a water-soluble phospholipid derivative and a potent signalling molecule that binds to six known lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs), named LPA1-LPA6. All six receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily which initiates intracellular signalling cascades via four G protein classes differentiated by their α subunit type: Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13. GPCRs mediate a wide range of biological processes, including cell survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation, vascular regulation, and cytokine release. Due to LPA's physiological importance, abnormal LPA signalling likely contributes to the pathophysiology of many diseases. LPA biosynthesis proceeds through two major pathways: (1) the conversion of lysophospholipids (e.g. LPC, LPE, LPS) into LPA via autotaxin (ATX/Enpp2) and (2) the conversion of phosphatidic acid (PA) into LPA via phospholipase A1 or A2 (PLA1/PLA2). The binding of LPA to an LPAR allosterically activates the heterotrimeric G protein by exchanging GDP for GTP at the G protein's alpha subunit. This results in the dissociation of a Gα-GTP monomer and a Gβγ dimer from the receptor which allows both complexes to begin signalling cascades via downstream effectors. LPA1 signalling has been implicated in important processes such as cell survival, proliferation, adhesion, migration, immune function, and myelination. This receptor can couple with the G proteins Gαi/o, Gαq/11, and Gα12/13. The Gαi/o subunit inhibits the enzyme adenylyl cyclase (AC) which catalyzes the production of the important secondary messenger 3',5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Other downstream effectors of Gαi/o include the MAPK/ERK pathway, the PI3K/Akt pathway, and P13K/Rac signalling. The Gαq/11 subunit activates phospholipase C (PLC) which cleaves the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into the secondary messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 diffuses through the cytoplasm to the ER and binds to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins3P) receptor, releasing calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm. Both calcium and DAG activate the kinase activity of protein kinase C beta (PKC). Among many other functions, PKC activates NF-κB. This leads to increased antigen presentation and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. The Gα12/13 subunit regulates cell motility and cytoskeletal remodelling by activating the Rho/ROCK and Rho/SRF pathways.ProteinPW064745CenterPathwayVisualizationContext6502119003100#000099PathwayVisualization6449164607Lysophosphatidic Acid LPA3 SignallingLysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a water-soluble phospholipid derivative and a potent signalling molecule that binds to six known lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs), named LPA1-LPA6. All six receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily which initiates intracellular signalling cascades via four G protein classes differentiated by their α subunit type: Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13. GPCRs mediate a wide range of biological processes, including cell survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation, vascular regulation, and cytokine release. Due to LPA's physiological importance, abnormal LPA signalling likely contributes to the pathophysiology of many diseases. LPA biosynthesis proceeds through two major pathways: (1) the conversion of lysophospholipids (e.g. LPC, LPE, LPS) into LPA via autotaxin (ATX/Enpp2) and (2) the conversion of phosphatidic acid (PA) into LPA via phospholipase A1 or A2 (PLA1/PLA2). The binding of LPA to an LPAR allosterically activates the heterotrimeric G protein by exchanging GDP for GTP at the G protein's alpha subunit. This results in the dissociation of a Gα-GTP monomer and a Gβγ dimer from the receptor which allows both complexes to begin signalling cascades via downstream effectors. LPA1 signalling has been implicated in important processes such as cell survival, proliferation, adhesion, migration, immune function, and myelination. This receptor can couple with the G proteins Gαi/o, Gαq/11, and Gα12/13. The Gαi/o subunit inhibits the enzyme adenylyl cyclase (AC) which catalyzes the production of the important secondary messenger 3',5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Other downstream effectors of Gαi/o include the MAPK/ERK pathway, the PI3K/Akt pathway, and P13K/Rac signalling. The Gαq/11 subunit activates phospholipase C (PLC) which cleaves the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into the secondary messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 diffuses through the cytoplasm to the ER and binds to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins3P) receptor, releasing calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm. Both calcium and DAG activate the kinase activity of protein kinase C beta (PKC). Among many other functions, PKC activates NF-κB. This leads to increased antigen presentation and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. The Gα12/13 subunit regulates cell motility and cytoskeletal remodelling by activating the Rho/ROCK and Rho/SRF pathways.Protein15775981SubPathway55729348ElementCollection22986925593637Stoddard NC, Chun J: Promising pharmacological directions in the world of lysophosphatidic Acid signaling. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2015 Jan;23(1):1-11. doi: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.109. Epub 2015 Jan 1.64607Pathway22987026594106Li YF, Li RS, Samuel SB, Cueto R, Li XY, Wang H, Yang XF: Lysophospholipids and their G protein-coupled receptors in atherosclerosis. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2016 Jan 1;21(1):70-88. doi: 10.2741/4377.64607Pathway22987120055701Choi JW, Herr DR, Noguchi K, Yung YC, Lee CW, Mutoh T, Lin ME, Teo ST, Park KE, Mosley AN, Chun J: LPA receptors: subtypes and biological actions. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2010;50:157-86. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105753.64607Pathway22987224643338Yung YC, Stoddard NC, Chun J: LPA receptor signaling: pharmacology, physiology, and pathophysiology. J Lipid Res. 2014 Jul;55(7):1192-214. doi: 10.1194/jlr.R046458. Epub 2014 Mar 18.64607Pathway1CellCL:00000002Platelet CL:00002335HepatocyteCL:00001823NeuronCL:00005404Cardiomyocyte CL:00007468Beta cellCL:00006397Epithelial CellCL:00000661Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia45Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly51Picea sitchensis3332EukaryoteSitka spruce62Acinetobacter baylyi (strain ATCC 33305 / BD413 / ADP1)62977Prokaryote56Andro6666Eukaryote5CytoplasmGO:000573710Cell MembraneGO:00058861CytosolGO:00058293Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575914Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:00057412MitochondrionGO:000573915NucleusGO:00056344PeroxisomeGO:000577713Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:00057837Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:000578927Peroxisome MembraneGO:000577831Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562011Extracellular SpaceGO:000561535ChloroplastGO:000950712Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574332Inner MembraneGO:007025825Golgi apparatusGO:000579426Golgi apparatus membraneGO:00001396LysosomeGO:000576416Lysosomal LumenGO:004320218Melanosome MembraneGO:003316220Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578821SynapseGO:004520236MembraneGO:001602053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032540PeriplasmGO:004259719sarcoplasmic reticulumGO:001652924Mitochondrial Intermembrane SpaceGO:00057582Endothelium BTO:00003931LiverBTO:00007597297Nervous SystemBTO:000148418PancreasBTO:000098825IntestineBTO:00006488Blood VesselBTO:000110274115cardiocyteBTO:00015394Adrenal MedullaBTO:000004971828StomachBTO:00013071552611HeartBTO:0000562731024BrainBTO:0000142891632Adrenal 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triphosphateHMDB0001273Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is a guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. GTP functions as a carrier of phosphates and pyrophosphates involved in channeling chemical energy into specific biosynthetic pathways. GTP activates the signal transducing G proteins which are involved in various cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and activation of several intracellular kinase cascades. Proliferation and apoptosis are regulated in part by the hydrolysis of GTP by small GTPases Ras and Rho. Another type of small GTPase, Rab, plays a role in the docking and fusion of vesicles and may also be involved in vesicle formation. In addition to its role in signal transduction, GTP also serves as an energy-rich precursor of mononucleotide units in the enzymatic biosynthesis of DNA and RNA.86-01-1C00044683015996GTP6569NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1C10H16N5O14P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O14P3/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(27-9)1-26-31(22,23)29-32(24,25)28-30(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H,24,25)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1XKMLYUALXHKNFT-UUOKFMHZSA-N({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid523.1804522.990659781-1.708triphosphate, guanosine0-3FDB0225275'-gtp;Gtg;Gtp;Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate);Guanosine 5'-triphosphate;Guanosine 5'-triphosphorate;Guanosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Guanosine triphosphate;Guanosine mono(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) (ester);H4gtp;Guanosine-5'-triphosphatePW_C000986GTP81824041939240911441537350068553841036043155610316164901787478222117531151176919811981151127252906932717696222577144133775441117795113280025368800883088012116489113253119985406120066122121204124122768120122818135123774118125365479125443297126480299126907501126982205128051388936Guanosine diphosphateHMDB0001201Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GDP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine. GDP is the product of GTP dephosphorylation by GTPases, e.g. the G-proteins that are involved in signal transduction.146-91-8C00035897717552GDP-4-DEHYDRO-6-DEOXY-D-MANNOSE8630NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1C10H15N5O11P2InChI=1S/C10H15N5O11P2/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(25-9)1-24-28(22,23)26-27(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1QGWNDRXFNXRZMB-UUOKFMHZSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-3H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid443.2005443.024329371-2.007{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-3H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxyphosphonic acid0-3FDB0224875'-gdp;Gdp;Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate);Guanosine 5'-diphosphate;Guanosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Guanosine mono(trihydrogen diphosphate);Guanosine pyrophosphate;Guanosine-5'-diphosphate;Guanosine-diphosphate;Ppg;Guanosine diphosphate;Guanosine 5'-diphosphoric acidPW_C000936GDP83823841762142391241547350078553821036041155610116164881787476222117541151177121111823198127272901339515169322177142133775461117795213280023368800803088012216489115253119983406120068122121205124121847405122766120122820135123775118124400376125363479125445297126905501126984205414Adenosine triphosphateHMDB0000538Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).56-65-5C00002595715422ATP5742DB00171NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H16N5O13P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid507.181506.995745159-2.057adenosine triphosphate0-3FDB0218135'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acidPW_C000414ATP9221460826616414224781373332799593439976321051821121021464921561421605824055924342727264628122930296631637236166136175143992344743147689148645450328950352651557520597521510052501045291101531311153461125390103540611754301185443120554212955561325569133560313556211085846143585414658761075897147592415160481556109161623016664931786839188687016069761997157205718420672092107225213722921172981987302216739021774082187432163748122274991908186225118472771190317012010281120391641217828512578226126912901326422315327308423263154262132242694318770282537721813477233329774683337763233678037332780413507816812878214351782403537841133578494115788501307886533178919334800283688004618480674119856291948261241132349411328238811628010911991412211999240612015440712024538212036241212124642912139212312139743312147140812197441012206512512207938312208340512240242212244443512291939912300944612381646412395144712395646812402937412452744412461613612463039812463437612494347212497237512501147012530429712537147912539229912551548112559548412612348512622030012623449512624047812654749112659649912691350112712338912773151612778139512779639012780120912811950812816751741cAMPHMDB0000058cAMP or cyclic AMP is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase.60-92-4C00575607617489CAMP5851DB02527NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@@H]2COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2[C@H]1OC10H12N5O6PInChI=1S/C10H12N5O6P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-6(16)7-4(20-10)1-19-22(17,18)21-7/h2-4,6-7,10,16H,1H2,(H,17,18)(H2,11,12,13)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-KQYNXXCUSA-N(4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-6-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxy-hexahydro-2lambda5-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-2-one329.2059329.052519653-1.963(4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-6-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxy-tetrahydro-4H-2lambda5-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-2-one0-1FDB001497Cyclic AMP;3'5'-cyclic amp;6-(6-amino-9h-purin-9-yl)tetrahydro-4h-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2,7-diol 2-oxide;Acrasin;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate;Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate;Adenosine 3,5'-cyclic monophosphorate;Adenosine 3,5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid;Adenosine cyclic monophosphate;Adenosine cyclic-monophosphate;Adenosine-cyclic-phosphate;Adenosine-cyclic-phosphoric-acid;Cyclic 3',5'-amp;Cyclic 3',5'-adenylate;Cyclic 3',5'-adenylic acid;Cyclic amp;Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-phosphate;Camp;Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate;Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate;Cyclic adenylic acid;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid;Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphoric acid;Adenosine 3',5'-phosphoric acid;Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphoric acid;Cyclic adenylatePW_C000041cAMP2671647529353910002119168417414118301987870911180044184121904122124457135170PyrophosphateHMDB0000250The anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphate anion is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells. This hydrolysis is called pyrophosphorolysis. The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74-, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and rapidly hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate. Pyrophosphate is an osteotoxin (arrests bone development) and an arthritogen (promotes arthritis). It is also a metabotoxin (an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health affects at chronically high levels). Chronically high levels of pyrophosphate are associated with hypophosphatasia. Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase or phosphoethanolaminuria) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease. Hypophosphatasia is associated with a molecular defect in the gene encoding tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is an enzyme that is tethered to the outer surface of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. TNSALP hydrolyzes several substances, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), a major form of vitamin B6. When TSNALP is low, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulates outside of cells and inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite, one of the main components of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults. Vitamin B6 must be dephosphorylated by TNSALP before it can cross the cell membrane. Vitamin B6 deficiency in the brain impairs synthesis of neurotransmitters which can cause seizures. In some cases, a build-up of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints can cause pseudogout.14000-31-8C0001364410218361PPI559142DB04160[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=OO7P2InChI=1S/H4O7P2/c1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6)/p-4XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J(phosphonooxy)phosphonic acid173.9433173.9119253784pyrophosphoric acid0-3FDB021918(4-)diphosphoric acid ion;(p2o74-)diphosphate;Diphosphate;Diphosphoric acid;Ppi;Pyrometaphosphate;Pyrophosphate;Pyrophosphate tetraanion;Pyrophosphate(4-) ion;[o3popo3](4-);Diphosphat;P2o7(4-);Pyrophosphat;Pyrophosphate ion;Phosphonato phosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid;Pyrophosphoric acid ionPW_C000170Ppi122354638429237353288222121731620492410592815294175144868545034895252104529410154091175424103543311854581205548111555913255841335606135565510858791076239166697819970731887134163727216073121987318213827515182832101186916112002222120411641231522512323249125122881257922612695290152193061537518347601742561315426973187723532977317128776353367841633578928331791531127995013479958130800473728041717085630194786384948141259481938298678223110634391113270395113275389115527136115532399119934122120017124120032406120330410120936407121261429121341121121486383122407422122985444123502119123831464124044398124977375125324297125395299125410479125597484125656485125876481126552491126869205126935388126950501127337206128124508423MagnesiumHMDB0000547Magnesium salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilatation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide; the undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base, and is commonly used as an antacid.22537-22-0C003058881842013-HYDROXY-MAGNESIUM-PROTOPORP865DB01378[Mg++]MgInChI=1S/Mg/q+2JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-Nmagnesium(2+) ion24.30523.9850418980magnesium(2+) ion22FDB003518Magnesium;Magnesium ions;Magnesium ion;Magnesium, doubly charged positive ion;Magnesium, ion (mg(2+));Mg(2+);Mg2+PW_C000423Mg2+868227426816476272726811581918883229363998339922111674614834915294317641421241024115929422331262933737454031477491486954497456525310453291115356112537610359061475934151603815560941616250166648417865941646881160697919971702057194206722721372332117250214731021673131987473222117631321184321012312225123242491251328812581226127292901527528515337308771371337723632977937336783933347841733578489115785223317853635678574130800203688004518480048372806231188065413580865158096525381841519383238394900271085962231105593901156873981199744061200701221202473821207024071209814081211811241212654291213194191219241251220864051224084221227591201229213991233071191235463741238354641238894551244771361246373761249783751254472971255984841256694791257774811259214821259472991259734951260004901262434781265534911267533001271253891271645011273805021274073881274515071278042091281255081283473951420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O55894910951394151316214481135261562428652106912077033823188382109431137749146554159043201824253222267860272746277817280529314370316472363461459836472737494193503027515675195975214100522794523610352971055319111534311353551125402110547012354831255492126550712755341305537114554112955911355608118562210856916575914057781015841143585314658771075890955910147594015160321556059157608716161231636133159621516218166647717865071806600152671311768401886888160716220571812077193206721121172282137238214724321572951987350216738821074012127467222749222475001907588170820122582372268414162926526118502771192216412011281122132851225028612264287123272491252022712632651269329012705291127152921300729813019300130253011303730213261223133272941534030842327315426953184369132276914293770192537710213277131133772151347737833177397332774713337751611577536334776283367772233777759341778163437798234778071329782353527824235378270356791133608001436880039370805912288065611993830383947943841105573901106393911158443981198792321199151221199634061200084071200464081201131241203654121204304051204384091206064151207944141211584251212404291213511211213814191216074341221183821223844361227531201227973741228044431230124461230643761230721371231314471231421361231624481232314511233844501237304601238104641239404551241654691246703991249384711249454721253052971253534791253864811254244821254802991256824831257074781257454871260544901262384951262734841267644801268965011269635021270173881271772081271992091272275041275065071275765151278363891280823951281765131155Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphateHMDB0001498Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin. (PubChem). Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) is traditionally considered to be the messenger that initiates the increase and spreading of the activating Ca2+ wave. In line with this hypothesis, recent evidence suggests that the penetrating sperm delivers into mammalian eggs a novel isoform of phospholipase C (PLC), which promotes the formation of InsP3. The mechanism by which the interacting sperm triggers the production of NAADP and subsequently that of InsP3 remains obscure. (PMID: 15362223).85166-31-0C0124543945616595inositol_1,4,5-trisphosphate388562O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=OC6H15O15P3InChI=1S/C6H15O15P3/c7-1-2(8)5(20-23(13,14)15)6(21-24(16,17)18)3(9)4(1)19-22(10,11)12/h1-9H,(H2,10,11,12)(H2,13,14,15)(H2,16,17,18)/t1-,2+,3+,4-,5-,6-/m1/s1MMWCIQZXVOZEGG-XJTPDSDZSA-N{[(1R,2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2,3,5-trihydroxy-4,6-bis(phosphonooxy)cyclohexyl]oxy}phosphonic acid420.0956419.962379346-1.459InsP30-6FDB0226571d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate;D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate;Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate;1,4,5-insp3;D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate;Ins(1,4,5)p3;Insp3;Ip3;1d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphoric acid;D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphoric acid;D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-triphosphoric acid;Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphoric acidPW_C001155Inotp2741665822037232575142792467387160740921812214285693441781691287821113278516115799991880089308802378121975410122442124122511405124528444125009118125081376126124485126593299126664478127732516128165388128241209353CalciumHMDB0000464Calcium is essential for the normal growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, and calcium requirements must be met throughout life. Requirements are greatest during periods of growth, such as childhood, during pregnancy and when breast-feeding. Long-term calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased risk of fractures. Adults need between 1,000 and 1,300 mg of calcium in their daily diet. Calcium is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, and is the most common metal in many animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Calcium combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. A deficit can affect bone and tooth formation, while overretention can cause kidney stones. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well-known source of calcium. However, some individuals are allergic to dairy products and even more people, particularly those of non-European descent, are lactose-intolerant, leaving them unable to consume dairy products. Fortunately, many other good sources of calcium exist. These include: seaweeds such as kelp, wakame and hijiki; nuts and seeds (like almonds and sesame); beans; amaranth; collard greens; okra; rutabaga; broccoli; kale; and fortified products such as orange juice and soy milk. Calcium has also been found to assist in the production of lymphatic fluids.14127-61-8C0007627129108CA%2b2266DB01373[Ca++]CaInChI=1S/Ca/q+2BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-Ncalcium(2+) ion40.07839.9625911550calcium(2+) ion22FDB003513Ca;Calcium element;Ca(2+);Ca2+;Calcium ion;Calcium, doubly charged positive ionPW_C000353Ca2+276163038553146012941159932199735104631163461164471478491491421552432116582138172796182937931597131607239422941866647821048222853401115780101717920572322117258160728119011774213118371981184221012198164122152851528815115350308693361773893317760011578154132782663567852634578724130789081148041374805892288182651120220122120465405121049124121300418121377419121850383121923125122370409122895135123099376123613118123870454123936455124403398124476136124924137125571297125711478125981489126009299126050490126533495127203209127434506127460388127502507128105390350Gαi/oProteinComplex7527ProteinComplexPW_EC000350Gαi/o800618351Gαq/11ProteinComplex6636ProteinComplexPW_EC000351Gαq/11349GαProteinComplex1139ProteinComplexPW_EC000349Gα348Lysophosphatidic acidCompound3905CompoundPW_EC000348C00681KEGG CompoundLA344phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphateCompound6073CompoundPW_EC000344C04637KEGG CompoundP45B2951,2-diacyl-sn-glycerolCompound3149CompoundPW_EC000293C00641KEGG Compound12DSG353Adenylyl cyclaseProteinComplex7529ProteinComplexPW_EC000353AC80067308338RasProteinComplex955ProteinComplexPW_EC000337ChEBIRas800688339RAFProteinComplex1030ProteinComplexPW_EC000339RAF800698340MEKProteinComplex1031ProteinComplexPW_EC000340MEK341MAPKProteinComplex948ProteinComplexPW_EC000341MAPK354PI3KProteinComplex1064ProteinComplexPW_EC000354PI3K800718356RacProteinComplex903ProteinComplexPW_EC000356Rac800738355NF-κBProteinComplex988ProteinComplexPW_EC000355NF-κB8007223358PLCProteinComplex1140ProteinComplexPW_EC000358PLC80078308359PKCProteinComplex6638ProteinComplexPW_EC000359PKC800798675Adenylate cyclase type 1Q08828This is a calmodulin-sensitive adenylyl cyclase. May be involved in regulatory processes in the central nervous system. It may play a role in memory acquisition and learning.
HMDBP00711ADCY17p13-p12AC06900814.6.1.1800848136380742161-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1Q9NQ66The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes.
HMDBP00222PLCB120p12AL05031513.1.4.11257614279046116468969337180090308802308136124653136191665136199662126Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1Q14643Intracellular channel that mediates calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum following stimulation by inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphateHMDBP02849ITPR13p26.1D260701967162794188502108009181361386541292RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinaseP31749Plays a role as a key modulator of the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway controlling the tempo of the process of newborn neurons integration during adult neurogenesis, including correct neuron positioning, dendritic development and synapse formation. General protein kinase capable of phosphorylating several known proteins. Phosphorylates TBC1D4. Signals downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI(3)K) to mediate the effects of various growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Plays a role in glucose transport by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter to the cell surface. Mediates the antiapoptotic effects of IGF-I. Mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 at 'Ser-939' and 'Thr-1462', thereby activating mTORC1 signaling and leading to both phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and in activation of RPS6KB1. Promotes glycogen synthesis by mediating the insulin-induced activation of glycogen synthaseHMDBP01385AKT114q32.32|14q32.32AF28382912.7.11.1413014422721166888008523802262094837Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLasQ5JWF2Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. The G(s) protein is involved in hormonal regulation of adenylate cyclase:it activates the cyclase in response to beta-adrenergic stimuli. XLas isoforms interact with the same set of receptors as Gnas isoformsHMDBP10759GNAS20q13.3CH4710771800973088051683618GβP62873Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 is a guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein- effector interactionHMDBP08398GNB11p36.33BC0058881381224138144157735010855161869324170006308135590599136006608136181661361876651591GγP59768Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 is a guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G protein) involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein- effector interactionHMDBP01767GNG214q21BC0207741693251700073088008214136007608136182661361886652552Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3Q9UBY5Receptor for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a mediator of diverse cellular activities. May play a role in the development of ovarian cancer. Seems to be coupled to the G(i)/G(o) and G(q) families of heteromeric G proteinsHMDBP07310LPAR31p22.3BC1262701801013086637Gβγ1PW_P0066371437836181437915916931117537Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 31PW_P007537154132552800983087529Adenylate cyclase type 11PW_P007529154056757894232800663081140Phospholipase C, beta 11PW_P001140130221614713531270Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 11PW_P00027028921264982RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase1PW_P0009821108129217536Gαs1PW_P00753615412483780096308110769PW_R110769Right4029994141Compoundfalse403000411Compoundfalse4030011701Compoundfalse10109575294.6.1.1100922PW_R100922Right3633683441ElementCollectionfalse36336914201Compoundtrue3633702951ElementCollectionfalse36337111551Compoundfalse910351140110771PW_R110771Right403006361Boundfalse40300766371ProteinComplexfalse403008291Boundfalse403009371Boundfalse1035PW_T00103512593531Compound188Right9222702017-09-13T12:02:00-06:002017-09-13T12:02:00-06:0049333InhibitionPW_I00033366531Bound1666353ElementCollection1334ActivationPW_I00033466731Bound1668338ElementCollection1214ActivationPW_I000214427338ElementCollection1428339ElementCollection1215ActivationPW_I000215429339ElementCollection1430340ElementCollection1216ActivationPW_I000216431340ElementCollection1432341ElementCollection1335ActivationPW_I00033566931Bound1670354ElementCollection1336ActivationPW_I000336671354ElementCollection1672982ProteinComplex1338ActivationPW_I000338675354ElementCollection1676356ElementCollection1337ActivationPW_I000337673982ProteinComplex1674355ElementCollection1342ActivationPW_I00034268332Bound1684358ElementCollection1242ActivationPW_I0002424831155Compound1484270ProteinComplex1343ActivationPW_I000343685295ElementCollection1686359ElementCollection1344ActivationPW_I000344687353Compound1688359ElementCollection1345ActivationPW_I000345689359ElementCollection1690355ElementCollection1349ActivationPW_I0003496977536ProteinComplex1698353ElementCollection1350ActivationPW_I000350699348ElementCollection170036Bound139131864491387158791721641291994682164130393323086449138915879202164158219479216415939436308644913901587921216418122948221641826274824452164183628482446216418439529308644913911587922216418623948321641873963730864491249484216418962948244721641901587917986854false200486818regular5030158792098630854false175487018regular5030158792193630853false142151018regular5030158792298630854false201166518regular50301587906414842false248555310regular503015879074183false281054810regular1001001587908170845false269854810regular6343158790942389false258540617regular100251587910142030849false85627010regular7878158791111553083false40539110regular10012015879123533089false68040117regular1002515879153531851false22796210regular78781587916353851false60596210regular787894683501448false197981312regular150709479351144308false172981512regular150709482349144308false139645512regular150709483349144308false198161012regular15070948434837308false187129512regular10090946234437308false90039312regular10090946329537308false50554612regular1009094673531448false255941812regular1507094693381448false197996312regular1507094703391448false1979111312regular1507094713401448false1979126312regular1507094723411448false1979141312regular1507094733541448false217996312regular1507094743561448false2384111312regular15070947535514423false1474154812regular150709478358144308false65441512regular1507094803591448false125596112regular15070948534837308false132621512regular10090594151361830898false15114658subunitregular15070594152159130897false15114157subunitregular15070594153255230880false12713858generegular200130594154255230880false18163808generegular20013059413667582true28554168subunitregular150705941372163082true6503818generegular15070594144212678false3959418subunitregular135120594145129282false217911138generegular1507059414848373082false22298138proteinregular15070594149361830898false21064608subunitregular15070594150159130897false21064107subunitregular150704824456637644913085928695941515928705941524824467537644913085928715941534824477537644913085928725941544824337529644918592854594136806315879092164109Cofactor482434114064491308592855594137806415879122164114Cofactor482439270644915928625941444824409826449185928635941454824437536644913085928665941484824446637644913085928675941495928685941502164106M2510 553 C2509 511 2529 453 2559 453 5false18trueM 3286.0096189432334 611.5 L 3299 604 L 3286.0096189432334 596.5false2164107M2860 548 C2860 503 2812 456 2709 453 5false18trueM 2840.9468550441647 397.261556296296 L 2826 396 L 2832.380887721186 409.5751343230783false2164108M2761 569.5 C2763 511.5 2739 453 2709 453 5false18trueM 2840.9468550441647 397.261556296296 L 2826 396 L 2832.380887721186 409.5751343230783false2164109M2340 246.25 L2340 296.25 L2390 246.25 z10true182164110M856 309 C857 420 834 450 804 450 5false182164111M505 451 C535 451 624 450 654 450 5false18trueM 1156.9468550441647 466.261556296296 L 1142 465 L 1148.380887721186 478.5751343230783false2164112M900 453 C870 453 834 450 804 450 5false182164113M605 601 C603 520 624 450 654 450 5false18trueM 1156.9468550441647 466.261556296296 L 1142 465 L 1148.380887721186 478.5751343230783false2164114M670 361 L670 411 L720 361 z10true182164127M305 1001 C335 1001 365 1001 395 1001 83false182164128M605 1001 C575 1001 560 1001 530 1001 83false18trueM 817.9468550441649 846.261556296296 L 803 845 L 809.3808877211858 858.5751343230784false2164129M2294 808 L2294 858 L2344 808 z10true182164130M2294 828 L2294 878 L2344 828 z10true182164131M2129 848 C2410 719 2612 632 2612 497 148false18falsetrueM 3499 614 L 3499 599 L 3499 5842164132M2559 453 C2529 453 2819 433 2789 433 148true18falsetrueM 2533.565967322979 533.6864219732176 L 2525 546 L 2516.434032677021 558.31357802678242164133M2054 883 C2054 913 2054 933 2054 963 149false18trueM 3011.5 1118.5096189432334 L 3019 1131.5 L 3026.5 1118.5096189432334false2164134M2054 963 C2054 933 2374 1010.5 2374 980.5 149true18trueM 2666.9468550441647 688.261556296296 L 2652 687 L 2658.380887721186 700.5751343230784false2164135M2054 1033 C2054 1063 2374 1198 2374 1228 149true182164136M2054 1113 C2054 1083 2054 1063 2054 1033 149false18trueM 2650.9468550441647 986.261556296296 L 2636 985 L 2642.380887721186 998.5751343230784false2164137M2054 1183 C2054 1213 2374 1448 2374 1478 149true182164138M2054 1263 C2054 1233 2054 1213 2054 1183 149false18trueM 2567.9468550441647 1338.261556296296 L 2553 1337 L 2559.380887721186 1350.5751343230784false2164139M2054 1333 C2054 1363 2374 1698 2374 1728 149true182164140M2054 1413 C2054 1383 2054 1363 2054 1333 149false18trueM 2545.9468550441647 1561.261556296296 L 2531 1560 L 2537.380887721186 1573.5751343230784false2164141M2054 883 C2054 913 2374 950.5 2374 980.5 149true182164142M2254 963 C2255 907 2054 943 2054 883 149false18trueM 2653.9468550441647 827.261556296296 L 2639 826 L 2645.380887721186 839.5751343230784false2164143M2254 1033 C2254 1063 2699 1163 2699 1193 149true182164144M2254 1113 C2254 1083 2254 1063 2254 1033 149false18trueM 2701.9468550441647 955.261556296296 L 2687 954 L 2693.380887721186 967.5751343230784false2164145M2254 1033 C2254 1063 2699 1170.5 2699 1200.5 149true182164146M2459 1113 C2460 1052 2254 1085 2254 1033 149false18trueM 2795.9468550441647 1148.261556296296 L 2781 1147 L 2787.380887721186 1160.5751343230784false2164147M1624 1583 C2002 1583 2254 1587 2254 1183 149false18trueM 2659.9468550441647 1091.261556296296 L 2645 1090 L 2651.380887721186 1103.5751343230784false2164148M2179 1148 C2149 1148 2561.5 1408 2531.5 1408 149true182164158M1499 735 L1499 785 L1549 735 z10true182164159M1539 735 L1539 785 L1589 735 z10true182164160M1729 850 C1699 850 1459 790 1429 790 149true182164161M729 485 C733 850 1220 848 1729 850 149false18trueM 1904.9468550441647 904.261556296296 L 1890 903 L 1896.380887721186 916.5751343230784false2164162M455 511 C455 541 405 673.5 405 703.5 149true182164163M460 941 C460 911 455 541 455 511 149false18trueM 596.9468550441649 555.261556296296 L 582 554 L 588.3808877211858 567.5751343230784false2164164M605 601 C635 601 650 601 680 601 149true182164165M1255 996 C906 1000 554 1000 555 656 149false18trueM 844.9468550441649 679.261556296296 L 830 678 L 836.3808877211858 691.5751343230784false2164166M683 1001 C713 1001 762 956 792 956 149true182164167M1255 996 C1225 996 713 1001 683 1001 149false18trueM 930.9468550441649 728.261556296296 L 916 727 L 922.3808877211858 740.5751343230784false2164168M1405 996 C1435 996 1324.5 896 1354.5 896 149true182164169M1549 1548 C1550 1275 1553 995 1405 996 149false18trueM 1339.9468550441647 994.261556296296 L 1325 993 L 1331.380887721186 1006.5751343230784false2164175M1808 797 C1877 750 1879 748 1954 698 219false18trueM 2473.9596718332036 898.2860854058356 L 2466 911 L 2480.9904089366937 911.5363207162596false2164176M2156 700 C2179 716 2280 780 2304 797 219false18true2889.0644009829866,917.6115180941069 2904,919 2897.734661094692,905.3711508775821false2164177M2056 705 C2056 736 2057 774 2057 803 219false18true2798.0644009829866,949.6115180941069 2813,951 2806.734661094692,937.3711508775821false2164178M2379 848 C2409 848 2454 453 2484 453 149true182164179M2652 499 C2650 673 2613 849 2379 848 149false18trueM 1994.9468550441647 377.261556296296 L 1980 376 L 1986.380887721186 389.5751343230783false2164180M2106 445 C2076 445 1491 300 1461 300 5true18trueM 1201.9468550441647 118.26155629629604 L 1187 117 L 1193.380887721186 130.57513432307834false2164181M1101 290 L1101 340 L1151 290 z10true182164182M1101 310 L1101 360 L1151 310 z10true182164183M1101 230 L1101 280 L1151 230 z10true182164184M1381 230 L1381 280 L1431 230 z10true182164185M1708 455 C1738 455 1778 456 1808 456 218false18true1448.0096189432334,307.5 1461,300 1448.0096189432334,292.5false2164186M1601 250 L1601 300 L1651 250 z10true182164187M1641 250 L1641 300 L1691 250 z10true182164188M1981 645 C1951 645 1491 300 1461 300 5true18trueM 1201.9468550441647 118.26155629629604 L 1187 117 L 1193.380887721186 130.57513432307834false2164189M1691 370 L1691 420 L1741 370 z10true182164190M1171 750 L1171 800 L1221 750 z10true182164191M1871 350 C1841 350 1491 300 1461 300 5true18trueM 1201.9468550441647 118.26155629629604 L 1187 117 L 1193.380887721186 130.57513432307834false2164192M1376 325 C1376 355 1321 162.5 1321 192.5 149true182164193M1376 410 C1376 380 1376 355 1376 325 149false18trueM 1050.9468550441647 111.26155629629604 L 1036 110 L 1042.380887721186 123.57513432307834false2164194M1376 215 C1376 185 1375 185 1375 155 5false18488638644911107698195837715879062164106Left195837815879072164107Right195837915879082164108Right44705910109548243348863964491100922308195838015879102164110Left195838115879112164111Right995994622164112Left996094632164113Right44706091035482434488641644911107713083833942164185Left3843952164188Right3853962164191Right105044824442164180Right229791035644914668515879152164127Left4668615879162164128Right2242048243992214233336449184603912164131Left28094672164132Right14243346449184613912164133Left28194692164134Right142521464491828294692164135Left28394702164136Right142621564491828494702164137Left28594712164138Right142721664491828694712164139Left28794722164140Right14283356449184623912164141Left28894732164142Right142933664491828994732164143Left14524824402164144Right143033864491829094732164145Left29194742164146Right1431337644912329294752164147Right14534824402164148Left1435342644913084643932164160Left29694782164161Right1436242644914965015879112164162Left14564824392164163Right143734364491829794632164164Left29894802164165Right143834464491865115879162164166Left29994802164167Right1439345644912330094802164168Left30194752164169Right14423496449130830494672164179Right14584824432164178Left1443350644913084663942164193Right30594852164192Left57189577596449114false13008516regular5494852164194Right634502164175634512164176634522164177103745129513541.31.3021432726710374643415401.01.0-9023280360220338M461 844 C462 909 462 1111 462 1196 91false61.0352.0220339M130 552 C130 502 180 452 230 452 C1033 452 2078 452 2881 452 C2931 452 2981 502 2981 552 C2981 893 2981 1335 2981 1676 C2981 1726 2931 1776 2881 1776 C2078 1776 1033 1776 230 1776 C180 1776 130 1726 130 1676 C130 1335 130 893 130 552 1true62851.01324.024526115Endoplasmic Reticulum235828201.01.01601524526215Calcium Ion Channel3791071201.01.01601524526315Nucleus13601379201.01.01601524526415MAPK/ERK Pathway18791339201.01.01601524526515PI3K-Akt Pathway21091039201.01.01601524526615↑ Antigen presentation, pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, chemotactic factors11241566181.61.61601524526715Cytoplasm207524201.01.01601524526815Types of Gα subunits1968699201.01.01601524527815Cell Membrane205414201.01.0160151022705211352202844487119741#FFEEDE4285353