64649
Pathway
Rac 1 Cell Motility Signaling Pathway
Rac1 is signaling protein part of the Rho GTPase family it is involved in cell motility, cell growth and cytoskeletal reorganization. Rac1 activity is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). GEFs cause the release of GDP, allowing GDP to bind and Rac1 to become activated. GTPase-activated proteins (GAPs) down regulate the activity of GEFs be stimulating the inactivation via binding of GDP to Rac1. Active Rac1 stimulates proteins (ie. Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome) leading to actin polymerization. Actin polymerization is also regulated by cofilin. PAK proteins are critical effectors to cytoskeleton reorganization. PAK1 phosphorylates and activates LIM kinase. LIM kinase then phosphorylates cofilin, inactivating it leading to reduced actin filament severing and depolymerization, therby increasing polymerized actin. Rac1 stimulates lamellipodia and filopodia formation which are involved in cell movement and sensing the environment. It is proposed that PAK1 is involved in the phosphorylation of myosin light chain affecting myosin light chain phosphorylation.
Protein
PW064787
Center
PathwayVisualizationContext65063
2000
2000
#000099
PathwayVisualization64533
64649
Rac 1 Cell Motility Signaling Pathway
Rac1 is signaling protein part of the Rho GTPase family it is involved in cell motility, cell growth and cytoskeletal reorganization. Rac1 activity is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). GEFs cause the release of GDP, allowing GDP to bind and Rac1 to become activated. GTPase-activated proteins (GAPs) down regulate the activity of GEFs be stimulating the inactivation via binding of GDP to Rac1. Active Rac1 stimulates proteins (ie. Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome) leading to actin polymerization. Actin polymerization is also regulated by cofilin. PAK proteins are critical effectors to cytoskeleton reorganization. PAK1 phosphorylates and activates LIM kinase. LIM kinase then phosphorylates cofilin, inactivating it leading to reduced actin filament severing and depolymerization, therby increasing polymerized actin. Rac1 stimulates lamellipodia and filopodia formation which are involved in cell movement and sensing the environment. It is proposed that PAK1 is involved in the phosphorylation of myosin light chain affecting myosin light chain phosphorylation.
Protein
1
57810
RHO Subpathway
InhibitorySubPathway
229935
https://cgap.nci.nih.gov/Pathways/BioCarta/h_rac1Pathway
64649
Pathway
229936
16949823
Ridley AJ: Rho GTPases and actin dynamics in membrane protrusions and vesicle trafficking. Trends Cell Biol. 2006 Oct;16(10):522-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.08.006. Epub 2006 Sep 1.
64649
Pathway
229937
8805275
Brown JL, Stowers L, Baer M, Trejo J, Coughlin S, Chant J: Human Ste20 homologue hPAK1 links GTPases to the JNK MAP kinase pathway. Curr Biol. 1996 May 1;6(5):598-605.
64649
Pathway
229938
10092231
Sanders LC, Matsumura F, Bokoch GM, de Lanerolle P: Inhibition of myosin light chain kinase by p21-activated kinase. Science. 1999 Mar 26;283(5410):2083-5.
64649
Pathway
1
Cell
CL:0000000
3
Neuron
CL:0000540
2
Platelet
CL:0000233
5
Hepatocyte
CL:0000182
4
Cardiomyocyte
CL:0000746
8
Beta cell
CL:0000639
7
Epithelial Cell
CL:0000066
1
Homo sapiens
9606
Eukaryote
Human
3
Escherichia coli
562
Prokaryote
24
Solanum lycopersicum
4081
Eukaryote
Tomato
18
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
4932
Eukaryote
Yeast
21
Xenopus laevis
8355
Eukaryote
African clawed frog
4
Arabidopsis thaliana
3702
Eukaryote
Thale cress
12
Mus musculus
10090
Eukaryote
Mouse
49
Bathymodiolus platifrons
220390
Eukaryote
Deep sea mussel
60
Nitzschia sp.
0001
Eukaryote
Nitzschia4
5
Bos taurus
9913
Eukaryote
Cattle
17
Rattus norvegicus
10116
Eukaryote
Rat
10
Drosophila melanogaster
7227
Eukaryote
Fruit fly
6
Caenorhabditis elegans
6239
Eukaryote
Roundworm
2
Bacteria
2
Prokaryote
Bacteria
19
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
4896
Eukaryote
29
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c)
559292
Eukaryote
Baker's yeast
25
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
83333
Prokaryote
23
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
287
Prokaryote
62
Acinetobacter baylyi (strain ATCC 33305 / BD413 / ADP1)
62977
Prokaryote
5
Cytoplasm
GO:0005737
3
Mitochondrial Matrix
GO:0005759
1
Cytosol
GO:0005829
10
Cell Membrane
GO:0005886
35
Chloroplast
GO:0009507
4
Peroxisome
GO:0005777
13
Endoplasmic Reticulum
GO:0005783
14
Mitochondrial Outer Membrane
GO:0005741
2
Mitochondrion
GO:0005739
7
Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane
GO:0005789
25
Golgi apparatus
GO:0005794
27
Peroxisome Membrane
GO:0005778
15
Nucleus
GO:0005634
26
Golgi apparatus membrane
GO:0000139
11
Extracellular Space
GO:0005615
12
Mitochondrial Inner Membrane
GO:0005743
19
sarcoplasmic reticulum
GO:0016529
24
Mitochondrial Intermembrane Space
GO:0005758
6
Lysosome
GO:0005764
16
Lysosomal Lumen
GO:0043202
36
Membrane
GO:0016020
31
Periplasmic Space
GO:0005620
34
Plant-Type Vacuole
GO:0000325
32
Inner Membrane
GO:0070258
24
Brain
BTO:0000142
89
16
2
Endothelium
BTO:0000393
1
Liver
BTO:0000759
72
9
7
Nervous System
BTO:0001484
5
cardiocyte
BTO:0001539
8
Blood Vessel
BTO:0001102
74
11
18
Pancreas
BTO:0000988
25
Intestine
BTO:0000648
8
5
1
1
PW_BS000008
4
3
1
1
PW_BS000004
2
1
1
1
PW_BS000002
14
10
1
PW_BS000014
73
10
1
3
PW_BS000073
85
24
10
1
1
PW_BS000085
103
3
3
1
PW_BS000103
155
3
24
1
PW_BS000155
161
3
18
1
PW_BS000161
178
3
21
1
PW_BS000178
222
3
4
1
PW_BS000024
115
10
12
PW_BS000115
198
5
18
1
PW_BS000024
151
1
4
1
PW_BS000151
290
5
49
1
PW_BS000024
1
1
PW_BS000001
225
35
4
1
PW_BS000024
133
3
12
1
PW_BS000133
111
5
12
1
PW_BS000111
132
1
12
1
PW_BS000132
368
3
60
1
PW_BS000028
308
10
1
1
PW_BS000024
164
4
PW_BS000164
253
5
4
1
PW_BS000024
406
3
5
1
PW_BS000115
122
5
5
1
PW_BS000122
124
1
5
1
PW_BS000124
120
3
17
1
PW_BS000120
135
5
17
1
PW_BS000135
118
1
17
1
PW_BS000118
479
3
10
1
PW_BS000115
297
5
10
1
PW_BS000024
299
1
10
1
PW_BS000024
501
3
6
1
PW_BS000115
205
5
6
1
PW_BS000024
388
1
6
1
PW_BS000112
211
10
18
PW_BS000024
405
10
5
PW_BS000115
376
10
17
PW_BS000053
16
2
1
2
PW_BS000016
26
1
1
1
5
PW_BS000026
5
4
1
1
PW_BS000005
18
13
1
1
PW_BS000018
22
14
1
1
PW_BS000022
39
7
1
1
3
PW_BS000039
3
2
1
1
PW_BS000003
21
5
1
1
4
PW_BS000021
46
1
1
4
PW_BS000046
49
7
1
1
PW_BS000049
43
25
1
1
PW_BS000043
10
1
7
1
1
PW_BS000010
59
27
1
1
PW_BS000059
23
15
1
1
PW_BS000023
29
1
1
1
PW_BS000029
7
1
1
PW_BS000007
31
1
5
1
1
PW_BS000031
91
8
5
1
1
PW_BS000091
54
1
3
1
5
PW_BS000054
56
26
1
1
PW_BS000056
104
14
3
1
PW_BS000104
112
2
12
1
PW_BS000112
147
1
24
1
PW_BS000147
166
1
1
PW_BS000166
160
1
18
1
PW_BS000160
199
14
18
1
PW_BS000024
206
2
6
1
PW_BS000024
213
7
18
1
PW_BS000024
214
25
18
1
PW_BS000024
216
4
18
1
PW_BS000024
210
13
18
1
PW_BS000024
249
13
4
1
PW_BS000024
288
14
4
1
PW_BS000024
226
4
4
1
PW_BS000024
285
10
4
1
PW_BS000024
329
14
12
1
PW_BS000028
336
1
12
1
PW_BS000028
334
4
12
1
PW_BS000028
335
27
12
1
PW_BS000028
331
7
12
1
PW_BS000028
356
25
12
1
PW_BS000028
130
13
12
1
PW_BS000130
184
1
2
1
PW_BS000024
372
10
2
PW_BS000028
15
11
1
PW_BS000015
51
8
1
PW_BS000051
383
7
5
1
PW_BS000100
27
15
1
PW_BS000027
223
12
4
1
PW_BS000024
390
7
6
1
PW_BS000112
398
7
17
1
PW_BS000113
382
14
5
1
PW_BS000100
407
2
5
1
PW_BS000115
408
4
5
1
PW_BS000115
429
1
5
1
PW_BS000115
419
25
5
1
PW_BS000115
125
13
5
1
PW_BS000125
422
27
5
1
PW_BS000115
399
14
17
1
PW_BS000113
119
2
17
1
PW_BS000119
374
4
17
1
PW_BS000053
464
1
17
1
PW_BS000115
455
25
17
1
PW_BS000115
136
13
17
1
PW_BS000136
375
27
17
1
PW_BS000053
484
14
10
1
PW_BS000115
481
2
10
1
PW_BS000115
482
4
10
1
PW_BS000115
495
7
10
1
PW_BS000115
490
25
10
1
PW_BS000115
478
10
10
PW_BS000115
491
27
10
1
PW_BS000115
300
13
10
1
PW_BS000024
389
14
6
1
PW_BS000112
502
4
6
1
PW_BS000115
507
25
6
1
PW_BS000115
209
10
6
PW_BS000024
508
27
6
1
PW_BS000115
395
13
6
1
PW_BS000113
35
5
19
1
4
PW_BS000035
47
19
1
4
PW_BS000047
42
24
1
1
PW_BS000042
58
1
14
1
1
PW_BS000058
17
12
1
1
PW_BS000017
9
6
1
1
PW_BS000009
71
11
1
3
PW_BS000071
72
5
1
3
PW_BS000072
66
18
5
1
8
PW_BS000066
28
1
16
1
1
PW_BS000028
101
5
3
1
PW_BS000101
190
11
18
PW_BS000024
345
24
12
1
PW_BS000028
114
11
12
PW_BS000114
74
1
3
PW_BS000074
228
36
1
PW_BS000024
418
24
5
1
PW_BS000115
409
11
5
PW_BS000115
454
24
17
1
PW_BS000115
137
11
17
PW_BS000137
489
24
10
1
PW_BS000115
506
24
6
1
PW_BS000115
61
25
1
7
PW_BS000061
97
1
5
2
1
PW_BS000097
100
5
2
1
PW_BS000100
129
1
5
12
1
PW_BS000129
108
1
3
PW_BS000108
6
1
3
1
PW_BS000006
143
1
5
19
1
PW_BS000143
146
5
19
1
PW_BS000146
107
31
3
PW_BS000107
117
1
3
1
PW_BS000117
188
1
18
PW_BS000024
212
1
7
18
1
PW_BS000024
163
2
18
1
PW_BS000163
227
34
4
1
PW_BS000024
241
5
29
PW_BS000024
257
15
29
1
PW_BS000024
170
18
PW_BS000170
281
1
25
1
PW_BS000024
304
1
2
PW_BS000024
315
1
23
PW_BS000024
318
31
23
PW_BS000024
322
1
23
1
PW_BS000024
293
4
1
PW_BS000024
134
12
12
1
PW_BS000134
332
1
7
12
1
PW_BS000028
353
25
12
7
PW_BS000028
384
12
5
1
PW_BS000100
391
12
6
1
PW_BS000112
94
3
PW_BS000094
109
32
3
PW_BS000109
121
12
17
1
PW_BS000121
123
1
7
5
1
PW_BS000123
447
1
7
17
1
PW_BS000115
472
25
17
7
PW_BS000115
298
1
7
10
1
PW_BS000024
513
1
7
6
1
PW_BS000115
84
24
11
1
PW_BS000084
87
24
5
1
1
PW_BS000087
653
1
62
4
PW_BS000508
986
Guanosine triphosphate
HMDB0001273
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is a guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. GTP functions as a carrier of phosphates and pyrophosphates involved in channeling chemical energy into specific biosynthetic pathways. GTP activates the signal transducing G proteins which are involved in various cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and activation of several intracellular kinase cascades. Proliferation and apoptosis are regulated in part by the hydrolysis of GTP by small GTPases Ras and Rho. Another type of small GTPase, Rab, plays a role in the docking and fusion of vesicles and may also be involved in vesicle formation. In addition to its role in signal transduction, GTP also serves as an energy-rich precursor of mononucleotide units in the enzymatic biosynthesis of DNA and RNA.
86-01-1
C00044
6830
15996
GTP
6569
NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1
C10H16N5O14P3
InChI=1S/C10H16N5O14P3/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(27-9)1-26-31(22,23)29-32(24,25)28-30(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H,24,25)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1
XKMLYUALXHKNFT-UUOKFMHZSA-N
({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid
523.1804
522.990659781
-1.70
8
triphosphate, guanosine
0
-3
FDB022527
5'-gtp;Gtg;Gtp;Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate);Guanosine 5'-triphosphate;Guanosine 5'-triphosphorate;Guanosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Guanosine triphosphate;Guanosine mono(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) (ester);H4gtp;Guanosine-5'-triphosphate
PW_C000986
GTP
81
8
240
4
1939
2
4091
14
4153
73
5006
85
5384
103
6043
155
6103
161
6490
178
7478
222
11753
115
11769
198
11981
151
12725
290
69327
1
76962
225
77144
133
77544
111
77951
132
80025
368
80088
308
80121
164
89113
253
119985
406
120066
122
121204
124
122768
120
122818
135
123774
118
125365
479
125443
297
126480
299
126907
501
126982
205
128051
388
936
Guanosine diphosphate
HMDB0001201
Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GDP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine. GDP is the product of GTP dephosphorylation by GTPases, e.g. the G-proteins that are involved in signal transduction.
146-91-8
C00035
8977
17552
GDP-4-DEHYDRO-6-DEOXY-D-MANNOSE
8630
NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1
C10H15N5O11P2
InChI=1S/C10H15N5O11P2/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(25-9)1-24-28(22,23)26-27(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1
QGWNDRXFNXRZMB-UUOKFMHZSA-N
[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-3H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid
443.2005
443.024329371
-2.00
7
{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-3H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxyphosphonic acid
0
-3
FDB022487
5'-gdp;Gdp;Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate);Guanosine 5'-diphosphate;Guanosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Guanosine mono(trihydrogen diphosphate);Guanosine pyrophosphate;Guanosine-5'-diphosphate;Guanosine-diphosphate;Ppg;Guanosine diphosphate;Guanosine 5'-diphosphoric acid
PW_C000936
GDP
83
8
238
4
1762
14
2391
2
4154
73
5007
85
5382
103
6041
155
6101
161
6488
178
7476
222
11754
115
11771
211
11823
198
12727
290
13395
151
69322
1
77142
133
77546
111
77952
132
80023
368
80080
308
80122
164
89115
253
119983
406
120068
122
121205
124
121847
405
122766
120
122820
135
123775
118
124400
376
125363
479
125445
297
126905
501
126984
205
423
Magnesium
HMDB0000547
Magnesium salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilatation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide; the undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base, and is commonly used as an antacid.
22537-22-0
C00305
888
18420
13-HYDROXY-MAGNESIUM-PROTOPORP
865
DB01378
[Mg++]
Mg
InChI=1S/Mg/q+2
JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
magnesium(2+) ion
24.305
23.985041898
0
magnesium(2+) ion
2
2
FDB003518
Magnesium;Magnesium ions;Magnesium ion;Magnesium, doubly charged positive ion;Magnesium, ion (mg(2+));Mg(2+);Mg2+
PW_C000423
Mg2+
86
8
227
4
268
16
476
2
727
26
811
5
819
18
883
22
936
39
983
3
992
21
1167
46
1483
49
1529
43
1764
14
2124
10
2411
59
2942
23
3126
29
3373
7
4540
31
4774
91
4869
54
4974
56
5253
104
5329
111
5356
112
5376
103
5906
147
5934
151
6038
155
6094
161
6250
166
6484
178
6594
164
6881
160
6979
199
7170
205
7194
206
7227
213
7233
211
7250
214
7310
216
7313
198
7473
222
11763
132
11843
210
12312
225
12324
249
12513
288
12581
226
12729
290
15275
285
15337
308
77137
133
77236
329
77937
336
78393
334
78417
335
78489
115
78522
331
78536
356
78574
130
80020
368
80045
184
80048
372
80623
118
80654
135
80865
15
80965
253
81841
51
93832
383
94900
27
108596
223
110559
390
115687
398
119974
406
120070
122
120247
382
120702
407
120981
408
121181
124
121265
429
121319
419
121924
125
122086
405
122408
422
122759
120
122921
399
123307
119
123546
374
123835
464
123889
455
124477
136
124637
376
124978
375
125447
297
125598
484
125669
479
125777
481
125921
482
125947
299
125973
495
126000
490
126243
478
126553
491
126753
300
127125
389
127164
501
127380
502
127407
388
127451
507
127804
209
128125
508
128347
395
353
Calcium
HMDB0000464
Calcium is essential for the normal growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, and calcium requirements must be met throughout life. Requirements are greatest during periods of growth, such as childhood, during pregnancy and when breast-feeding. Long-term calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased risk of fractures. Adults need between 1,000 and 1,300 mg of calcium in their daily diet. Calcium is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, and is the most common metal in many animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Calcium combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. A deficit can affect bone and tooth formation, while overretention can cause kidney stones. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well-known source of calcium. However, some individuals are allergic to dairy products and even more people, particularly those of non-European descent, are lactose-intolerant, leaving them unable to consume dairy products. Fortunately, many other good sources of calcium exist. These include: seaweeds such as kelp, wakame and hijiki; nuts and seeds (like almonds and sesame); beans; amaranth; collard greens; okra; rutabaga; broccoli; kale; and fortified products such as orange juice and soy milk. Calcium has also been found to assist in the production of lymphatic fluids.
14127-61-8
C00076
271
29108
CA%2b2
266
DB01373
[Ca++]
Ca
InChI=1S/Ca/q+2
BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
calcium(2+) ion
40.078
39.962591155
0
calcium(2+) ion
2
2
FDB003513
Ca;Calcium element;Ca(2+);Ca2+;Calcium ion;Calcium, doubly charged positive ion
PW_C000353
Ca2+
276
16
303
8
553
14
601
2
941
15
993
21
997
35
1046
3
1163
46
1164
47
1478
49
1491
42
1552
43
2116
58
2138
17
2796
18
2937
9
3159
71
3160
72
3942
29
4186
66
4782
10
4822
28
5340
111
5780
101
7179
205
7232
211
7258
160
7281
190
11774
213
11837
198
11842
210
12198
164
12215
285
15288
151
15350
308
69336
1
77389
331
77600
115
78154
132
78266
356
78526
345
78724
130
78908
114
80413
74
80589
228
81826
51
120220
122
120465
405
121049
124
121300
418
121377
419
121850
383
121923
125
122370
409
122895
135
123099
376
123613
118
123870
454
123936
455
124403
398
124476
136
124924
137
125571
297
125711
478
125981
489
126009
299
126050
490
126533
495
127203
209
127434
506
127460
388
127502
507
128105
390
1104
Phosphate
HMDB0001429
Phosphate is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry, biogeochemistry and ecology. Phosphate (Pi) is an essential component of life. In biological systems, phosphorus is found as a free phosphate ion in solution and is called inorganic phosphate, to distinguish it from phosphates bound in various phosphate esters. Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted Pi and at physiological (neutral) pH primarily consists of a mixture of HPO<sup>2-</sup><sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sup>-</sup><sub>4</sub> ions. phosphates are most commonly found in the form of adenosine phosphates, (AMP, ADP and ATP) and in DNA and RNA and can be released by the hydrolysis of ATP or ADP. Similar reactions exist for the other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. Phosphoanhydride bonds in ADP and ATP, or other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates, contain high amounts of energy which give them their vital role in all living organisms. Phosphate must be actively transported into cells against its electrochemical gradient. In vertebrates, two unrelated families of Na+-dependent Pi transporters carry out this task. Remarkably, the two families transport different Pi species: whereas type II Na+/Pi cotransporters (SCL34) prefer divalent HPO4(2), type III Na+/Pi cotransporters (SLC20) transport monovalent H2PO4. The SCL34 family comprises both electrogenic and electroneutral members that are expressed in various epithelia and other polarized cells. Through regulated activity in apical membranes of the gut and kidney, they maintain body Pi homeostasis, and in salivary and mammary glands, liver, and testes they play a role in modulating the Pi content of luminal fluids. Phosphate levels in the blood play an important role in hormone signaling and in bone homeostasis. In classical endocrine regulation, low serum phosphate induces the renal production of the seco-steroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3).This active metabolite of vitamin D acts to restore circulating mineral (i.e. phosphate and calcium) levels by increasing absorption in the intestine, reabsorption in the kidney, and mobilization of calcium and phosphate from bone. Thus, chronic renal failure is associated with hyperparathyroidism, which in turn contributes to osteomalacia (softening of the bones). Another complication of chronic renal failure is hyperphosphatemia (low levels of phosphate in the blood). Hyperphosphatemia (excess levels of phosphate in the blood) is a prevalent condition in kidney dialysis patients and is associated with increased risk of mortality. Hypophosphatemia (hungry bone syndrome) has been associated to postoperative electrolyte aberrations and after parathyroidectomy. (PMID: 17581921, 11169009, 11039261, 9159312, 17625581)Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) has recently been recognized as a key mediator of phosphate homeostasis, its most notable effect being promotion of phosphate excretion. FGF-23 was discovered to be involved in diseases such as autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, X-linked hypophosphatemia, and tumor-induced osteomalacia in which phosphate wasting was coupled to inappropriately low levels of 1,25(OH)2D3. FGF-23 is regulated by dietary phosphate in humans. In particular it was found that phosphate restriction decreased FGF-23, and phosphate loading increased FGF-23.
14265-44-2
C00009
1061
18367
CPD-8587
1032
[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O
O4P
InChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-3
NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K
phosphoric acid
94.9714
94.95342
3
phosphoric acid
0
-2
DBMET00532
FDB022617
Nfb orthophosphate;O-phosphoric acid;Ortho-phosphate;Orthophosphate (po43-);Orthophosphate(3-);Phosphate;Phosphate (po43-);Phosphate anion(3-);Phosphate ion (po43-);Phosphate ion(3-);Phosphate trianion;Phosphate(3-);Phosphoric acid ion(3-);Pi;[po4](3-);Orthophosphate;Phosphate ion;Po4(3-);Phosphoric acid;Orthophosphoric acid;Phosphoric acid ion
PW_C001104
Pi
24
4
84
8
814
5
818
18
831
2
980
3
1763
14
1767
49
2500
10
2729
47
2737
46
3129
29
3166
72
3636
61
3851
23
4249
22
4475
31
5031
27
5158
7
5207
97
5216
100
5317
111
5351
112
5381
103
5447
120
5543
129
5573
133
5605
135
5625
108
5693
6
5848
143
5855
146
5911
147
5941
151
6040
155
6100
161
6294
107
6487
178
6691
101
6714
117
6842
188
6889
160
7161
205
7189
206
7212
211
7306
198
7389
210
7402
212
7436
163
7475
222
8196
225
8258
227
10118
241
10134
257
11748
132
11761
115
11773
213
11904
170
11927
164
12014
281
12728
290
13263
223
34819
17
42255
304
42350
315
42435
318
43692
322
77018
253
77194
293
77217
134
77940
336
77966
130
78048
332
78057
329
78245
353
78669
331
80022
368
89279
308
93831
383
94796
384
110558
390
110640
391
113235
94
115845
398
116206
109
119982
406
120069
122
120699
407
121057
124
121216
125
121268
429
121352
121
121409
123
121423
382
121852
405
123304
119
123621
118
123786
136
123838
464
123968
447
123981
399
124405
376
124948
472
125362
479
125446
297
125774
481
125954
299
126221
478
126594
300
126604
298
126723
484
126904
501
127413
388
127783
209
128166
395
128177
513
128315
389
354
PI3K
ProteinComplex
1064
ProteinComplex
PW_EC000354
PI3K
80071
8
1265
Alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor
P16234
Receptor that binds both PDGFA and PDGFB and has a tyrosine-protein kinase activity
HMDBP01355
PDGFRA
4q12
AK316578
1
2.7.10.1
80364
228
3832
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV3
Q9UKW4
Exchange factor for GTP-binding proteins RhoA, RhoG and, to a lesser extent, Rac1. Binds physically to the nucleotide-free states of those GTPases. Plays an important role in angiogenesis. Its recruitement by phosphorylated EPHA2 is critical for EFNA1- induced RAC1 GTPase activation and vascular endothelial cell migration and assembly
HMDBP08615
VAV3
1p13.3
AF035442
1
4219
2
80316
8
1598
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
P63000
Isoform B has an accelerated GEF-independent GDP/GTP exchange and an impaired GTP hydrolysis, which is restored partially by GTPase-activating proteins. It is able to bind to the GTPase-binding domain of PAK but not full-length PAK in a GTP- dependent manner, suggesting that the insertion does not completely abolish effector interaction
HMDBP01778
RAC1
7p22
BT007121
1
3729
14
4226
2
80295
8
134678
166
3717
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 1
Q13153
The activated kinase acts on a variety of targets. Likely to be the GTPase effector that links the Rho-related GTPases to the JNK MAP kinase pathway. Activated by CDC42 and RAC1. Involved in dissolution of stress fibers and reorganization of focal complexes. Involved in regulation of microtubule biogenesis through phosphorylation of TBCB. Activity is inhibited in cells undergoing apoptosis, potentially due to binding of CDC2L1 and CDC2L2
HMDBP08499
PAK1
11q13-q14
AF071884
1
2.7.11.1
4112
2
80366
8
134629
166
14518
LIM domain kinase 1
P53667
LIMK1
1
80367
8
8281
Actin, cytoplasmic 1
P60709
Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells.
ACTB
1
6556
84
6568
87
80368
8
8593
Adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1
Q01518
Directly regulates filament dynamics and has been implicated in a number of complex developmental and morphological processes, including mRNA localization and the establishment of cell polarity.
CAP1
1
80369
8
8594
Cofilin-1
P23528
Binds to F-actin and exhibits pH-sensitive F-actin depolymerizing activity. Regulates actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Important for normal progress through mitosis and normal cytokinesis. Plays a role in the regulation of cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization. Required for the up-regulation of atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2 from endosomal compartment to cell membrane, increasing its efficiency in chemokine uptake and degradation.
CFL1
1
80370
8
1815
G1/S-specific cyclin-D1
P24385
Essential for the control of the cell cycle at the G1/S (start) transition
HMDBP02156
CCND1
11q13
L09054
1
80372
8
8465
G1/S-specific cyclin-D3
P30281
Regulatory component of the cyclin D3-CDK4 (DC) complex that phosphorylates and inhibits members of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein family including RB1 and regulates the cell-cycle during G(1)/S transition. Phosphorylation of RB1 allows dissociation of the transcription factor E2F from the RB/E2F complex and the subsequent transcription of E2F target genes which are responsible for the progression through the G(1) phase. Hypophosphorylates RB1 in early G(1) phase. Cyclin D-CDK4 complexes are major integrators of various mitogenenic and antimitogenic signals. Also substrate for SMAD3, phosphorylating SMAD3 in a cell-cycle-dependent manner and repressing its transcriptional activity. Component of the ternary complex, cyclin D3/CDK4/CDKN1B, required for nuclear translocation and activity of the cyclin D-CDK4 complex.
CCND3
1
80373
8
1301
Cell division protein kinase 5
Q00535
Probably involved in the control of the cell cycle. Interacts with D1 and D3-type G1 cyclins. Can phosphorylate histone H1, tau, MAP2 and NF-H and NF-M. Also interacts with p35 which activates the kinase
HMDBP01398
CDK5
7q36
X66364
1
2.7.11.1
80374
8
5729
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1
P38936
CDKN1A
Z85996
1
3137
2
80375
8
80838
27
5811
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
P12004
1
8514
23
80376
8
80844
27
1317
Myosin light chain kinase, smooth muscle
Q15746
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent enzyme implicated in smooth muscle contraction via phosphorylation of myosin light chains (MLC). Also regulates actin-myosin interaction through a non- kinase activty. Implicated in the regulation of endothelial as well as vascular permeability. In the nervous system it has been shown to control the growth initiation of astrocytic processes in culture and to participate in transmitter release at synapses formed between cultured sympathetic ganglion cells. Critical participant in signaling sequences that result in fibroblast apoptosis
HMDBP01417
MYLK
3q21
X85337
1
2.7.11.18
994
21
2775
46
4202
2
80377
8
136136
653
3020
Myosin regulatory light chain 2, ventricular/cardiac muscle isoform
P10916
HMDBP07800
MYL2
12q24.11
S69022
1
80378
8
3529
Arfaptin-2
P53365
Putative target protein of ADP-ribosylation factor. Involved in membrane ruffling
HMDBP08309
ARFIP2
11p15
U52522
1
80380
8
14449
Phospholipase D1
Q13393
Implicated as a critical step in numerous cellular pathways, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and the regulation of mitosis. May be involved in the regulation of perinuclear intravesicular membrane traffic (By similarity).
PLD1
1
3.1.4.4
80290
8
14521
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family member 1
Q92558
WASF1
1
80381
8
1325
Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1
P23443
Acts to integrate nutrient and growth factor signals in regulation of protein synthesis, cell proliferation, cell growth, cell cycle progression and cell survival. Downstream effector of the mTOR signaling pathway. Phosphorylates specifically ribosomal protein S6 in response to insulin or several classes of mitogens. During translation initiation, the inactive form associatess with the eIF-3 complex under conditions of nutrient depletion. Mitogenic stimulation leads to phosphorylation and dissociation from the eIF-3 complex and the free activated form can phosphorylate other translational targets including EIF4B. Promotes protein synthesis by phosphorylating PDCD4 at 'Ser-67' and targeting it for degradation. Phosphorylates RICTOR leading to regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) signaling; probably phosphorylates RICTOR at 'Thr-1135'. Phosphorylates IRS1 at multiple serine residues coupled with insulin resistance; probably phosphorylates IRS1 at 'Ser-270'. Required for TNF-alpha induced IRS-1 degradation. Phosphorylates EEF2K in response to IGF1 and inhibits EEF2K activity. Phosphorylates BAD at 'Ser-99' in response to IGF1 leading to BAD inactivation and inhibition of BAD-induced apoptosis. Phosphorylates mitochondrial RMP leading to dissociation of a RMP:PPP1CC complex; probably phosphorylates RMP at 'Ser-99'. The free mitochondrial PPP1CC can dephosphorylate RPS6KB1 at Thr-412 which is proposed to be a negative feed back mechanism for the RPS6KB1 antiapoptotic function. Phosphorylates GSK3B at 'Ser-9' under conditions leading to loss of the TSC1-TSC2 complex. Phosphorylates POLDIP3
HMDBP01426
RPS6KB1
17q23.1
M60724
1
2.7.11.1
5045
2
43818
8
1067
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1
Q13233
Component of a protein kinase signal transduction cascade. Activates the ERK and JNK kinase pathways by phosphorylation of MAP2K1 and MAP2K4. Activates CHUK and IKBKB, the central protein kinases of the NF-kappa-B pathway
HMDBP01134
MAP3K1
5q11.2
AC008937
1
2.7.11.25
4097
2
80348
228
80357
8
134682
14
1897
RalA-binding protein 1
Q15311
Can activate specifically hydrolysis of GTP bound to RAC1 and CDC42, but not RALA. Mediates ATP-dependent transport of S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-glutathione (DNP-SG) and doxorubicin (DOX) and is the major ATP-dependent transporter of glutathione conjugates of electrophiles (GS-E) and DOX in erythrocytes. Can catalyze transport of glutathione conjugates and xenobiotics, and may contribute to the multidrug resistance phenomenon. Serves as a scaffold protein that brings together proteins forming an endocytotic complex during interphase and also with CDK1 to switch off endocytosis, One of its substrates would be EPN1/Epsin
HMDBP02344
RALBP1
18p11.3
L42542
1
3217
14
8522
228
80291
8
14520
Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 12B
O60237
PPP1R12B
1
80379
8
7640
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha
1
PW_P007640
15541
1265
1010
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV3
1
PW_P001010
1153
3832
1
903
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
1
PW_P000903
1028
1598
1
3602
14
973
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 1
1
PW_P000973
1099
3717
1
408
423
1
7641
LIM domain kinase 1
1
PW_P007641
15542
14518
2006
Cofilin-actin-CAP1 complex
1
PW_P002006
3834
8281
1
3835
8593
1
3836
8594
1
1955
Cell cycle kinase complex CDK5
1
PW_P001955
3600
1815
1
3601
8465
1
3602
1301
1
3603
5729
1
3604
5811
1
224
Myosin light chain kinase, smooth muscle
1
PW_P000224
242
1317
107
423
1
108
353
1
7643
Myosin regulatory light chain 2, ventricular/cardiac muscle isoform
1
PW_P007643
15544
3020
7645
Arfaptin-2
1
PW_P007645
15546
3529
7625
Phospholipase D1
1
PW_P007625
15511
14449
7646
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family member 1
1
PW_P007646
15547
14521
1126
70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase
1
PW_P001126
1288
1325
1
964
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 with phosphate
1
PW_P000964
1090
1067
1
403
1104
1
404
423
1
765
RalA-binding protein 1
1
PW_P000765
862
1897
7644
Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 12B
1
PW_P007644
15545
14520
449
Activation
PW_I000449
897
7640
ProteinComplex
1
898
354
ElementCollection
1
413
Activation
PW_I000413
825
1010
ProteinComplex
1
826
903
ProteinComplex
1
450
Activation
PW_I000450
899
354
ElementCollection
1
900
903
ProteinComplex
1
452
Activation
PW_I000452
903
903
ProteinComplex
1
904
973
ProteinComplex
1
453
Activation
PW_I000453
905
973
ProteinComplex
1
906
7641
ProteinComplex
1
454
Activation
PW_I000454
907
7641
ProteinComplex
1
908
2006
ProteinComplex
1
456
Activation
PW_I000456
911
903
ProteinComplex
1
912
1955
ProteinComplex
1
457
Inhibition
PW_I000457
913
1955
ProteinComplex
1
914
973
ProteinComplex
1
458
Activation
PW_I000458
915
224
ProteinComplex
1
916
7643
ProteinComplex
1
460
Activation
PW_I000460
919
903
ProteinComplex
1
920
7645
ProteinComplex
1
461
Activation
PW_I000461
921
903
ProteinComplex
1
922
7625
ProteinComplex
1
462
Activation
PW_I000462
923
903
ProteinComplex
1
924
7646
ProteinComplex
1
463
Activation
PW_I000463
925
903
ProteinComplex
1
926
1126
ProteinComplex
1
464
Activation
PW_I000464
927
903
ProteinComplex
1
928
964
ProteinComplex
1
405
Activation
PW_I000405
809
765
ProteinComplex
1
810
903
ProteinComplex
1
465
Activation
PW_I000465
929
7644
ProteinComplex
1
930
7643
ProteinComplex
1
1588657
986
54
false
835
475
20
regular
50
30
1588658
936
53
false
585
445
10
regular
50
30
1588660
423
8
9
true
85
545
10
regular
100
25
1588661
423
8
9
true
795
697
10
regular
100
25
1588662
423
8
9
true
25
20
10
regular
100
25
1588663
353
8
9
true
25
0
10
regular
100
25
1588664
1104
46
false
430
920
10
regular
44
43
1588665
1104
8
9
true
1490
695
10
regular
100
25
1588666
423
8
9
true
1490
675
10
regular
100
25
9656
354
144
228
false
1470
315
12
regular
150
70
594993
1265
228
2
false
1470
100
8
subunit
regular
150
70
594994
3832
8
2
false
785
200
8
subunit
regular
150
70
594995
1598
8
2
false
785
420
8
subunit
regular
150
70
594998
1598
8
2
false
785
420
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595001
3717
8
2
false
95
615
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595002
14518
8
2
false
95
780
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595003
8281
8
2
true
0
945
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595004
8593
8
2
true
140
945
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595005
8594
8
2
false
95
935
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595007
1815
8
2
true
470
585
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595008
8465
8
2
true
470
645
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595009
1301
8
2
false
700
615
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595010
5729
8
2
false
700
675
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595011
5811
8
2
true
470
825
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595012
3717
8
2
true
770
697
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595013
1317
8
2
false
450
750
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595014
3020
8
2
false
455
912
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595017
3529
8
2
false
855
760
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595018
14449
8
2
false
1175
765
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595019
14521
8
2
false
1010
760
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595020
1325
8
2
false
1335
770
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595021
1067
8
2
false
1500
765
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595022
1897
8
2
false
615
200
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595023
1598
8
2
false
615
420
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595024
14520
8
2
false
625
760
8
subunit
regular
150
70
595025
3020
8
2
false
625
920
8
subunit
regular
150
70
482977
7640
64533
228
593570
594993
482978
1010
64533
8
593571
594994
482979
903
64533
8
593572
594995
482982
903
64533
8
593575
594998
482985
973
64533
8
593578
595001
8222
1588660
2166050
Cofactor
482986
7641
64533
8
593579
595002
482987
2006
64533
8
593580
595003
593581
595004
593582
595005
482989
1955
64533
8
593584
595007
593585
595008
593586
595009
593587
595010
593588
595011
482990
973
64533
8
593589
595012
8223
1588661
2166063
Cofactor
482991
224
64533
8
593590
595013
8224
1588662
2166065
Cofactor
8225
1588663
2166066
Cofactor
482992
7643
64533
8
593591
595014
482995
7645
64533
8
593594
595017
482996
7625
64533
8
593595
595018
482997
7646
64533
8
593596
595019
482998
1126
64533
8
593597
595020
482999
964
64533
8
593598
595021
8226
1588665
2166082
Cofactor
8227
1588666
2166083
Cofactor
483000
765
64533
8
593599
595022
483001
903
64533
8
593600
595023
483002
7644
64533
8
593601
595024
483003
7643
64533
8
593602
595025
2166036
M1545 170 C1545 200 1545 210 1545 240
149
false
18
2166037
M1545 315 C1545 285 1545 270 1545 240
149
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2166038
M860 270 C860 300 860 315 860 345
149
false
18
2166039
M860 415 C860 385 860 375 860 345
149
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2166042
M860 420 C860 390 1510 435 1510 405
149
true
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2166043
M1470 350 C1378 378 999 443 935 455
149
false
18
true
M 892.5 387.0096189432334 L 900 400 L 907.5 387.0096189432334
false
2166044
M946 472 C969 484 1191 479 1215 490
148
false
18
false
true
M 917.9384901004253 403.7012273075182 L 911 417 L 904.0615098995747 430.2987726924818
false
false
2166045
M942 489 C965 503 1177 506 1205 513
148
false
18
false
true
M 1104.0500158999523 506.7199745600763 L 1112 494 L 1119.9499841000477 481.2800254399237
2166049
M855 505 C823 545 937 424 905 446
149
false
1
2166050
M80 540 L80 590 L130 540 z
10
true
18
2166051
M170 615 C190 601 855 535 855 505
149
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2166052
M170 685 C170 715 170 726.25 170 756.25
149
false
18
2166053
M170 780 C170 750 170 786.25 170 756.25
149
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2166054
M170 850 C170 880 170 895 170 925
149
false
18
2166055
M170 935 C170 905 170 955 170 925
149
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2166056
M170 1005 C167 1047 170 1079 170 1100
149
false
18
true
M 128.5 1052.0096189432334 L 136 1065 L 143.5 1052.0096189432334
false
2166057
M171 1146 C170 1192 170 1217 170 1240
149
false
18
true
M 126.65354731591317 1171.4087330123846 L 133 1185 L 141.59715613884842 1172.7081772578572
false
2166060
M855 505 C855 535 876 429 876 459
149
false
2
2166061
M775 615 C805 569 860 535 860 505
149
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2166062
M695 650 C725 650 790 685 820 685
148
false
1
2166063
M790 692.5 L790 742.5 L840 692.5 z
10
true
18
2166064
M245 650 C215 650 730 650 700 650
148
false
18
false
true
M 19.565967322978995 -0.31357802678230584 L 11 12 L 2.4340326770210066 24.313578026782306
2166065
M20 15 L20 65 L70 15 z
10
true
18
2166066
M20 -5 L20 45 L70 -5 z
10
true
18
2166067
M530 825 C530 855 530 870 530 900
149
false
18
2166068
M530 912 C530 882 530 930 530 900
149
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2166071
M530 982 C535 1028 532 1073 534 1102
149
false
18
true
M 630.6240071492413 1044.5564175671136 L 639 1057 L 645.588462075586 1043.524386192883
false
2166072
M528 1155 C529 1189 527 1204 529 1227
149
false
18
true
M 625.4028438611516 1169.7081772578572 L 634 1182 L 640.3464526840868 1168.4087330123846
false
2166073
M855 505 C855 535 930 730 930 760
149
false
18
false
false
2166074
M930 760 C930 730 862 540 862 510
149
false
18
true
M 256.94685504416486 226.26155629629605 L 242 225 L 248.38088772118584 238.57513432307834
false
2166075
M860 490 C860 520 1081 650 1121 680
149
false
18
2166076
M1250 765 C1250 735 1126 685 1100 665
149
false
18
true
M 256.94685504416486 226.26155629629605 L 242 225 L 248.38088772118584 238.57513432307834
false
2166077
M855 490 C855 520 861 415 861 445
149
false
1
2166078
M1085 760 C1085 730 863 533 863 503
149
false
18
true
M 256.94685504416486 226.26155629629605 L 242 225 L 248.38088772118584 238.57513432307834
false
2166079
M860 490 C860 520 1410 665 1410 695
149
false
18
2166080
M1415 765 C1415 735 1409 718 1409 688
149
false
18
true
M 256.94685504416486 226.26155629629605 L 242 225 L 248.38088772118584 238.57513432307834
false
2166081
M860 490 C860 520 1575 633.75 1575 663.75
149
false
18
2166082
M770 600 L770 650 L820 600 z
10
true
18
2166083
M770 580 L770 630 L820 580 z
10
true
18
2166084
M1575 765 C1575 735 1575 693.75 1575 663.75
149
false
18
true
M 256.94685504416486 226.26155629629605 L 242 225 L 248.38088772118584 238.57513432307834
false
2166085
M930 830 C931 886 930 913 934 940
149
false
18
true
M 949.4248656769216 880.6191122788142 L 963 887 L 961.738443703704 872.0531449558351
false
2166086
M1085 830 C1096 820 1090 900 1092 943
149
false
18
true
M 989.6780348029974 875.0583666214864 L 991 890 L 1003.2788514813251 881.3843278672201
false
2166087
M1250 835 C1249 883 1250 906 1250 941
149
false
18
true
M 1207.5 873.0096189432334 L 1215 886 L 1222.5 873.0096189432334
false
2166088
M1410 840 C1413 868 1414 908 1414 943
149
false
18
true
M 1371.5 875.0096189432334 L 1379 888 L 1386.5 875.0096189432334
false
2166089
M1575 843 C1576 873 1574 930 1576 943
149
false
18
true
M 1599.7121735289984 881.4329424423872 L 1614 886 L 1610.8112746299375 871.3428505324425
false
2166090
M690 270 C690 300 690 315 690 345
149
false
18
2166091
M690 420 C690 390 690 375 690 345
149
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
2166092
M700 830 C700 860 700 875 700 905
149
false
18
2166093
M700 920 C700 890 700 935 700 905
149
false
18
true
M 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345
false
1648
449
64533
228
410
9656
2166037
Right
1702
482977
2166036
Left
1649
413
64533
8
1703
482978
2166038
Left
1704
482979
2166039
Right
1651
450
64533
8
411
9656
2166043
Left
1707
482982
2166042
Right
1653
452
64533
8
1710
482982
2166049
Left
1711
482985
2166051
Right
1654
453
64533
8
1712
482985
2166052
Left
1713
482986
2166053
Right
1655
454
64533
8
1714
482986
2166054
Left
1715
482987
2166055
Right
1657
456
64533
8
1718
482982
2166060
Left
1719
482989
2166061
Right
1658
457
64533
8
1720
482989
2166062
Left
1721
482990
2166064
Right
1659
458
64533
8
1722
482991
2166067
Left
1723
482992
2166068
Right
1661
460
64533
8
1726
482982
2166073
Left
1727
482995
2166074
Right
1662
461
64533
8
1728
482982
2166075
Left
1729
482996
2166076
Right
1663
462
64533
8
1730
482982
2166077
Left
1731
482997
2166078
Right
1664
463
64533
8
1732
482982
2166079
Left
1733
482998
2166080
Right
1665
464
64533
8
1734
482982
2166081
Left
1735
482999
2166084
Right
1666
405
64533
8
1736
483000
2166090
Left
1737
483001
2166091
Right
1667
465
64533
8
1738
483002
2166092
Left
1739
483003
2166093
Right
57248
57810
64533
217
false
1215
455
16
regular
898
1588657
899
1588658
900
1588664
63630
2166044
63631
2166045
63632
2166056
63633
2166057
63634
2166071
63635
2166072
63636
2166085
63637
2166086
63638
2166087
63639
2166088
63640
2166089
185764
1475
1060
1.0
1.0
0
2
14
327
267
220405
M38 237 C38 187 88 137 138 137 C637 137 1285 137 1784 137 C1834 137 1884 187 1884 237 C1884 559 1884 977 1884 1299 C1884 1349 1834 1399 1784 1399 C1285 1399 637 1399 138 1399 C88 1399 38 1349 38 1299 C38 977 38 559 38 237
1
true
6
1846.0
1262.0
245417
15
GEFs (TRIO, TIAH-1, VAV)
780
235
20
1.0
1.0
160
15
245418
15
GAP (RALBP1, n-CHIMERIN, P67PHOX)
610
225
20
1.0
1.0
160
15
245419
15
Depolymerizing F-actin
70
1075
20
1.3
1.3
160
15
245420
15
Lamellipodia & filopodia outgrowth
70
1224
20
1.3
1.3
160
15
245421
15
MYOSIN II
425
1080
20
1.3
1.3
160
15
245422
15
Decrease in myosin light chain phosphorylation
410
1203
20
1.3
1.3
160
15
245423
15
Actin Organization
901
923
20
1.3
1.3
160
15
245424
15
Phosphatidic Acid level
1124
921
20
1.3
1.3
160
15
245425
15
Translation
1334
921
20
1.3
1.3
160
15
245426
15
JNK
1549
921
20
1.3
1.3
160
15
245427
15
INACTIVE
605
455
20
1.0
1.0
160
15
245428
235
Cytoplasm
120
160
20
1.3
1.3
200
15
245429
235
Extracellular
85
0
20
1.3
1.3
200
15