117071Pathway1-Methylhistidine MetabolismMethylhistidine is a modified amino acid that is produced in myocytes during the methylation of actin and myosin. It is also formed from the methylation of L-histidine, which takes the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine and forms S-adenosylhomocysteine as a byproduct. After its formation in the myocytes, methylhistidine enters the blood stream and travels to the kidneys, where it is excreted in the urine. Methylhistidine is present in the blood and urine in higher concentrations after skeletal muscle protein breakdown, which can occur due to disease or injury. Because of this, it can be used to judge how much muscle breakdown is occurring. Methylhistidine levels are also affected by diet, and may differ between vegetarian diets and those containing meats.MetabolicPW126201CenterPathwayVisualizationContext12647721502700#000099PathwayVisualization1169061170711-Methylhistidine MetabolismMethylhistidine is a modified amino acid that is produced in myocytes during the methylation of actin and myosin. It is also formed from the methylation of L-histidine, which takes the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine and forms S-adenosylhomocysteine as a byproduct. After its formation in the myocytes, methylhistidine enters the blood stream and travels to the kidneys, where it is excreted in the urine. Methylhistidine is present in the blood and urine in higher concentrations after skeletal muscle protein breakdown, which can occur due to disease or injury. Because of this, it can be used to judge how much muscle breakdown is occurring. Methylhistidine levels are also affected by diet, and may differ between vegetarian diets and those containing meats.Metabolic133677321945731Wang H, Hu P, Jiang J: Measurement of 1- and 3-methylhistidine in human urine by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta. 2012 Jan 18;413(1-2):131-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.09.007. Epub 2011 Sep 14.117071Pathway3367741143090Long CL, Haverberg LN, Young VR, Kinney JM, Munro HN, Geiger JW: Metabolism of 3-methylhistidine in man. Metabolism. 1975 Aug;24(8):929-35. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(75)90084-0.117071Pathway3367755539225Huszar G, Elzinga M: Amino acid sequence around the single 3-methylhistidine residue in rabbit skeletal muscle myosin. Biochemistry. 1971 Jan 19;10(2):229-36. doi: 10.1021/bi00778a006.117071Pathway1CellCL:00000006MyocyteCL:00001875HepatocyteCL:00001824CardiomyocyteCL:00007463NeuronCL:00005407Epithelial CellCL:00000662Platelet CL:00002338Beta cellCL:00006391Homo sapiens9606EukaryoteHuman17Rattus norvegicus10116EukaryoteRat18Saccharomyces cerevisiae4932EukaryoteYeast4Arabidopsis thaliana3702EukaryoteThale cress12Mus musculus10090EukaryoteMouse5Bos taurus9913EukaryoteCattle6Caenorhabditis elegans6239EukaryoteRoundworm10Drosophila melanogaster7227EukaryoteFruit fly2Bacteria2ProkaryoteBacteria3Escherichia coli562Prokaryote19Schizosaccharomyces pombe4896Eukaryote24Solanum lycopersicum4081EukaryoteTomato21Xenopus laevis8355EukaryoteAfrican clawed frog25Escherichia coli (strain K12)83333Prokaryote49Bathymodiolus platifrons220390EukaryoteDeep sea mussel23Pseudomonas aeruginosa287Prokaryote60Nitzschia sp.0001EukaryoteNitzschia4127kjhkjh0989088Eukaryote51Picea sitchensis3332EukaryoteSitka spruce29Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c)559292EukaryoteBaker's yeast301Gallus Gallus1758Prokaryote5CytoplasmGO:000573717NucleoplasmGO:00056541CytosolGO:00058292MitochondrionGO:000573915NucleusGO:00056347Endoplasmic Reticulum MembraneGO:000578913Endoplasmic ReticulumGO:00057833Mitochondrial MatrixGO:000575935ChloroplastGO:000950739Mitochondrial membraneGO:003196614Mitochondrial Outer MembraneGO:000574111Extracellular SpaceGO:00056156LysosomeGO:00057644PeroxisomeGO:000577710Cell MembraneGO:000588616Lysosomal LumenGO:004320218Melanosome MembraneGO:003316225Golgi ApparatusGO:000579412Mitochondrial Inner MembraneGO:000574320Endoplasmic Reticulum LumenGO:000578821SynapseGO:004520231Periplasmic SpaceGO:000562036MembraneGO:001602053Endoplasmic Reticulum BodyGO:001016834Plant-Type VacuoleGO:000032540PeriplasmGO:004259727Peroxisome MembraneGO:000577832Inner MembraneGO:007025819Sarcoplasmic ReticulumGO:00165294Adrenal MedullaBTO:00000497181LiverBTO:00007597299MuscleBTO:00008871411825IntestineBTO:000064828StomachBTO:0001307155267Nervous SystemBTO:00014848Blood VesselBTO:0001102741111HeartBTO:000056273106KidneyBTO:000067171824BrainBTO:000014289162Endothelium 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(CAS: 29908-03-0), also known as SAM or AdoMet, is a physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in the treatment of chronic liver disease (From Merck, 11th ed). S-Adenosylmethionine is a natural substance present in the cells of the body. It plays a crucial biochemical role by donating a one-carbon methyl group in a process called transmethylation. S-Adenosylmethionine, formed from the reaction of L-methionine and adenosine triphosphate catalyzed by the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, is the methyl-group donor in the biosynthesis of both DNA and RNA nucleic acids, phospholipids, proteins, epinephrine, melatonin, creatine, and other molecules.485-80-3C000192476216515414S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE31983DB00118C[S+](CC[C@H](N)C(O)=O)C[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2NC15H23N6O5SInChI=1S/C15H22N6O5S/c1-27(3-2-7(16)15(24)25)4-8-10(22)11(23)14(26-8)21-6-20-9-12(17)18-5-19-13(9)21/h5-8,10-11,14,22-23H,2-4,16H2,1H3,(H2-,17,18,19,24,25)/p+1/t7-,8+,10+,11+,14+,27?/m0/s1MEFKEPWMEQBLKI-AIRLBKTGSA-O[(3S)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl]({[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl})methylsulfanium399.445399.145063566-2.565SAMe11FDB022473(3s)-5'-[(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)methylsulfonio]-5'-deoxyadenosine;2-s-adenosyl-l-methionine;5'-deoxyadenosine-5'-l-methionine disulfate ditosylate;Active methionine;Ademetionine;Adenosylmethionine;Adomet;Donamet;L-s-adenosylmethionine;S-(5'-adenosyl)-l-methionine;S-(5'-deoxyadenosin-5'-yl)-l-methionine;S-adenosyl methionine;S-adenosyl-l-methionine disulfate tosylate;S-adenosyl-l-methionine;S-adenosyl-methionine;S-adenosylmethionine;5'-deoxyadenosine-5'-l-methionine disulphate ditosylate;S-adenosyl-l-methionine disulphate tosylate;(3s)-5'-[(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)methylsulfonio]-5'-deoxyadenosine, inner salt;[1-(adenin-9-yl)-1,5-dideoxy-beta-d-ribofuranos-5-yl][(3s)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl](methyl)sulfonium;Acylcarnitine;Sam;SamePW_C000921SAMe51986333070420122031880272066246811050235056041357136163754021075442137632160826615192351951187419812031222123582251529324915345181536330976897293768991647698422477488111777313387777234178099132783033517833534679155112799613618086122948303829483338611328638911328839711554339911554640112039312212053741312093940712105212412228243512317144912350511912361611812483647012585929712587948112630429912644749912732120512734020612759538812801751723CarnosineHMDB0000033Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is found exclusively in animal tissues. It is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. Carnosine has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany ageing (e.g. protein oxidation, glycation, AGE formation, and cross-linking) and associated pathologies (PMID: 16804013). It is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues. Some autistic patients take it as a dietary supplement and attribute an improvement in their condition to it. Supplemental carnosine may increase corticosterone levels. This may explain the "hyperactivity" seen in autistic subjects at higher doses. Carnosine also exhibits some antioxidant effects. The antioxidant mechanism of carnosine is attributed to its chelating effect against metal ions, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, and ROS and free radicals scavenging ability (PMID: 16406688). Carnosine is a biomarker for the consumption of meat. Carnosine is found to be associated with carnosinuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism.305-84-0C0038643922415727CARNOSINE388363NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(O)=OC9H14N4O3InChI=1S/C9H14N4O3/c10-2-1-8(14)13-7(9(15)16)3-6-4-11-5-12-6/h4-5,7H,1-3,10H2,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)(H,15,16)/t7-/m0/s1CQOVPNPJLQNMDC-ZETCQYMHSA-N(2S)-2-(3-aminopropanamido)-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid226.2325226.106590334-1.314β-alanyl-L-histidine01FDB000511Carnosine;Ignotine;Karnozin;Karnozzn;L-carnosine;N-(3-aminopropanoyl)histidine;N-(b-alanyl)-l-histidine;N-b-alanyl-l-histidine;N-beta-alanyl-l-histidine;Sevitin;B-alanyl-l-histidine;B-alanylhistidine;Beta-alanyl-l-histidine;Beta-alanylhistidine;Nalpha-(beta-alanyl)-l-histidine;Nalpha-(b-alanyl)-l-histidine;Nalpha-(β-alanyl)-l-histidine;(2s)-2-(3-aminopropanoylamino)-3-(1h-imidazol-5-yl)propanoatePW_C000023Carnosi53115130587758211478127111120443409121021122123077137123586135125687483127182208749S-AdenosylhomocysteineHMDB0000939S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) is formed by the demethylation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. S-Adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy or SAH) is also the immediate precursor of all of the homocysteine produced in the body. The reaction is catalyzed by S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and is reversible with the equilibrium favoring formation of SAH. In vivo, the reaction is driven in the direction of homocysteine formation by the action of the enzyme adenosine deaminase which converts the second product of the S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase reaction, adenosine, to inosine. Except for methyl transfer from betaine and from methylcobalamin in the methionine synthase reaction, SAH is the product of all methylation reactions that involve S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. Methylation is significant in epigenetic regulation of protein expression via DNA and histone methylation. The inhibition of these SAM-mediated processes by SAH is a proven mechanism for metabolic alteration. Because the conversion of SAH to homocysteine is reversible, with the equilibrium favoring the formation of SAH, increases in plasma homocysteine are accompanied by an elevation of SAH in most cases. Disturbances in the transmethylation pathway indicated by abnormal SAH, SAM, or their ratio have been reported in many neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia, depression, and Parkinson's disease (PMID: 18065573, 17892439). Therefore, when present in sufficiently high levels, S-adenosylhomocysteine can act as an immunotoxin and a metabotoxin. An immunotoxin disrupts, limits the function, or destroys immune cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine are associated with S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase deficiency and adenosine deaminase deficiency. S-Adenosylhomocysteine forms when there are elevated levels of homocysteine and adenosine. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine is a potent inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation reactions. It is toxic to immature lymphocytes and can lead to immunosuppression (PMID: 221926).979-92-0C000212524622216680ADENOSYL-HOMO-CYS388301N[C@@H](CCSC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2N)C(O)=OC14H20N6O5SInChI=1S/C14H20N6O5S/c15-6(14(23)24)1-2-26-3-7-9(21)10(22)13(25-7)20-5-19-8-11(16)17-4-18-12(8)20/h4-7,9-10,13,21-22H,1-3,15H2,(H,23,24)(H2,16,17,18)/t6-,7+,9+,10+,13+/m0/s1ZJUKTBDSGOFHSH-WFMPWKQPSA-N(2S)-2-amino-4-({[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl}sulfanyl)butanoic acid384.411384.12158847-1.975S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine00DBMET00514FDB022327(s)-5'-(s)-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine;2-s-adenosyl-l-homocysteine;5'-deoxy-s-adenosyl-l-homocysteine;5'-s-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thio-l-adenosine;Adenosyl-l-homocysteine;Adenosyl-homo-cys;Adenosylhomo-cys;Adenosylhomocysteine;Adohcy;Formycinylhomocysteine;L-5'-s-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thior-adenosine;L-s-adenosyl-homocysteine;L-s-adenosylhomocysteine;S-(5'-adenosyl)-l-homocysteine;S-(5'-deoxyadenosin-5'-yl)-l-homocysteine;S-(5'-deoxyadenosine-5')-l-homocysteine;S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine;S-adenosyl-homocysteine;Sah;(2s)-2-amino-4-({[(2s,3s,4r,5r)-5-(6-amino-9h-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl}sulfanyl)butanoic acid;S-[1-(adenin-9-yl)-1,5-dideoxy-beta-d-ribofuranos-5-yl]-l-homocysteine;S-adenosylhomocysteinePW_C000749SAH5208575186353070520122131882272067246831050255056071367137163754221075462137634160826815192371951187519812359225152942491536430977489111776111307773333877773341780981327830535178337346791561127996236180863229483138294834386113287389113289397115544399115547401120394122120486125120539413120940407121053124122284435123037135123173449123506119123617118124838470125880481126303299126449499127341206127596388128019517126AnserineHMDB0000194This dipeptide is normally absent from human tissues and body fluids, and its appearance there is an artifact of diet (Proc Soc Pediatr Res 134, 1967.) and serum carnosinase deficiency. (OMIM 212200) Anserine is present in the skeletal muscle of birds and certain species of mammals, notably the rabbit, rat, and whale, contains anserine. (Proc Soc Pediatr Res 134, 1967) The methyl group of anserine is added to carnosine by the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine: carnosine N-methyltransferase. (J Biol Chem 237:1207, 1962.).584-85-0C0126211207218323100482CN1C=NC=C1C[C@H](NC(=O)CCN)C(O)=OC10H16N4O3InChI=1S/C10H16N4O3/c1-14-6-12-5-7(14)4-8(10(16)17)13-9(15)2-3-11/h5-6,8H,2-4,11H2,1H3,(H,13,15)(H,16,17)/t8-/m0/s1MYYIAHXIVFADCU-QMMMGPOBSA-N(2S)-2-(3-aminopropanamido)-3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid240.259240.122240398-1.783anserine00FDB021903Anserine;L-anserine;L-n-b-alanyl-3-methyl-histidine;L-n-beta-alanyl-3-methyl-histidine;N-b-alanyl-3-methyl-l-histidine;N-beta-alanyl-3-methyl-l-histidine;Beta-alanyl-n(pai)-methyl-l-histidine;Beta-alanyl-3-methyl-l-histidine;B-alanyl-3-methyl-l-histidine;β-alanyl-3-methyl-l-histidine;B-alanyl-n(pai)-methyl-l-histidine;β-alanyl-n(pai)-methyl-l-histidinePW_C000126Anserin5251542262277577114781571321204374091210541241230711371236181181256814831271762081420WaterHMDB0002111Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71% of Earth's surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia).7732-18-5C0000196215377937OH2OInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-Nwater18.015318.0105646861water00FDB013390Dihydrogen oxide;Steam;[oh2];Acqua;Agua;Aqua;Bound water;Dihydridooxygen;Eau;H2o;Hoh;Hydrogen hydroxide;WasserPW_C001420H2O558949109513941513162144811352615624286521069120770338231883821094311377491465541590432018242532222678602727462778172805293143703164723634614598364727374941935030275156751959752141005227945236103529710553191115343113535511254021105470123548312554921265507127553413055371145541129559113556081185622108569165759140577810158411435853146587710758909559101475940151603215560591576087161612316361331596215162181666477178650718066001526713117684018868881607162205718120771932067211211722821372382147243215729519873502167388210740121274672227492224750019075881708201225823722684141629265261185027711922164120112811221328512250286122642871232724912520227126326512693290127052911271529213007298130193001302530113037302132612231332729415340308423273154269531843691322769142937701925377102132771311337721513477378331773973327747133377516115775363347762833677722337777593417781634377982347780713297823535278242353782703567911336080014368800393708059122880656119938303839479438411055739011063939111584439811987923211991512211996340612000840712004640812011312412036541212043040512043840912060641512079441412115842512124042912135112112138141912160743412211838212238443612275312012279737412280444312301244612306437612307213712313144712314213612316244812323145112338445012373046012381046412394045512416546912467039912493847112494547212530529712535347912538648112542448212548029912568248312570747812574548712605449012623849512627348412676448012689650112696350212701738812717720812719920912722750412750650712757651512783638912808239512817651314067479014067583414075518540β-AlanineHMDB0000056beta-Alanine is the only naturally occurring beta-amino acid - an amino acid in which the amino group is at the beta-position from the carboxylate group. It is formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. It is a component of the naturally occurring peptides carnosine and anserine and also of pantothenic acid (vitamin B-5), which itself is a component of coenzyme A. Under normal conditions, beta-alanine is metabolized into acetic acid. beta-Alanine can undergo a transanimation reaction with pyruvate to form malonate-semialdehyde and L-alanine. The malonate semialdehyde can then be converted into malonate via malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Malonate is then converted into malonyl-CoA and enter fatty acid biosynthesis. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, beta-alanine may act as a false transmitter replacing gamma-aminobutyric acid. When present in sufficiently high levels, beta-alanine can act as a neurotoxin, a mitochondrial toxin, and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that damages the brain or nerve tissue. A mitochondrial toxin is a compound that damages mitochondria and reduces cellular respiration as well as oxidative phosphorylation. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of beta-alanine are associated with at least three inborn errors of metabolism, including GABA-transaminase deficiency, hyper-beta-alaninemia, and methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. beta-Alanine is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant and is an inhibitor of GABA transaminase. The associated inhibition of GABA transaminase and displacement of GABA from CNS binding sites can also lead to GABAuria (high levels of GABA in the urine) and convulsions. In addition to its neurotoxicity, beta-alanine reduces cellular levels of taurine, which are required for normal respiratory chain function. Cellular taurine depletion is known to reduce respiratory function and elevate mitochondrial superoxide generation, which damages mitochondria and increases oxidative stress (PMID: 27023909). Individuals suffering from mitochondrial defects or mitochondrial toxicity typically develop neurotoxicity, hypotonia, respiratory distress, and cardiac failure. beta-Alanine is a biomarker for the consumption of meat, especially red meat.107-95-9C0009923916958B-ALANINE234DB03107NCCC(O)=OC3H7NO2InChI=1S/C3H7NO2/c4-2-1-3(5)6/h1-2,4H2,(H,5,6)UCMIRNVEIXFBKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N3-aminopropanoic acid89.093289.0476784730.742β alanine00FDB0022532-carboxyethylamine;3-amino-propanoate;3-amino-propanoic acid;3-aminopropanoate;3-aminopropanoic acid;3-aminopropionate;3-aminopropionic acid;Abufene;B-alanine;Omega-aminopropionate;Omega-aminopropionic acid;B-aminopropanoate;B-aminopropanoic acid;B-aminopropionate;B-aminopropionic acid;Beta alanine;Beta-alanine;Beta-aminopropanoate;Beta-aminopropanoic acid;Beta-aminopropionate;Beta-aminopropionic acid;β-alaninePW_C000040b-Ala41349852715232042747257941087071188126802891268729042645315775221127752711177578114781591327863313312008340712043940912044512212105612412226040612283011912307313712307913512362011812481312012545448112568348312568929712638929912642447912699220612717820812718420512795038812799250111-MethylhistidineHMDB0000001One-methylhistidine (1-MHis) is derived mainly from the anserine of dietary flesh sources, especially poultry. The enzyme, carnosinase, splits anserine into b-alanine and 1-MHis. High levels of 1-MHis tend to inhibit the enzyme carnosinase and increase anserine levels. Conversely, genetic variants with deficient carnosinase activity in plasma show increased 1-MHis excretions when they consume a high meat diet. Reduced serum carnosinase activity is also found in patients with Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis and patients following a cerebrovascular accident. Vitamin E deficiency can lead to 1-methylhistidinuria from increased oxidative effects in skeletal muscle.332-80-9C01152702039750599CPD-182383153DB04151CN1C=NC(C[C@H](N)C(O)=O)=C1C7H11N3O2InChI=1S/C7H11N3O2/c1-10-3-5(9-4-10)2-6(8)7(11)12/h3-4,6H,2,8H2,1H3,(H,11,12)/t6-/m0/s1BRMWTNUJHUMWMS-LURJTMIESA-N2-amino-3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid hydrate169.1811169.085126611-1.3924-methyl-histidine hydrate00FDB0121191 methylhistidine;1-mhis;1-methyl histidine;1-methyl-histidine;1-methyl-l-histidine;1-n-methyl-l-histidine;L-1-methylhistidine;N1-methyl-l-histidine;Pi-methylhistidine;(2s)-2-amino-3-(1-methyl-1h-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid;1-methylhistidine;(2s)-2-amino-3-(1-methyl-1h-imidazol-4-yl)propanoatePW_C0000011-Mhis666016661417367152743751422632781581321210551241236191181406888791027ManganeseHMDB0001333Manganese is an essential trace nutrient in all forms of life. Physiologically, it. exists as an ion in the body. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver.16397-91-4C196102785429035MN%2b325916[Mn++]MnInChI=1S/Mn/q+2WAEMQWOKJMHJLA-UHFFFAOYSA-Nmanganese(2+) ion54.93854.9380496360manganese(2+) ion22FDB003636Manganese;Manganese (ii) ion;Manganese(ii);Manganese, ion (mn2+);Manganous ion;Mn(2+);Mn2+PW_C001027Mn2+2744738148649155343227122394325131453941035450120557613360521556113161649717869261607485222118801981193922511958164124712491336015115221306770502947749411177832132779611127826735678490115785243317924729380032368119996406120401122121058124121211407121295383121378419122488405123044135123622118123781119123865398123937455125054376125375479125976495126051490126060297126158299126543481126642478126917501127429390127503507127512205127765388128116206128218209414Adenosine triphosphateHMDB0000538Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).56-65-5C00002595715422ATP5742DB00171NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H16N5O13P3InChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)phosphonic acid507.181506.995745159-2.057adenosine triphosphate0-3FDB0218135'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) adenosine;5'-atp;Atp;Adenosine 5'-triphosphate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphorate;Adenosine 5'-triphosphoric acid;Adenosine triphosphate;Adenylpyrophosphorate;Adenylpyrophosphoric acid;Adephos;Adetol;Adynol;Atipi;Atriphos;Cardenosine;Fosfobion;Glucobasin;Myotriphos;Phosphobion;Striadyne;Triadenyl;Triphosphaden;Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester;Adenosine-5'-triphosphate;H4atp;Adenosine triphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-triphosphoric acidPW_C000414ATP92214608266164142247813733327995934399763210518211210214649215614216058240559243427272646281229302966316372361661361751439923447431476891486454503289503526515575205975215100525010452911015313111534611253901035406117543011854431205542129555613255691335603135562110858461435854146587610758971475924151604815561091616230166649317868391886870160697619971572057184206720921072252137229211729819873022167390217740821874321637481222749919081862251184727711903170120102811203916412178285125782261269129013264223153273084232631542621322426943187702825377218134772333297746833377632336780373327804135078168128782143517824035378411335784941157885013078865331789193348002836880046184806741198562919482612411323494113282388116280109119914122119992406120154407120245382120362412121246429121392123121397433121471408121974410122065125122079383122083405122402422122444435122919399123009446123816464123951447123956468124029374124527444124616136124630398124634376124943472124972375125011470125304297125371479125392299125515481125595484126123485126220300126234495126240478126547491126596499126913501127123389127731516127781395127796390127801209128119508128167517140770891116L-HistidineHMDB0000177Histidine is an alpha-amino acid with an imidazole functional group. It is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids. Histidine was first isolated by German physician Albrecht Kossel in 1896. Histidine is an essential amino acid in humans and other mammals. It was initially thought that it was only essential for infants, but longer-term studies established that it is also essential for adults. Infants four to six months old require 33 mg/kg of histidine. It is not clear how adults make small amounts of histidine, and dietary sources probably account for most of the histidine in the body. Histidine is a precursor for histamine and carnosine biosynthesis. Inborn errors of histidine metabolism exist and are marked by increased histidine levels in the blood. Elevated blood histidine is accompanied by a wide range of symptoms, from mental and physical retardation to poor intellectual functioning, emotional instability, tremor, ataxia and psychosis. Histidine and other imidazole compounds have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-secretory properties (PMID: 9605177). The efficacy of L-histidine in protecting inflamed tissue is attributed to the capacity of the imidazole ring to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cells during acute inflammatory response (PMID: 9605177). Histidine, when administered in therapeutic quantities is able to inhibit cytokines and growth factors involved in cell and tissue damage (US patent 6150392). Histidine in medical therapies has its most promising trials in rheumatoid arthritis where up to 4.5 g daily have been used effectively in severely affected patients. Arthritis patients have been found to have low serum histidine levels, apparently because of very rapid removal of histidine from their blood (PMID: 1079527). Other patients besides arthritis patients that have been found to be low in serum histidine are those with chronic renal failure. Urinary levels of histidine are reduced in pediatric patients with pneumonia. (PMID: 2084459). Asthma patients exhibit increased serum levels of histidine over normal controls (PMID: 23517038). Serum histidine levels are lower and are negatively associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women (PMID: 23361591). Histidine supplementation has been shown to reduce insulin resistance, reduce BMI and fat mass and suppress inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women with metabolic syndrome. Histidine appears to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, possibly via the NF-?B pathway, in adipocytes (PMID: 23361591). Low plasma concentrations of histidine are associated with protein-energy wasting, inflammation, oxidative stress, and greater mortality in chronic kidney disease patients (PMID: 18541578). Histidine may have many other possible functions because it is the precursor of the ubiquitous neurohormone-neurotransmitter histamine. Histidine increases histamine in the blood and probably in the brain. Low blood histamine with low serum histidine occurs in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Low blood histamine also occurs in some manic, schizophrenic, high copper and hyperactive groups of psychiatric patients. Histidine is a useful therapy in all patients with low histamine levels. (http://www.dcnutrition.com ).
71-00-1C00135627415971HIS6038DB00117N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(O)=OC6H9N3O2InChI=1S/C6H9N3O2/c7-5(6(10)11)1-4-2-8-3-9-4/h2-3,5H,1,7H2,(H,8,9)(H,10,11)/t5-/m0/s1HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-YFKPBYRVSA-N(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid155.1546155.069476547-0.343L-histidine00FDB011856(s)-1h-imidazole-4-alanine;(s)-2-amino-3-(4-imidazolyl)propionsaeure;(s)-4-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)imidazole;(s)-histidine;(s)-a-amino-1h-imidazole-4-propanoate;(s)-a-amino-1h-imidazole-4-propanoic acid;(s)-alpha-amino-1h-imidazole-4-propanoate;(s)-alpha-amino-1h-imidazole-4-propanoic acid;(s)-alpha-amino-1h-imidazole-4-propionate;(s)-alpha-amino-1h-imidazole-4-propionic acid;(s)1h-imidazole-4-alanine;3-(1h-imidazol-4-yl)-l-alanine;Amino-1h-imidazole-4-propanoate;Amino-1h-imidazole-4-propanoic acid;Amino-4-imidazoleproprionate;Amino-4-imidazoleproprionic acid;Glyoxaline-5-alanine;His;Histidine;L-(-)-histidine;H;L-histidin;(s)-α-amino-1h-imidazole-4-propanoate;(s)-α-amino-1h-imidazole-4-propanoic acid;(s)-a-amino-1h-imidazole-4-propionate;(s)-a-amino-1h-imidazole-4-propionic acid;(s)-α-amino-1h-imidazole-4-propionate;(s)-α-amino-1h-imidazole-4-propionic acidPW_C000116His4338532155024505673107567410842547315425633187732611177583114783363461203391221204444091229901351230781371256612971256884831271552051271832081034Adenosine diphosphateHMDB0001341Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases.58-64-0C00008602216761ADP5800NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC10H15N5O10P2InChI=1S/C10H15N5O10P2/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(24-10)1-23-27(21,22)25-26(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-KQYNXXCUSA-N[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphonic acid427.2011427.029414749-2.126adenosine-diphosphate0-2FDB021817Adp;Adenosindiphosphorsaeure;Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate;Adenosine diphosphate;Adenosine pyrophosphate;Adenosine-5'-diphosphate;Adenosine-5-diphosphate;Adenosine-diphosphate;5'-adenylphosphoric acid;Adenosine 5'-diphosphate;H3adp;5'-adenylphosphate;Adenosine 5'-diphosphoric acid;Adenosine-5'-diphosphoric acidPW_C001034ADP2341348415224821380159631597831061141518219014921041821131021615824085924352727284727364628552931657236356144002344763147709150362651577520897521710053151115349112539210354461205544129557213356241085741117576410158491435856146587810758991475926151605015561111616231166649517867009468411886872160715920571872067208210722621372312117300198730321673912177410218743316374832228187225118512771190517012013281121802851326222315329308423283154239831342622322426963187702925377087132772161347730632977472333776633367803933278043350781701287821535178244353784143357849511578705331788491307892033480030368806221188065113580676119948271241132833881162041091199441221199944061201564071203183821203664121212484291213941231213994331214724081218993831219764101220641251220854051224054221224454351229733991230134461238184641239534471239584681240303741244523981245294441246151361246363761249474721249753751250124701253342971253734791254922991255174811256454841261254851262193001262354951262424781265504911265974991269155011277335161277803951277973901278032091281225081281685171283133891104PhosphateHMDB0001429Phosphate is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry, biogeochemistry and ecology. Phosphate (Pi) is an essential component of life. In biological systems, phosphorus is found as a free phosphate ion in solution and is called inorganic phosphate, to distinguish it from phosphates bound in various phosphate esters. Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted Pi and at physiological (neutral) pH primarily consists of a mixture of HPO<sup>2-</sup><sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sup>-</sup><sub>4</sub> ions. phosphates are most commonly found in the form of adenosine phosphates, (AMP, ADP and ATP) and in DNA and RNA and can be released by the hydrolysis of ATP or ADP. Similar reactions exist for the other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. Phosphoanhydride bonds in ADP and ATP, or other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates, contain high amounts of energy which give them their vital role in all living organisms. Phosphate must be actively transported into cells against its electrochemical gradient. In vertebrates, two unrelated families of Na+-dependent Pi transporters carry out this task. Remarkably, the two families transport different Pi species: whereas type II Na+/Pi cotransporters (SCL34) prefer divalent HPO4(2), type III Na+/Pi cotransporters (SLC20) transport monovalent H2PO4. The SCL34 family comprises both electrogenic and electroneutral members that are expressed in various epithelia and other polarized cells. Through regulated activity in apical membranes of the gut and kidney, they maintain body Pi homeostasis, and in salivary and mammary glands, liver, and testes they play a role in modulating the Pi content of luminal fluids. Phosphate levels in the blood play an important role in hormone signaling and in bone homeostasis. In classical endocrine regulation, low serum phosphate induces the renal production of the seco-steroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3).This active metabolite of vitamin D acts to restore circulating mineral (i.e. phosphate and calcium) levels by increasing absorption in the intestine, reabsorption in the kidney, and mobilization of calcium and phosphate from bone. Thus, chronic renal failure is associated with hyperparathyroidism, which in turn contributes to osteomalacia (softening of the bones). Another complication of chronic renal failure is hyperphosphatemia (low levels of phosphate in the blood). Hyperphosphatemia (excess levels of phosphate in the blood) is a prevalent condition in kidney dialysis patients and is associated with increased risk of mortality. Hypophosphatemia (hungry bone syndrome) has been associated to postoperative electrolyte aberrations and after parathyroidectomy. (PMID: 17581921, 11169009, 11039261, 9159312, 17625581)Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) has recently been recognized as a key mediator of phosphate homeostasis, its most notable effect being promotion of phosphate excretion. FGF-23 was discovered to be involved in diseases such as autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, X-linked hypophosphatemia, and tumor-induced osteomalacia in which phosphate wasting was coupled to inappropriately low levels of 1,25(OH)2D3. FGF-23 is regulated by dietary phosphate in humans. In particular it was found that phosphate restriction decreased FGF-23, and phosphate loading increased FGF-23.14265-44-2C00009106118367CPD-85871032OP(O)(O)=OH3O4PInChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-Nphosphoric acid97.995297.9768950963phosphoric acid0-2DBMET00532FDB022617Nfb orthophosphate;O-phosphoric acid;Ortho-phosphate;Orthophosphate (po43-);Orthophosphate(3-);Phosphate;Phosphate (po43-);Phosphate anion(3-);Phosphate ion (po43-);Phosphate ion(3-);Phosphate trianion;Phosphate(3-);Phosphoric acid ion(3-);Pi;[po4](3-);Orthophosphate;Phosphate ion;Po4(3-);Phosphoric acid;Orthophosphoric acid;Phosphoric acid ionPW_C001104Pi244848814581818831298031763141767492500102729472737463129293166723636613851234249224475315031275158752079752161005317111535111253811035447120554312955731335605135562510856936584814358551465911147594115160401556100161629410764871786691101671411768421886889160716120571892067212211730619873892107402212743616374752228196225825822710118241101342571174813211761115117732131190417011927164120142811272829013263223348191742255304423503154243531843692322770182537719429377217134779403367796613078048332780573297824535378669331800223688927930893831383947963841105583901106403911132359411584539811620610911998240612006912212069940712105712412121612512126842912135212112140912312142338212185240512330411912362111812378613612383846412396844712398139912440537612494847212536247912544629712577448112595429912622147812659430012660429812672348412690450112741338812778320912816639512817751312831538911856Carnosine N-methyltransferaseQ8N4J0
N-methyltransferase that mediates the formation of anserine (beta-alanyl-N(Pi)-methyl-L-histidine) from carnosine. Anserine, a methylated derivative of carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine), is an abundant constituent of vertebrate skeletal muscles. Also methylates other L-histidine-containing di- and tripeptides such as Gly-Gly-His, Gly-His and homocarnosine (GABA-His).
CARNMT112.1.1.22422592144675129311858cytosolic non-specific dipeptidaseQ96KP4
Hydrolyzes a variety of dipeptides including L-carnosine but has a strong preference for Cys-Gly (PubMed:19346245). Acts as a functional tumor suppressor in gastric cancer via activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. An elevated level of CNDP2 activates the p38 and JNK MAPK pathways to induce cell apoptosis, and a lower level of CNDP2 activates the ERK MAPK pathway to promote cell proliferation (PubMed:24395568). Isoform 2 may play a role as tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells (PubMed:17121880). Catalyzes the production of N-lactoyl-amino acids from lactate and amino acids by reverse proteolysis (PubMed:25964343).
CNDP213.4.13.1842268214467712934059Carnosine synthase 1A5YM72Catalyzes the synthesis of carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine. Carnosine is synthesized more efficiently than homocarnosine.
HMDBP08844CARNS111q13.2BC03655716.3.2.1113078422642144663129214467612935703Carnosine N-methyltransferase1PW_P00570313187118564226025704cytosolic non-specific dipeptidase1PW_P0057041318811858274310274422692366Carnosine synthase 11PW_P000366388405941691027872857PW_R072857Right2503589211Compoundtrue250359231Compoundfalse2503607491Compoundtrue2503611261Compoundfalse62986570372859PW_R072859Right2503681261Compoundfalse25036914201Compoundtrue250370401Compoundtrue25037111Compoundfalse6298857043.4.13.18209falsePW_R000209Right9194141Compoundtrue9201161Compoundfalse921401Compoundtrue92210341Compoundtrue92311041Compoundtrue924231Compoundfalse4483666.3.2.1113824PW_T013824Diffusion1424311Compound251Right13825PW_T013825Diffusion1424411Compound5163Right3137174921281false169056510regular200190313717523281false149038010regular2001903137176749281false208057510regular2001903137177126281false225037810regular20019031371781420249false214178810regular7878313717940281false203599510regular20019031371801281false2250115010regular200190313718110279true171549010regular100253137225414242false112536310regular50303137226116281false88038310regular200190313722740281false105057810regular20019031372281034243false142036210regular503031372291104246false142357710regular4443313723010279true118027610regular10025313723115181false2255170510regular200190313723216381false1360171010regular20019012121661185622false19104378proteinregular1507012121671185826false22709258proteinregular160801212203405928false12254368proteinregular140859548805703116906120694012121669548815704116906120694112121674536131371814287330Cofactor954896366116906120697612122034536531372304287401Cofactor4287322M1790 565 C1786 467 1880 472 1910 472 5false184287323M1690 475 C1716 475 1886 472 1910 472 5false184287324M2180 575 C2179 482 2117 469 2060 472 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false4287325M2250 473 C2220 473 2090 472 2060 472 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false4287326M2350 568 C2350 644 2350 803 2350 925 5false184287327M2219 827 C2293 829 2349 868 2350 925 5false184287328M2235 1090 C2294 1088 2349 1071 2350 1005 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false4287329M2350 1150 C2348 1083 2350 1046 2350 1005 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false4287330M1710 485 L1710 535 L1760 485 z10true184287395M1150 393 C1154 481 1195 476 1225 476 5false184287396M1080 478 C1110 478 1195 476 1225 476 5false184287397M1150 578 C1149 533 1158 475 1225 476 5false184287398M1445 392 C1445 476 1395 476 1365 476 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false4287399M1445 577 C1445 496 1395 476 1365 476 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false4287400M1490 475 C1460 475 1395 476 1365 476 5false18trueM 25.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 11 12 L 17.380887721185843 25.575134323078345false4287401M1175 271 L1175 321 L1225 271 z10true184287402M2350 1340 C2350 1370 2520 500 2520 530 83true184287403M2355 1705 C2355 1675 2350 1370 2350 1340 83false18trueM 228.94685504416483 74.26155629629604 L 214 73 L 220.38088772118584 86.57513432307834false4287404M2255 1800 C2225 1800 2405 775 2375 775 83true184287405M1560 1805 C1590 1805 2225 1800 2255 1800 83false18trueM 25.946855044164835 74.26155629629604 L 11 73 L 17.380887721185843 86.57513432307834false4287406M1201 1804 C1274 1804 1312 1804 1360 1805 83false18trueM 44.946855044164835 13.26155629629604 L 30 12 L 36.38088772118584 25.575134323078345false92240711690672857375197031371744287322Left375197131371754287323Left375197231371764287324Right375197331371774287325Right8765296298695488092240811690672859375197431371774287326Left375197531371784287327Left375197631371794287328Right375197731371804287329Right87653062988954881922414116906209375199331372254287395Left375199431372264287396Left375199531372274287397Left375199631372284287398Right375199731372294287399Right375199831371754287400Right8765334489548961029351382411690620747831371804287402Left20747931372314287403Right1029361382511690620748031372314287404Left20748131372324287405Right739464287406474216181417110.80.8-25299861647474217127014551.51.5028292400474218902093.43.4022618519547421911036751.31.30290484497472240M776 225 C776 175 826 125 876 125 C1357 125 1983 125 2464 125 C2514 125 2564 175 2564 225 C2564 558 2564 992 2564 1325 C2564 1375 2514 1425 2464 1425 C1983 1425 1357 1425 876 1425 C826 1425 776 1375 776 1325 C776 992 776 558 776 225 1true61788.01300.088235615Renal clearance (excretion)7341695202.82.816015882357235Kidney12951500201.91.920015882358235Blood Vessel19001575201.91.920015882359235Stomach Cell90845201.91.92001588236015High concentrations of 1-methylhistidine is the results of an accumulation of anserine from dietary flesh sources such as high meat consumption.1781148202.52.5160152813213985717501002591145039418411350