85170
Pathway
NAD+ Signalling and Aging
An interesting link has emerged between NAD+ metabolism, SIRT1, SIRT3, and mitochondrial function. NR and PARP inhibitors increased life span in worms via activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response UPRmt by sir2.1. Short-term (1 week) supplementation of these mice with NMN restored mitochondrial homeostasis in muscles, which suggests that NAD+ supplementation can restore some reversible aspects of the aging process. Both observations are consistent with the model indicating that an imbalance in the relative stoichiometries of mitochondria- versus nucleus-encoded ETC proteins may induce life-span extension via activation of the UPRmt. In support of such a mechanism, mutation or reduced function in nuclear genes encoding ETC components in yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mice increase life span through activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response UPRmt. NAD salvage pathway is deficient in aging since the supplementation with NMN corrects defects associated with aging.
Signaling
PW085289
Center
PathwayVisualizationContext85565
1423
2133
#000099
PathwayVisualization85045
85170
NAD+ Signalling and Aging
An interesting link has emerged between NAD+ metabolism, SIRT1, SIRT3, and mitochondrial function. NR and PARP inhibitors increased life span in worms via activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response UPRmt by sir2.1. Short-term (1 week) supplementation of these mice with NMN restored mitochondrial homeostasis in muscles, which suggests that NAD+ supplementation can restore some reversible aspects of the aging process. Both observations are consistent with the model indicating that an imbalance in the relative stoichiometries of mitochondria- versus nucleus-encoded ETC proteins may induce life-span extension via activation of the UPRmt. In support of such a mechanism, mutation or reduced function in nuclear genes encoding ETC components in yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mice increase life span through activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response UPRmt. NAD salvage pathway is deficient in aging since the supplementation with NMN corrects defects associated with aging.
Signaling
1
254168
26785480
Verdin E: NAD(+) in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration. Science. 2015 Dec 4;350(6265):1208-13. doi: 10.1126/science.aac4854.
85170
Pathway
254169
24786309
Imai S, Guarente L: NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease. Trends Cell Biol. 2014 Aug;24(8):464-71. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.04.002. Epub 2014 Apr 29.
85170
Pathway
1
Cell
CL:0000000
5
Hepatocyte
CL:0000182
4
Cardiomyocyte
CL:0000746
1
Homo sapiens
9606
Eukaryote
Human
12
Mus musculus
10090
Eukaryote
Mouse
5
Bos taurus
9913
Eukaryote
Cattle
17
Rattus norvegicus
10116
Eukaryote
Rat
6
Caenorhabditis elegans
6239
Eukaryote
Roundworm
3
Escherichia coli
562
Prokaryote
18
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
4932
Eukaryote
Yeast
23
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
287
Prokaryote
10
Drosophila melanogaster
7227
Eukaryote
Fruit fly
2
Bacteria
2
Prokaryote
Bacteria
19
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
4896
Eukaryote
24
Solanum lycopersicum
4081
Eukaryote
Tomato
4
Arabidopsis thaliana
3702
Eukaryote
Thale cress
21
Xenopus laevis
8355
Eukaryote
African clawed frog
60
Nitzschia sp.
0001
Eukaryote
Nitzschia4
49
Bathymodiolus platifrons
220390
Eukaryote
Deep sea mussel
1
Cytosol
GO:0005829
5
Cytoplasm
GO:0005737
10
Cell Membrane
GO:0005886
2
Mitochondrion
GO:0005739
3
Mitochondrial Matrix
GO:0005759
7
Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane
GO:0005789
25
Golgi apparatus
GO:0005794
4
Peroxisome
GO:0005777
12
Mitochondrial Inner Membrane
GO:0005743
6
Lysosome
GO:0005764
13
Endoplasmic Reticulum
GO:0005783
16
Lysosomal Lumen
GO:0043202
35
Chloroplast
GO:0009507
19
sarcoplasmic reticulum
GO:0016529
36
Membrane
GO:0016020
24
Mitochondrial Intermembrane Space
GO:0005758
14
Mitochondrial Outer Membrane
GO:0005741
20
Endoplasmic Reticulum Lumen
GO:0005788
31
Periplasmic Space
GO:0005620
34
Plant-Type Vacuole
GO:0000325
39
Mitochondrial membrane
GO:0031966
15
Nucleus
GO:0005634
1
Liver
BTO:0000759
72
9
5
cardiocyte
BTO:0001539
2
1
1
1
PW_BS000002
132
1
12
1
PW_BS000132
7
1
1
PW_BS000007
124
1
5
1
PW_BS000124
118
1
17
1
PW_BS000118
388
1
6
1
PW_BS000112
8
5
1
1
PW_BS000008
108
1
3
PW_BS000108
198
5
18
1
PW_BS000024
315
1
23
PW_BS000024
111
5
12
1
PW_BS000111
135
5
17
1
PW_BS000135
122
5
5
1
PW_BS000122
297
5
10
1
PW_BS000024
299
1
10
1
PW_BS000024
205
5
6
1
PW_BS000024
14
10
1
PW_BS000014
115
10
12
PW_BS000115
405
10
5
PW_BS000115
376
10
17
PW_BS000053
209
10
6
PW_BS000024
3
2
1
1
PW_BS000003
4
3
1
1
PW_BS000004
10
1
7
1
1
PW_BS000010
43
25
1
1
PW_BS000043
5
4
1
1
PW_BS000005
54
1
3
1
5
PW_BS000054
49
7
1
1
PW_BS000049
17
12
1
1
PW_BS000017
29
1
1
1
PW_BS000029
9
6
1
1
PW_BS000009
18
13
1
1
PW_BS000018
28
1
16
1
1
PW_BS000028
6
1
3
1
PW_BS000006
31
1
5
1
1
PW_BS000031
95
1
7
2
1
PW_BS000095
103
3
3
1
PW_BS000103
112
2
12
1
PW_BS000112
123
1
7
5
1
PW_BS000123
125
13
5
1
PW_BS000125
100
5
2
1
PW_BS000100
141
1
7
19
1
PW_BS000141
147
1
24
1
PW_BS000147
151
1
4
1
PW_BS000151
155
3
24
1
PW_BS000155
157
2
24
1
PW_BS000157
161
3
18
1
PW_BS000161
1
1
PW_BS000001
178
3
21
1
PW_BS000178
117
1
3
1
PW_BS000117
160
1
18
1
PW_BS000160
188
1
18
PW_BS000024
163
2
18
1
PW_BS000163
206
2
6
1
PW_BS000024
222
3
4
1
PW_BS000024
226
4
4
1
PW_BS000024
225
35
4
1
PW_BS000024
224
2
4
1
PW_BS000024
216
4
18
1
PW_BS000024
249
13
4
1
PW_BS000024
298
1
7
10
1
PW_BS000024
300
13
10
1
PW_BS000024
223
12
4
1
PW_BS000024
322
1
23
1
PW_BS000024
133
3
12
1
PW_BS000133
134
12
12
1
PW_BS000134
331
7
12
1
PW_BS000028
336
1
12
1
PW_BS000028
334
4
12
1
PW_BS000028
332
1
7
12
1
PW_BS000028
130
13
12
1
PW_BS000130
113
6
12
1
PW_BS000113
347
1
3
12
5
PW_BS000028
356
25
12
1
PW_BS000028
368
3
60
1
PW_BS000028
119
2
17
1
PW_BS000119
166
1
1
PW_BS000166
94
3
PW_BS000094
406
3
5
1
PW_BS000115
407
2
5
1
PW_BS000115
419
25
5
1
PW_BS000115
408
4
5
1
PW_BS000115
425
1
3
5
5
PW_BS000115
126
6
5
1
PW_BS000126
429
1
5
1
PW_BS000115
383
7
5
1
PW_BS000100
384
12
5
1
PW_BS000100
120
3
17
1
PW_BS000120
447
1
7
17
1
PW_BS000115
136
13
17
1
PW_BS000136
455
25
17
1
PW_BS000115
374
4
17
1
PW_BS000053
460
1
3
17
5
PW_BS000115
443
6
17
1
PW_BS000115
464
1
17
1
PW_BS000115
398
7
17
1
PW_BS000113
121
12
17
1
PW_BS000121
479
3
10
1
PW_BS000115
481
2
10
1
PW_BS000115
490
25
10
1
PW_BS000115
482
4
10
1
PW_BS000115
495
7
10
1
PW_BS000115
480
12
10
1
PW_BS000115
501
3
6
1
PW_BS000115
507
25
6
1
PW_BS000115
502
4
6
1
PW_BS000115
390
7
6
1
PW_BS000112
391
12
6
1
PW_BS000112
395
13
6
1
PW_BS000113
159
24
PW_BS000159
35
5
19
1
4
PW_BS000035
213
7
18
1
PW_BS000024
210
13
18
1
PW_BS000024
212
1
7
18
1
PW_BS000024
170
18
PW_BS000170
211
10
18
PW_BS000024
164
4
PW_BS000164
286
36
4
1
PW_BS000024
293
4
1
PW_BS000024
42
24
1
1
PW_BS000042
58
1
14
1
1
PW_BS000058
22
14
1
1
PW_BS000022
26
1
1
1
5
PW_BS000026
36
1
20
1
1
PW_BS000036
13
1
2
1
PW_BS000013
102
12
3
1
PW_BS000102
127
1
16
5
1
PW_BS000127
156
12
24
1
PW_BS000156
162
12
18
1
PW_BS000162
179
12
21
1
PW_BS000179
107
31
3
PW_BS000107
215
6
18
1
PW_BS000024
227
34
4
1
PW_BS000024
291
6
49
1
PW_BS000024
292
4
49
1
PW_BS000024
301
6
10
1
PW_BS000024
302
1
16
10
1
PW_BS000024
318
31
23
PW_BS000024
337
1
16
12
1
PW_BS000028
329
14
12
1
PW_BS000028
345
24
12
1
PW_BS000028
358
39
12
PW_BS000028
369
12
60
1
PW_BS000028
418
24
5
1
PW_BS000115
382
14
5
1
PW_BS000100
448
1
16
17
1
PW_BS000115
454
24
17
1
PW_BS000115
399
14
17
1
PW_BS000113
489
24
10
1
PW_BS000115
484
14
10
1
PW_BS000115
207
6
6
1
PW_BS000024
506
24
6
1
PW_BS000115
389
14
6
1
PW_BS000112
23
15
1
1
PW_BS000023
27
15
1
PW_BS000027
112
PW_B000112
290
8082
ProteinComplex
1
291
8083
ProteinComplex
1
1086
Niacinamide
HMDB0001406
Niacinamide or vitamin B3 is an important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. Niacinamide is used to increase the effect of radiation therapy on tumor cells. Niacin (nicotinic acid) and niacinamide, while both labeled as vitamin B3 also have different applications. Niacinamide is useful in arthritis and early-onset type I diabetes while niacin is an effective reducer of high cholesterol levels.
98-92-0
C00153
936
17154
NIACINAMIDE
911
DB02701
NC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1
C6H6N2O
InChI=1S/C6H6N2O/c7-6(9)5-2-1-3-8-4-5/h1-4H,(H2,7,9)
DFPAKSUCGFBDDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
pyridine-3-carboxamide
122.1246
122.048012824
-0.39
1
nicotinamide
0
0
FDB012485
3-carbamoylpyridine;3-pyridinecarboxamide;3-pyridinecarboxylic acid amide;Acid amide;Amid kyseliny nikotinove;Amide pp;Aminicotin;Amixicotyn;Amnicotin;Austrovit pp;Benicot;Delonin amide;Dipegyl;Dipigyl;Endobion;Factor pp;Hansamid;Inovitan pp;Mediatric;Nam;Nandervit-n;Niacevit;Niacinamide;Niamide;Niavit pp;Nicamide;Nicamina;Nicamindon;Nicasir;Nicobion;Nicofort;Nicogen;Nicomidol;Nicosan 2;Nicosylamide;Nicota;Nicotamide;Nicotilamide;Nicotililamido;Nicotinamida;Nicotinamide;Nicotinamidum;Nicotine acid amide;Nicotine amide;Nicotinic acid amide;Nicotinic amide;Nicotinsaureamid;Nicotol;Nicotylamide;Nicotylamidum;Nicovel;Nicovit;Nicovitina;Nicovitol;Nicozymin;Nictoamide;Niko-tamin;Nikotinamid;Nikotinsaeureamid;Niocinamide;Niozymin;Pp-faktor;Papulex;Pelmin;Pelmine;Pelonin amide;Propamine a;Pyridine-3-carboxylic acid amide;Savacotyl;Vi-nicotyl;Vi-noctyl;Vitamin b3;Vitamin pp;Witamina pp;B-pyridinecarboxamide;Beta-pyridinecarboxamide;M-(aminocarbonyl)pyridine;Nicotinate amide
PW_C001086
Nam
2332
2
78382
132
111656
7
121941
124
124494
118
127700
388
190
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
HMDB0000280
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) is a pentosephosphate. The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. It is formed from ribose 5-phosphate by the enzyme ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase. It plays a role in transferring phosphate groups in several reactions. (Wikipedia).
7540-64-9
C00119
7339
17111
PRPP
7062
DB01632
O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[P@](O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)O[C@@H]1COP(O)(O)=O
C5H13O14P3
InChI=1S/C5H13O14P3/c6-3-2(1-16-20(8,9)10)17-5(4(3)7)18-22(14,15)19-21(11,12)13/h2-7H,1H2,(H,14,15)(H2,8,9,10)(H2,11,12,13)/t2-,3-,4-,5-/m1/s1
PQGCEDQWHSBAJP-TXICZTDVSA-N
[({[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(phosphonooxy)methyl]oxolan-2-yl]oxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid
390.0696
389.95181466
-1.53
7
phosphoribosylpyrophosphate
0
-4
FDB021928
5-phospho-a-d-ribose-1-diphosphate;5-phospho-a-d-ribosyl pyrophosphate;5-phospho-alpha-d-ribose 1-diphosphate;5-phospho-alpha-d-ribose-1-diphosphate;5-phospho-alpha-d-ribosyl pyrophosphate;5-phospho-alpha-d-riobse 1-diphosphate;5-phospho-alpha-delta-ribose 1-diphosphate;5-phospho-alpha-delta-ribose-1-diphosphate;5-phospho-alpha-delta-ribosyl pyrophosphate;5-phosphoribose 1-pyrophosphate;5-phosphoribosyl 1-diphosphate;5-phosphoribosyl a-1-pyrophosphate;5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate;5-phosphorylribose 1-a-diphosphate;5-phosphorylribose 1-alpha-diphosphate;5-phosphorylribose 1-pyrophosphate;5-phosphorylribosyl 1-pyrophosphate;Pp-ribose-p;Prpp;Prib-pp;Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate;Phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate;Phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate;Phosphoribosylpyrophosphorate;Phosphoribosylpyrophosphoric acid;A-d-5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) ribofuranose;A-d-5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate;A-d-ribofuranose 5-phosphate 1-pyrophosphate;A-d-ribofuranose, 5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-(trihydrogen diphosphate);Alpha-d-5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) ribofuranose;Alpha-d-5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate;Alpha-d-ribofuranose 5-phosphate 1-pyrophosphate;Alpha-d-ribofuranose, 5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-(trihydrogen diphosphate);Alpha-delta-5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) ribofuranose;Alpha-delta-5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate;Alpha-delta-ribofuranose 5-phosphate 1-pyrophosphate;5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate;5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate;Alpha-d-ribofuranose 5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-(trihydrogen diphosphate);Alpha-phosphoribosylpyrophosphoric acid;Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate;5-phospho-a-d-ribose 1-diphosphate;5-phospho-a-d-ribose 1-diphosphoric acid;5-phospho-alpha-d-ribose 1-diphosphoric acid;5-phospho-α-d-ribose 1-diphosphate;5-phospho-α-d-ribose 1-diphosphoric acid;Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphoric acid;5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphoric acid;5-phosphoribosyl diphosphoric acid;A-d-ribofuranose 5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-(trihydrogen diphosphate);A-d-ribofuranose 5-(dihydrogen phosphoric acid) 1-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid);Alpha-d-ribofuranose 5-(dihydrogen phosphoric acid) 1-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid);α-d-ribofuranose 5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-(trihydrogen diphosphate);α-d-ribofuranose 5-(dihydrogen phosphoric acid) 1-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid);A-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate;A-phosphoribosylpyrophosphoric acid;Alpha-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate;α-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate;α-phosphoribosylpyrophosphoric acid
PW_C000190
PRPP
1774
2
1815
8
5816
108
11780
198
42663
315
77176
132
78002
111
80680
135
111657
7
120160
122
121950
124
124503
118
125521
297
126346
299
127056
205
127709
388
885
Nicotinic acid mononucleotide
HMDB0001132
Nicotinic acid mononucleotide is an intermediate in the metabolism of Nicotinate and nicotinamide. It is a substrate for Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2, Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1, Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 3, Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase IA, Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase IB, Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase, 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase (cytosolic type), Cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase, Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2, Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3, 5'-nucleotidase, 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase (mitochondrial) and Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1.
321-02-8
C01185
53477721
15763
NICOTINATE_NUCLEOTIDE
O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]1COP(O)([O-])=O)[N+]1=CC=CC(C1)C(O)=O
C11H16NO9P
InChI=1S/C11H16NO9P/c13-8-7(5-20-22(17,18)19)21-10(9(8)14)12-3-1-2-6(4-12)11(15)16/h1-3,6-10,13-14H,4-5H2,(H2-,15,16,17,18,19)/t6?,7-,8-,9-,10-/m1/s1
OGCWVIVNTBZPBW-BHRXDNSCSA-N
3-carboxy-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[(hydrogen phosphonatooxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1λ⁵-pyridin-1-ylium
337.2198
337.056267627
-1.60
4
3-carboxy-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[(hydrogen phosphonatooxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1λ⁵-pyridin-1-ylium
0
-2
FDB022444
3-carboxy-1-(5-o-phosphono-b-d-ribofuranosyl)-pyridinium inner salt;3-carboxy-1-(5-o-phosphono-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-pyridinium inner salt;3-carboxy-1-(5-o-phosphono-beta-delta-ribofuranosyl)-pyridinium inner salt;3-carboxy-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-phosphate inner salt;3-carboxy-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-phosphate inner salt;3-pyridinecarboxylic acid mononucleotide;Deamido nicotinamide ribonucleotide;Deamido-nmn;Deamido-nicotinamide mononucleotide;Namn;Nicotinate d-ribonucleoside;Nicotinate d-ribonucleotide;Nicotinate mononucleotide;Nicotinate nucleotide;Nicotinate ribonucleotide;Nicotinate-d-ribonucleotide;Nicotinate-delta-ribonucleotide;Nicotinic acid mononucleotide;Nicotinic acid ribonucleotide;Nicotinic acid ribotide;Nicotinic mononucleotide;Beta-nicotinate d-ribonucleotide;Beta-nicotinic acid mononucleotide
PW_C000885
Nicotam
2370
14
78396
115
111658
7
121963
405
124516
376
127720
209
97007
Phosphate
Phosphate, also known as orthophosphate or [PO4](3-), belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as non-metal phosphates. These are inorganic non-metallic compounds containing a phosphate as its largest oxoanion. Phosphate has the chemical formula O4P, and an average molecular weight of 94.9714. Phosphate is involved in multiple pathways, some of which are NAD+ Signalling Pathway (Cancer), NF-kB Signaling Pathway, LPS and Citrate Signaling and Inflammation Pathway, and LPS and Citrate Signaling and Inflammation Pathway.
1061
[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O
O4P
InChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-3
NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K
phosphate
94.9714
94.95342
0
phosphate
-3
-2
PW_C097007
Phos
80616
8
111659
7
111672
3
721
NAD
HMDB0000902
NAD (or Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be converted to ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it by cellular respiration. (wikipedia). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed).
53-84-9
C00003
5893
15846
NAD
5682
NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
C21H28N7O14P2
InChI=1S/C21H27N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,5-6H2,(H5-,22,23,24,25,33,34,35,36,37)/p+1/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1
BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-O
1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium
664.433
664.116946663
-2.59
8
1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium
1
-1
FDB022309
3-carbamoyl-1-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate inner salt;3-carbamoyl-1-delta-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide;Co-i;Codehydrase i;Codehydrogenase i;Coenzyme i;Cozymase;Cozymase i;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidized;Endopride;Nad trihydrate;Nad-oxidized;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized;Nicotinamide dinucleotide;Nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide;Oxidized diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Pyridine nucleotide diphosphate;[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl {[(3s,2r,4r,5r)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxyphosphoryl) hydrogen phosphate;[adenylate-32-p]-nad;Beta-diphosphopyridine nucleotide;Beta-nad;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide trihydrate;Dpn;Nad;Nad+;Nadide;B-nad;β-nad
PW_C000721
NAD
140
4
150
3
353
8
651
10
1114
2
1134
43
1273
5
1466
54
2229
49
2779
17
2835
29
3107
9
4807
18
4813
18
4819
28
4902
6
4960
31
5167
95
5238
103
5334
111
5360
112
5469
123
5482
125
5590
135
5610
118
5696
100
5738
108
5827
141
5912
147
5942
151
6024
155
6072
157
6076
161
6385
1
6469
178
6772
117
6890
160
7012
188
7097
163
7174
205
7197
206
7405
198
7459
222
8241
226
8359
225
9085
224
11819
216
12322
249
13006
298
13018
300
13256
223
42404
322
42619
315
77104
132
77120
133
77209
134
77370
331
77650
336
77667
334
77702
332
77709
130
77915
113
77983
347
78406
356
80006
368
80690
119
93825
124
110552
388
112750
166
112853
94
119929
122
119952
406
120171
407
120834
419
120984
408
121159
425
121242
126
121259
429
121817
383
122614
384
122742
120
123130
447
123141
136
123419
455
123549
374
123731
460
123812
443
123829
464
124370
398
125187
121
125319
297
125342
479
125530
481
125806
299
125825
490
125924
482
126515
495
126765
480
126885
501
127278
507
127383
502
128089
390
128360
391
128428
395
143
NADP
HMDB0000217
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5-phosphate adenosine 2,5-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed.) Hydrogen carrier in biochemical redox systems. In the hexose monophosphoric acid system it is reduced to Dihydrocoenzyme II and reoxidation in the presence of flavoproteins (Dictionary of Organic Compounds).
53-59-8
C00006
5886
18009
NAD(P)
5675
NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
C21H29N7O17P3
InChI=1S/C21H28N7O17P3/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(30)11(43-21)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(42-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)32/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-31H,5-6H2,(H7-,22,23,24,25,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39)/p+1/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1
XJLXINKUBYWONI-NNYOXOHSSA-O
1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[({[({[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3-hydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium
744.4129
744.083277073
-2.27
9
1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3-hydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-carbamoyl-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium
1
-3
FDB021908
Adenine-nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate;Codehydrase ii;Codehydrogenase ii;Coenzyme ii;Cozymase ii;Nad phosphate;Nadp;Nadp+;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Tpn;Triphosphopyridine nucleotide;B-nadp;B-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;B-tpn;Beta-nadp;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Beta-tpn;Oxidized nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate;B-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acid;Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acid;β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoric acid
PW_C000143
NADP
183
8
191
3
768
5
780
10
824
18
839
2
1611
29
1617
49
4685
31
4796
14
4801
14
5308
111
5790
108
6017
147
6132
159
6273
35
6778
117
7069
188
7105
163
7152
205
7206
160
7317
213
7346
210
7562
212
7589
170
8197
225
8220
151
8419
224
11811
198
11897
211
12008
222
12152
164
12249
286
12597
226
12650
249
42344
315
43745
322
76913
293
77164
132
77384
331
77396
332
77461
130
77515
115
77624
336
77814
334
77870
112
80713
119
113165
94
120106
407
120429
405
120450
122
120604
408
120618
123
121142
125
121277
429
121401
124
121485
383
123063
376
123084
135
123229
374
123243
447
123713
136
123848
464
123960
118
124043
398
125473
481
125694
297
125743
482
126215
299
126528
495
127010
206
127225
502
127570
388
128100
390
146
NADPH
HMDB0000221
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed.).
53-57-6
C00005
22833512
16474
NADPH
17215925
NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@H]1O[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O
C21H30N7O17P3
InChI=1S/C21H30N7O17P3/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(30)11(43-21)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(42-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)32/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-31H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,32)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H2,22,24,25)(H2,33,34,35)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m0/s1
ACFIXJIJDZMPPO-NCHANQSKSA-N
{[(2S,3S,4S,5S)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-[({[({[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)methyl]-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid
745.4209
745.091102105
-2.14
9
[(2S,3S,4S,5S)-2-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-5-{[({[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-(3-carbamoyl-4H-pyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxyphosphonic acid
0
-4
FDB021909
2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) adenosine 5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-b-d-ribofuranosylnicotinamide;2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) adenosine 5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosylnicotinamide;Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) p'-5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 2'-(dihydrogen phosphate) p'-5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-delta-ribofuranosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide;Dihydrocodehydrogenase ii;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-p;Dihydrotriphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced;Nadp-reduced;Nadph;Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Reduced codehydrase ii;Reduced coenzyme ii;Reduced cozymase ii;Reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide;Triphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced;B-nadph;B-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;B-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Beta-nadph;Beta-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphorate;Beta-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphoric acid;Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate - reduced
PW_C000146
NADPH
185
8
190
3
778
10
796
5
821
18
837
2
1609
29
1615
49
4687
31
4793
14
4797
14
5310
111
5789
108
5972
147
6128
159
6271
35
6779
117
7068
188
7103
163
7154
205
7205
160
7315
213
7345
210
7559
212
7591
170
8194
225
8219
151
8421
224
11812
198
11893
211
12006
222
12150
164
12245
286
12596
226
12648
249
42343
315
43746
322
76911
293
77166
132
77385
331
77394
332
77460
130
77504
112
77511
115
77623
336
80712
119
113164
94
120105
407
120425
405
120452
122
120616
123
121141
125
121275
429
121402
124
121483
383
123059
376
123086
135
123241
447
123712
136
123846
464
123961
118
124041
398
125472
481
125696
297
126214
299
126529
495
127009
206
127572
388
128101
390
964
FAD
HMDB0001248
FAD, also known as flavitan or adeflavin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). FAD has been found in human liver and muscle tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as feces and blood. Within the cell, FAD is primarily located in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisome. FAD exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the risedronate action pathway, the ibandronate action pathway, the valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation pathway, and the pyrimidine metabolism pathway. FAD is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the oncogenic action OF L-2-hydroxyglutarate in hydroxygluaricaciduria pathway, gaba-transaminase deficiency, 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria/succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, and the saccharopinuria/hyperlysinemia II pathway. FAD is a condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972).
146-14-5
C00016
643975
16238
FAD
559059
DB03147
CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)N1C=NC3=C1N=CN=C3N)C1=NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=N2
C27H33N9O15P2
InChI=1S/C27H33N9O15P2/c1-10-3-12-13(4-11(10)2)35(24-18(32-12)25(42)34-27(43)33-24)5-14(37)19(39)15(38)6-48-52(44,45)51-53(46,47)49-7-16-20(40)21(41)26(50-16)36-9-31-17-22(28)29-8-30-23(17)36/h3-4,8-9,14-16,19-21,26,37-41H,5-7H2,1-2H3,(H,44,45)(H,46,47)(H2,28,29,30)(H,34,42,43)/t14-,15+,16+,19-,20+,21+,26+/m0/s1
VWWQXMAJTJZDQX-UYBVJOGSSA-N
{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}[({[(2R,3S,4S)-5-{7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-2H,3H,4H,10H-benzo[g]pteridin-10-yl}-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl]oxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphinic acid
785.5497
785.157134455
-2.27
9
flavine-adenine dinucleotide
0
-3
FDB022511
1h-purin-6-amine flavin dinucleotide;1h-purin-6-amine flavine dinucleotide;Adenine-flavin dinucleotide;Adenine-flavine dinucleotide;Adenine-riboflavin dinuceotide;Adenine-riboflavin dinucleotide;Adenine-riboflavine dinucleotide;Fad;Flamitajin b;Flanin f;Flavin adenine dinucleotide;Flavin adenine dinucleotide oxidized;Flavin-adenine dinucleotide;Flavine adenosine diphosphate;Flavine-adenine dinucleotide;Flavitan;Flaziren;Isoalloxazine-adenine dinucleotide;Riboflavin 5'-adenosine diphosphate;Riboflavin-adenine dinucleotide;Riboflavine-adenine dinucleotide;Adeflavin
PW_C000964
FAD
99
9
114
5
186
8
192
3
216
4
253
17
628
28
825
18
840
2
1188
14
1489
42
1612
29
1622
49
2133
58
2536
22
3723
26
4602
36
4688
31
4741
13
4758
10
4881
6
5268
103
5285
102
5335
111
5496
126
5511
127
5613
118
6030
155
6054
156
6082
161
6116
162
6390
1
6475
178
6499
179
6666
107
7039
163
7175
205
7321
213
7465
222
7487
223
9076
224
11818
216
11887
215
11899
211
12296
225
12328
249
12443
151
12519
227
12595
226
12710
291
12720
292
13029
301
13041
302
43623
318
77080
293
77126
133
77152
134
77501
113
77507
112
77518
115
77541
334
77615
132
77726
337
78054
329
78375
345
78930
331
79222
336
79272
358
80012
368
80034
369
80714
119
119958
406
119999
384
120051
408
120107
407
120432
405
120453
122
120490
124
121278
429
121298
418
121417
382
121489
383
122748
120
122776
121
122802
374
122823
443
123066
376
123087
135
123166
448
123849
464
123868
454
123976
399
124047
398
125348
479
125378
480
125429
482
125474
481
125697
297
125979
489
126107
299
126277
484
126891
501
126920
391
126968
502
126987
207
127011
206
127310
209
127432
506
127602
388
127840
389
102446
ADP Ribose
ADP Ribose is an ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.
30243
NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
C15H23N5O14P2
InChI=1S/C15H23N5O14P2/c16-13-9-14(18-4-17-13)20(5-19-9)15-12(26)11(25)8(33-15)3-32-36(29,30)34-35(27,28)31-2-7(23)10(24)6(22)1-21/h1,4-8,10-12,15,22-26H,2-3H2,(H,27,28)(H,29,30)(H2,16,17,18)/t6-,7+,8+,10-,11+,12+,15+/m0/s1
PWJFNRJRHXWEPT-AOOZFPJJSA-N
{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}({[hydroxy({[(2R,3R,4R)-2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-oxopentyl]oxy})phosphoryl]oxy})phosphinic acid
559.318
559.071674437
-2.23
8
adenosine diphosphate ribose
0
-2
PW_C102446
ADPrib
112665
7
101840
Daporinad
Daporinad, also known as FK866 CPD or apo 866, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 1-benzoylpiperidines. 1-benzoylpiperidines are compounds containing a piperidine ring substituted at the 1-position with a benzoyl group. Daporinad is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule.
6914657
O=C(NCCCCC1CCN(CC1)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1)\C=C\C1=CN=CC=C1
C24H29N3O2
InChI=1S/C24H29N3O2/c28-23(12-11-21-8-6-15-25-19-21)26-16-5-4-7-20-13-17-27(18-14-20)24(29)22-9-2-1-3-10-22/h1-3,6,8-12,15,19-20H,4-5,7,13-14,16-18H2,(H,26,28)/b12-11+
KPBNHDGDUADAGP-VAWYXSNFSA-N
(2E)-N-[4-(1-benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)butyl]-3-(pyridin-3-yl)prop-2-enamide
391.515
391.225977186
-5.06
1
daporinad
0
0
PW_C101840
Daporin
111662
7
101846
CHS-828
CHS-828, also known as CHS 828, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenol ethers. These are aromatic compounds containing an ether group substituted with a benzene ring. CHS-828 is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule.
148198
ClC1=CC=C(OCCCCCCN=C(NC#N)NC2=CC=NC=C2)C=C1
C19H22ClN5O
InChI=1S/C19H22ClN5O/c20-16-5-7-18(8-6-16)26-14-4-2-1-3-11-23-19(24-15-21)25-17-9-12-22-13-10-17/h5-10,12-13H,1-4,11,14H2,(H2,22,23,24,25)
BOIPLTNGIAPDBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
N''-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]-N'-cyano-N-(pyridin-4-yl)guanidine
371.87
371.151288
-4.65
2
N''-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]-N'-cyano-N-(pyridin-4-yl)guanidine
0
0
PW_C101846
CHS829
111666
7
465
Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase
ProteinComplex
7936
ProteinComplex
PW_EC000465
PARP
111706
23
4079
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase
P43490
Catalyzes the condensation of nicotinamide with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate to yield nicotinamide mononucleotide, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of NAD. It is the rate limiting component in the mammalian NAD biosynthesis pathway (By similarity).
HMDBP08864
NAMPT
7q22.3
CH471070
1
2.4.2.12
2359
2
111660
7
860
NAD kinase
O95544
HMDBP00917
NADK
1p36.33
AL031282
1
2.7.1.23
2363
2
111680
3
132153
29
1543
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1
P15559
The enzyme apparently serves as a quinone reductase in connection with conjugation reactions of hydroquinons involved in detoxification pathways as well as in biosynthetic processes such as the vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues in prothrombin synthesis.
HMDBP01689
NQO1
16q22.1
J03934
1
1.6.5.2
1613
29
4004
8
4689
31
329
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1
Q9HAN9
Catalyzes the formation of NAD(+) from nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and ATP. Can also use the deamidated form; nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) as substrate with the same efficiency. Can use triazofurin monophosphate (TrMP) as substrate. Also catalyzes the reverse reaction, i.e. the pyrophosphorolytic cleavage of NAD(+). For the pyrophosphorolytic activity, prefers NAD(+) and NAAD as substrates and degrades NADH, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NHD) and nicotinamide guanine dinucleotide (NGD) less effectively. Fails to cleave phosphorylated dinucleotides NADP(+), NADPH and NAADP(+). Protects against axonal degeneration following mechanical or toxic insults.
HMDBP00335
NMNAT1
1p36.22
AK026065
1
2.7.7.1; 2.7.7.18
111673
3
111692
7
332
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2
Q9BZQ4
Catalyzes the formation of NAD(+) from nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and ATP. Can also use the deamidated form; nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) as substrate but with a lower efficiency. Cannot use triazofurin monophosphate (TrMP) as substrate. Also catalyzes the reverse reaction, i.e. the pyrophosphorolytic cleavage of NAD(+). For the pyrophosphorolytic activity prefers NAD(+), NADH and NAAD as substrates and degrades nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NHD) less effectively. Fails to cleave phosphorylated dinucleotides NADP(+), NADPH and NAADP(+).
HMDBP00338
NMNAT2
1q25
AL449223
1
2.7.7.1; 2.7.7.18
2361
2
111674
3
111695
43
330
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 3
Q96T66
Catalyzes the formation of NAD(+) from nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and ATP. Can also use the deamidated form; nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) as substrate with the same efficiency. Can use triazofurin monophosphate (TrMP) as substrate. Can also use GTP and ITP as nucleotide donors. Also catalyzes the reverse reaction, i.e. the pyrophosphorolytic cleavage of NAD(+). For the pyrophosphorolytic activity, can use NAD (+), NADH, NAAD, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NHD), nicotinamide guanine dinucleotide (NGD) as substrates. Fails to cleave phosphorylated dinucleotides NADP(+), NADPH and NAADP(+). Protects against axonal degeneration following injury.
HMDBP00336
NMNAT3
3q23
AC110716
1
2.7.7.18; 2.7.7.1
111675
3
4094
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1
Q96EB6
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase that links transcriptional regulation directly to intracellular energetics and participates in the coordination of several separated cellular functions such as cell cycle, response to DNA damage, metobolism, apoptosis and autophagy. Can modulate chromatin function through deacetylation of histones and can promote alterations in the methylation of histones and DNA, leading to transcriptional repression. Deacetylates a broad range of transcription factors and coregulators, thereby regulating target gene expression positively and negatively. Serves as a sensor of the cytosolic ratio of NAD(+)/NADH which is altered by glucose deprivation and metabolic changes associated with caloric restriction. Is essential in skeletal muscle cell differentiation and in response to low nutrients mediates the inhibitory effect on skeletal myoblast differentiation which also involves 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). Component of the eNoSC (energy-dependent nucleolar silencing) complex, a complex that mediates silencing of rDNA in response to intracellular energy status and acts by recruiting histone-modifying enzymes. The eNoSC complex is able to sense the energy status of cell: upon glucose starvation, elevation of NAD(+)/NADP(+) ratio activates SIRT1, leading to histone H3 deacetylation followed by dimethylation of H3 at 'Lys-9' (H3K9me2) by SUV39H1 and the formation of silent chromatin in the rDNA locus. Deacetylates 'Lys-266' of SUV39H1, leading to its activation. Inhibits skeletal muscle differentiation by deacetylating PCAF and MYOD1. Deacetylates H2A and 'Lys-26' of HIST1H1E. Deacetylates 'Lys-16' of histone H4 (in vitro). Involved in NR0B2/SHP corepression function through chromatin remodeling: Recruited to LRH1 target gene promoters by NR0B2/SHP thereby stimulating histone H3 and H4 deacetylation leading to transcriptional repression. Proposed to contribute to genomic integrity via positive regulation of telomere length; however, reports on localization to pericentromeric heterochromatin are conflicting. Proposed to play a role in constitutive heterochromatin (CH) formation and/or maintenance through regulation of the available pool of nuclear SUV39H1. Upon oxidative/metabolic stress decreases SUV39H1 degradation by inhibiting SUV39H1 polyubiquitination by MDM2. This increase in SUV39H1 levels enhances SUV39H1 turnover in CH, which in turn seems to accelerate renewal of the heterochromatin which correlates with greater genomic integrity during stress response. Deacetylates 'Lys-382' of p53/TP53 and impairs its ability to induce transcription-dependent proapoptotic program and modulate cell senescence. Deacetylates TAF1B and thereby represses rDNA transcription by the RNA polymerase I. Deacetylates MYC, promotes the association of MYC with MAX and decreases MYC stability leading to compromised transformational capability. Deacetylates FOXO3 in response to oxidative stress thereby increasing its ability to induce cell cycle arrest and resistance to oxidative stress but inhibiting FOXO3-mediated induction of apoptosis transcriptional activity; also leading to FOXO3 ubiquitination and protesomal degradation. Appears to have a similar effect on MLLT7/FOXO4 in regulation of transcriptional activity and apoptosis. Deacetylates DNMT1; thereby impairs DNMT1 methyltransferase-independent transcription repressor activity, modulates DNMT1 cell cycle regulatory function and DNMT1-mediated gene silencing. Deacetylates RELA/NF-kappa-B p65 thereby inhibiting its transactivating potential and augments apoptosis in response to TNF-alpha. Deacetylates HIF1A, KAT5/TIP60, RB1 and HIC1. Deacetylates FOXO1 resulting in its nuclear retention and enhancement of its transcriptional activity leading to increased gluconeogenesis in liver. Inhibits E2F1 transcriptional activity and apoptotic function, possibly by deacetylation. Involved in HES1- and HEY2-mediated transcriptional repression. In cooperation with MYCN seems to be involved in transcriptional repression of DUSP6/MAPK3 leading to MYCN stabilization by phosphorylation at 'Ser-62'. Deacetylates MEF2D. Required for antagonist-mediated transcription suppression of AR-dependent genes which may be linked to local deacetylation of histone H3. Represses HNF1A-mediated transcription. Required for the repression of ESRRG by CREBZF. Modulates AP-1 transcription factor activity. Deacetylates NR1H3 AND NR1H2 and deacetylation of NR1H3 at 'Lys-434' positively regulates transcription of NR1H3:RXR target genes, promotes NR1H3 proteosomal degradation and results in cholesterol efflux; a promoter clearing mechanism after reach round of transcription is proposed. Involved in lipid metabolism. Implicated in regulation of adipogenesis and fat mobilization in white adipocytes by repression of PPARG which probably involves association with NCOR1 and SMRT/NCOR2. Deacetylates ACSS2 leading to its activation, and HMGCS1. Involved in liver and muscle metabolism. Through deacteylation and activation of PPARGC1A is required to activate fatty acid oxidation in skeletel muscle under low-glucose conditions and is involved in glucose homeostasis. Involved in regulation of PPARA and fatty acid beta-oxidation in liver. Involved in positive regulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells in response to glucose; the function seems to imply transcriptional repression of UCP2. Proposed to deacetylate IRS2 thereby facilitating its insuline-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Deacetylates SREBF1 isoform SREBP-1C thereby decreasing its stability and transactivation in lipogenic gene expression. Involved in DNA damage response by repressing genes which are involved in DNA repair, such as XPC and TP73, deacetylating XRCC6/Ku70, and faciliting recruitment of additional factors to sites of damaged DNA, such as SIRT1-deacetylated NBN can recruit ATM to initiate DNA repair and SIRT1-deacetylated XPA interacts with RPA2. Also involved in DNA repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination and specifically single-strand annealing independently of XRCC6/Ku70 and NBN. Transcriptional suppression of XPC probably involves an E2F4:RBL2 suppressor complex and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling. Transcriptional suppression of TP73 probably involves E2F4 and PCAF. Deacetylates WRN thereby regulating its helicase and exonuclease activities and regulates WRN nuclear translocation in response to DNA damage. Deacetylates APEX1 at 'Lys-6' and 'Lys-7' and stimulates cellular AP endonuclease activity by promoting the association of APEX1 to XRCC1. Increases p53/TP53-mediated transcription-independent apoptosis by blocking nuclear translocation of cytoplasmic p53/TP53 and probably redirecting it to mitochondria. Deacetylates XRCC6/Ku70 at 'Lys-539' and 'Lys-542' causing it to sequester BAX away from mitochondria thereby inhibiting stress-induced apoptosis. Is involved in autophagy, presumably by deacetylating ATG5, ATG7 and MAP1LC3B/ATG8. Deacetylates AKT1 which leads to enhanced binding of AKT1 and PDK1 to PIP3 and promotes their activation. Proposed to play role in regulation of STK11/LBK1-dependent AMPK signaling pathways implicated in cellular senescence which seems to involve the regulation of the acetylation status of STK11/LBK1. Can deacetylate STK11/LBK1 and thereby increase its activity, cytoplasmic localization and association with STRAD; however, the relevance of such activity in normal cells is unclear. In endothelial cells is shown to inhibit STK11/LBK1 activity and to promote its degradation. Deacetylates SMAD7 at 'Lys-64' and 'Lys-70' thereby promoting its degradation. Deacetylates CIITA and augments its MHC class II transacivation and contributes to its stability. Deacteylates MECOM/EVI1. Isoform 2 is shown to deacetylate 'Lys-382' of p53/TP53, however with lower activity than isoform 1. In combination, the two isoforms exert an additive effect. Isoform 2 regulates p53/TP53 expression and cellular stress response and is in turn repressed by p53/TP53 presenting a SIRT1 isoform-dependent auto-regulatory loop. In case of HIV-1 infection, interacts with and deacetylates the viral Tat protein. The viral Tat protein inhibits SIRT1 deacetylation activity toward RELA/NF-kappa-B p65, thereby potentiates its transcriptional activity and SIRT1 is proposed to contribute to T-cell hyperactivation during infection.
SirtT1 75 kDa fragment: catalytically inactive 75SirT1 may be involved in regulation of apoptosis. May be involved in protecting chondrocytes from apoptotic death by associating with cytochrome C and interfering with apoptosome assembly.
HMDBP08879
SIRT1
10q21.3
BC012499
1
3.5.1.-
112693
7
112778
3
1004
Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1
P16066
Receptor for the atrial natriuretic peptide NPPA/ANP and the brain natriuretic peptide NPPB/BNP which are potent vasoactive hormones playing a key role in cardiovascular homeostasis. Has guanylate cyclase activity upon binding of the ligand.
HMDBP01069
NPR1
1q21-q22
BC063304
1
4.6.1.2
112801
7
131570
27
5216
Circadian locomoter output cycles protein kaput
O15516
ARNTL/2-CLOCK heterodimers activate E-box element (5'-CACGTG-3') transcription of a number of proteins of the circadian clock. Activates transcription of PER1 and PER2. This transcription is inhibited in a feedback loop by PER and CRY proteins. Has intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity and this enzymatic function contributes to chromatin-remodeling events implicated in circadian control of gene expression (By similarity). Acetylates primarily histones H3 and H4 (By similarity). Acetylates also a non-histone substrate: ARNTL (By similarity). Plays a role in DNA damage response (DDR) signaling during the S phase.
HMDBP11569
CLOCK
4q12
AB005535
1
2.3.1.48
112802
7
131571
27
9286
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
Q9UBK2
Transcriptional coactivator for steroid receptors and nuclear receptors. Greatly increases the transcriptional activity of PPARG and thyroid hormone receptor on the uncoupling protein promoter. Can regulate key mitochondrial genes that contribute to the program of adaptive thermogenesis. Plays an essential role in metabolic reprogramming in response to dietary availability through coordination of the expression of a wide array of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Induces the expression of PERM1 in the skeletal muscle in an ESRRA-dependent manner. Also involved in the integration of the circadian rhythms and energy metabolism. Required for oscillatory expression of clock genes, such as ARNTL/BMAL1 and NR1D1, through the coactivation of RORA and RORC, and metabolic genes, such as PDK4 and PEPCK.
PPARGC1A
1
112816
7
2007
Nuclear receptor ROR-alpha
P35398
Orphan nuclear receptor. Binds DNA as a monomer to hormone response elements (HRE) containing a single core motif half-site preceded by a short A-T-rich sequence. This isomer binds to the consensus sequence 5'-[AT][TA]A[AT][CGT]TAGGTCA-3'. Regulates a number of genes involved in lipid metabolism such as apolipoproteins AI, APOA5, CIII, CYP71 and PPARgamma, in cerebellum and photoreceptor development including PCP2, OPN1SW, OPN1SM AND ARR3, in circadian rhythm with BMAL1, and skeletal muscle development with MYOD1. Possible receptor for cholesterol or one of its derivatives
HMDBP02591
RORA
15q22.2
BC100990
1
112817
7
8082
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
1
PW_P008082
16269
9286
112809
23
8083
Nuclear receptor ROR-alpha
1
PW_P008083
16270
2007
112815
23
607
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase
1
PW_P000607
651
4079
2358
2
609
NAD kinase
1
PW_P000609
653
860
2362
2
440
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1
1
PW_P000440
463
1543
2
211
964
1
1607
29
8069
Nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1
1
PW_P008069
16255
329
111691
23
8070
Nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2
1
PW_P008070
16256
332
111694
43
8071
Nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 3
1
PW_P008071
16257
330
111697
3
8077
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1
1
PW_P008077
16263
4094
112690
3
112691
23
8081
BMAL1/CLOCK complex
1
PW_P008081
16267
1004
16268
5216
112797
7
139079
PW_R139079
Right
516146
1086
1
Compound
false
516147
190
1
Compound
false
516148
885
1
Compound
false
516149
97007
1
Compound
false
129156
607
1319
false
PW_R001319
Right
5030
721
1
Compound
false
5031
143
1
Compound
false
1034
609
2.7.1.23
139095
PW_R139095
Right
516211
143
1
Compound
false
516212
146
1
Compound
false
139099
PW_R139099
Right
516225
146
1
Compound
false
516226
143
1
Compound
false
129175
440
139104
PW_R139104
Right
516243
885
1
Compound
false
516244
721
1
Compound
false
129180
8069
139106
PW_R139106
Right
516249
885
1
Compound
false
516250
721
1
Compound
false
129182
8070
139108
PW_R139108
Right
516255
885
1
Compound
false
516256
721
1
Compound
false
129184
8071
140065
PW_R140065
Right
520077
721
1
Compound
false
520078
102446
1
Compound
false
942
Inhibition
PW_I000942
1883
101840
Compound
1
1884
607
ProteinComplex
1
943
Inhibition
PW_I000943
1885
101846
Compound
1
1886
607
ProteinComplex
1
952
Activation
PW_I000952
1903
721
Compound
1
1904
465
ElementCollection
1
959
Activation
PW_I000959
1917
721
Compound
1
1918
8077
ProteinComplex
1
960
Activation
PW_I000960
1919
8081
ProteinComplex
1
1920
607
ProteinComplex
1
961
Inhibition
PW_I000961
1921
8077
ProteinComplex
1
1922
8081
ProteinComplex
1
962
Activation
PW_I000962
1923
8077
ProteinComplex
1
1924
112
Bound
1
963
Activation
PW_I000963
1925
112
Bound
1
1926
8081
ProteinComplex
1
521
112
7
85045
855
612782
2772382
856
612783
2772383
2038638
1086
7
156
false
197
511
10
regular
100
100
2038639
190
7
3
false
372
636
10
regular
100
110
2038640
885
7
3
false
852
506
10
regular
100
110
2038641
97007
7
3
false
667
651
10
regular
100
100
2038642
721
3
59
false
1327
548
10
regular
50
30
2038643
143
3
61
false
1682
548
10
regular
50
30
2038644
146
8
62
false
1882
548
10
regular
50
30
2038645
964
8
9
false
1752
340
10
regular
100
25
2038648
102446
7
3
false
1587
1048
10
regular
100
100
2038651
101840
7
3
false
427
303
10
regular
100
100
2038652
101846
7
3
false
617
313
10
regular
100
100
10065
465
37
23
false
1587
763
12
regular
100
90
725727
9286
7
2
false
952
1048
8
subunit
regular
150
70
725728
2007
7
2
false
952
1108
8
subunit
regular
150
70
725398
4079
7
2
false
492
528
8
subunit
regular
150
70
725399
860
3
2
false
1442
528
8
subunit
regular
150
70
725400
1543
8
6
false
1727
345
8
subunit
regular
160
80
725401
329
7
2
false
1052
306
8
subunit
regular
150
70
725403
332
43
2
false
1052
526
8
subunit
regular
150
70
725404
330
3
2
false
1057
736
8
subunit
regular
150
70
725528
4094
3
2
false
1277
958
8
subunit
regular
150
70
725651
1004
7
2
false
492
898
8
subunit
regular
150
70
725652
5216
7
2
false
492
958
8
subunit
regular
150
70
612782
8082
85045
7
724212
725727
612783
8083
85045
7
724213
725728
612454
607
85045
7
723883
725398
612455
609
85045
3
723884
725399
612456
440
85045
8
723885
725400
9891
2038645
2770904
Cofactor
612457
8069
85045
7
723886
725401
612459
8070
85045
43
723887
725403
612460
8071
85045
3
723889
725404
612584
8077
85045
3
724013
725528
612707
8081
85045
7
724136
725651
724137
725652
2770892
M297 561 C337 563 451 562 492 563
5
false
18
2770893
M472 691 C473 657 472 627 472 599 C496 599 537 599 567 598
5
false
18
2770894
M852 561 C822 561 672 563 642 563
5
false
18
true
M 432.94685504416486 234.26155629629605 L 418 233 L 424.38088772118584 246.57513432307834
false
2770895
M667 701 C667 648 667 618 667 598 C636 598 597 598 567 598
5
false
18
true
M 432.94685504416486 234.26155629629605 L 418 233 L 424.38088772118584 246.57513432307834
false
2770898
M1377 563 C1407 563 1412 563 1442 563
5
false
18
2770899
M1682 563 C1652 563 1622 563 1592 563
5
false
18
true
M 1206.9468550441647 226.26155629629605 L 1192 225 L 1198.380887721186 238.57513432307834
false
2770900
M1736 563 C1766 563 1777 563 1807 563
5
true
18
2770901
M1882 563 C1852 563 1766 563 1736 563
5
false
18
true
M 1105.9468550441647 226.26155629629605 L 1091 225 L 1097.380887721186 238.57513432307834
false
2770902
M1907 548 C1907 520 1908 473 1907 424 C1866 425 1841 425 1807 425
5
false
18
2770903
M1707 548 C1707 504 1708 465 1707 427 C1728 426 1777 426 1807 425
5
false
18
true
M 1559.9468550441647 226.26155629629605 L 1545 225 L 1551.380887721186 238.57513432307834
false
2770904
M1752 510.5 L1752 560.5 L1802 510.5 z
10
true
18
2770905
M952 561 C951 495 951 391 951 341 C980 341 1019 341 1052 341
5
false
18
2770906
M1352 548 C1353 513 1351 382 1352 340 C1312 340 1242 340 1202 341
5
false
18
true
M 959.9468550441649 86.26155629629604 L 945 85 L 951.3808877211858 98.57513432307834
false
2770907
M952 561 C951 628 952 714 952 770 C985 770 1027 771 1057 771
5
false
18
2770908
M1327 563 C1328 600 1328 745 1329 770 C1297 770 1254 770 1207 771
5
false
18
true
M 1153.9468550441647 144.26155629629605 L 1139 143 L 1145.380887721186 156.57513432307834
false
2770913
M952 561 C982 561 1022 561 1052 561
5
false
18
2770914
M1327 563 C1297 563 1232 561 1202 561
5
false
18
true
M 1153.9468550441647 144.26155629629605 L 1139 143 L 1145.380887721186 156.57513432307834
false
2770917
M1377 563 C1378 618 1379 782 1379 825 C1426 825 1526 823 1587 823
5
false
18
2770918
M1637 1048 C1636 1010 1639 945 1637 883
5
false
18
true
M 1792.9468550441647 374.261556296296 L 1778 373 L 1784.380887721186 386.5751343230783
false
2770923
M532 348 C562 348 399.5 563 429.5 563
148
true
18
2770924
M567 528 C536 528 504 528 475 528 C476 459 474 488 477 403
148
false
18
false
true
M 426.565967322979 220.6864219732177 L 418 233 L 409.434032677021 245.3135780267823
2770925
M717 363 C747 363 399.5 563 429.5 563
148
true
18
2770926
M567 528 C614 528 636 528 669 529 C668 493 669 469 667 413
148
false
18
false
true
M 426.565967322979 220.6864219732177 L 418 233 L 409.434032677021 245.3135780267823
2770927
M1377 563 C1407 563 1454 853 1484 853
149
true
18
2770928
M1587 823 C1557 823 1382 578 1352 578
149
true
18
true
M 1300.9468550441647 274.261556296296 L 1286 273 L 1292.380887721186 286.5751343230783
false
2771476
M1377 563 C1407 563 1447 563 1477 563
149
true
18
2771477
M1352 958 C1352 912 1351 629 1352 578
149
false
18
true
M 1779.9468550441647 458.261556296296 L 1765 457 L 1771.380887721186 470.5751343230783
false
2772038
M642 993 C672 993 387 563 417 563
149
true
18
2772039
M567 598 C565 626 569 870 567 898
149
false
18
true
M 903.9468550441649 381.261556296296 L 889 380 L 895.3808877211858 393.5751343230783
false
2772122
M1427 993 C1457 993 917 908 947 908
148
true
18
2772123
M642 993 C686 991 1220 995 1277 993
148
false
18
false
true
M 1075.565967322979 464.6864219732177 L 1067 477 L 1058.434032677021 489.3135780267823
2772380
M1427 993 C1457 993 1447 908 1477 908
149
true
18
2772382
M1162 1083 L1162 1133 L1212 1083 z
10
true
18
2772383
M1162 1143 L1162 1193 L1212 1143 z
10
true
18
2772384
M1102 1083 C1166 1083 1291 1083 1352 1082 C1352 1057 1352 1039 1352 1028
149
false
18
true
M 1238.9468550441647 489.261556296296 L 1224 488 L 1230.380887721186 501.5751343230783
false
2772458
M492 993 C462 993 934.5 1153 904.5 1153
149
true
18
true
M 1123.9468550441647 500.261556296296 L 1109 499 L 1115.380887721186 512.5751343230784
false
2772459
M952 1083 C875 1084 696 1083 642 1085 C642 1058 642 1031 642 993
149
false
18
true
M 1541.5096189432334 1155.5 L 1554.5 1148 L 1541.5096189432334 1140.5
false
617444
85045
139079
7
2492281
2038638
2770892
Left
2492282
2038639
2770893
Left
2492283
2038640
2770894
Right
2492284
2038641
2770895
Right
575503
129156
612454
617445
85045
1319
8
2492285
2038642
2770898
Left
2492286
2038643
2770899
Right
575504
1034
612455
617446
85045
139095
8
2492287
2038643
2770900
Left
2492288
2038644
2770901
Right
617447
85045
139099
8
2492289
2038644
2770902
Left
2492290
2038643
2770903
Right
575505
129175
612456
617448
85045
139104
7
2492291
2038640
2770905
Left
2492292
2038642
2770906
Right
575506
129180
612457
617450
85045
139106
43
2492293
2038640
2770907
Left
2492294
2038642
2770908
Right
575508
129182
612459
617451
85045
139108
3
2492298
2038640
2770913
Left
2492299
2038642
2770914
Right
575509
129184
612460
617453
85045
140065
7
2492303
2038642
2770917
Left
2492304
2038648
2770918
Right
2434
942
85045
7
742
2038651
2770923
Left
3014
612454
2770924
Right
2435
943
85045
7
743
2038652
2770925
Left
3015
612454
2770926
Right
2436
952
85045
23
744
2038642
2770927
Left
467
10065
2770928
Right
2439
959
85045
3
745
2038642
2771476
Left
3020
612584
2771477
Right
2440
960
85045
7
3021
612707
2772038
Left
3022
612454
2772039
Right
2441
961
85045
7
3023
612584
2772122
Left
3024
612707
2772123
Right
2442
962
85045
7
640
521
2772384
Right
3025
612584
2772380
Left
2443
963
85045
7
641
521
2772459
Left
3026
612707
2772458
Right
136786
1281
393
0.6
0.6
-180
2
14
327
267
136787
1123
461
0.4
0.4
0
2
20
290
260
136788
1123
716
0.4
0.4
0
2
1
490
240
283833
M125 225 C125 175 175 125 225 125 C735 125 1398 125 1908 125 C1958 125 2008 175 2008 225 C2008 520 2008 903 2008 1198 C2008 1248 1958 1298 1908 1298 C1398 1298 735 1298 225 1298 C175 1298 125 1248 125 1198 C125 903 125 520 125 225
1
true
6
1883.0
1173.0
334973
235
Cytoplasm
1591
160
20
1.6
1.6
200
15
335114
15
Levels of NAMPT decline during aging
610
570
20
1.0
1.0
160
15
335155
15
BMAL1/CLOCK complex controls Nampt gene encoding
482
748
20
1.0
1.0
160
15
335264
15
Aging is associated with an increase in chronic nuclear DNA damage, which leads to NAD+ depletion by PARP
1461
639
20
1.0
1.0
160
15
335280
15
NAD+ is produced by NAMPT, and NAD+ will activate NAD-dependent protein sitruin-1, which will active NAMPT. When DNA damage activate PARP, it takes over the available NAD+; hence the NAMPT can't be activated. This causes aging
1168
1115
20
1.0
1.0
160
15
406185
15
Nucleus
1073
203
20
1.0
1.0
160
15
406186
15
Mitochondria
1143
673
20
1.0
1.0
160
15
406187
15
Golgi Apparatus
1138
428
20
1.0
1.0
160
15