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Pathway Description
Steroid Biosynthesis
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2019-06-17
Last Updated: 2019-08-15
The steroid biosynthesis pathway occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum leads to the production of various sterols. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the major products are cholesterol, brassicasterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, and their derivatives. These products serve various roles including signalling and structural support. Stigmasterol is the principal sterol in with campesterol being second most abundant.
The pathway begins with farnesyl pyrophosphate produced in the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway. Squalene synthase catalyzes the reaction of two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate to form presqualene diphosphate and then squalene. Squalene is reduced by squalene monoxygenase to form 2,3-epoxysqualene.
2,3-epoxysqualene can be used to form cycloartenol via cycloartenol synthase. This leads to the primary path of steroid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cycloartenol undergoes a series of reactions to form 24-methylenelophenol. 24-methylenelophenol can be converted to 24-ethylidenelophenol by 24-methylenesterol C-methyltransferase. 24-methylenelophenol and 24-ethylidenelophenol undergo similar separate reactions to form two different sterols. 24-methylenelophenol and 24-ethylidenelophenol are reduced by methylsterol monooxygenase 2 to episterol and δ7-avenasterol respectively. These are oxidized by delta(7)-sterol-C5(6)-desaturase to 5-dehydroepisterol and 5-dehydroavenasterol. These then undergo a series of reductions to form 24-methylenecholesterol and avenasterol; 24-epi-campesterol and β-sitosterol; and finally brassicasterol and stigmasterol. 24-methylenecholesterol may also be reduced by delta(24)-sterol reductase to form campesterol.
Alternatively, lanosterol synthase can use 2,3-epoxysqualene to form lanosterol. Lanosterol is reduced by sterol-14-demethylase to form 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol
and then by delta(14)-sterol reductase to form 4,4-dimethyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-b-ol. 4,4-dimethyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-b-ol then undergoes a series of reactions to for zymosterol. Zymosterol is converted into 5a-Cholest-8-en-3b-ol by delta(24)-sterol reductase, which is converted into lathosterol by 3-beta-hydroxysteroid-delta(8),delta(7)-isomerase, then into 7-dehydrocholesterol by 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, then into cholesterol by 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase.
References
Steroid Biosynthesis References
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