Browsing Pathways

9-(5-hexyl-3-methylfuran-2-yl)nonanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, 9-(5-hexyl-3-methylfuran-2-yl)nonanoic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called 9-(5-hexyl-3-methylfuran-2-yl)nonanoyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, 9-(5-hexyl-3-methylfuran-2-yl)nonanoyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form 9-(5-hexyl-3-methylfuran-2-yl)nonanoylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the 9-(5-hexyl-3-methylfuran-2-yl)nonanoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, 9-(5-hexyl-3-methylfuran-2-yl)nonanoylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form 9-(5-hexyl-3-methylfuran-2-yl)nonanoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. 9-(5-hexyl-3-methylfuran-2-yl)nonanoyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing 9-(5-hexyl-3-methylfuran-2-yl)nonanoylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.

(4Z,7S,8E)-7-hydroxy-9-[(1S,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(2Z,5Z)-octa-2,5-dien-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]nona-4,8-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, (4Z,7S,8E)-7-hydroxy-9-[(1S,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(2Z,5Z)-octa-2,5-dien-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]nona-4,8-dienoic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called (4Z,7S,8E)-7-hydroxy-9-[(1S,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(2Z,5Z)-octa-2,5-dien-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]nona-4,8-dienoyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, (4Z,7S,8E)-7-hydroxy-9-[(1S,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(2Z,5Z)-octa-2,5-dien-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]nona-4,8-dienoyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form (4Z,7S,8E)-7-hydroxy-9-[(1S,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(2Z,5Z)-octa-2,5-dien-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]nona-4,8-dienoylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the (4Z,7S,8E)-7-hydroxy-9-[(1S,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(2Z,5Z)-octa-2,5-dien-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]nona-4,8-dienoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, (4Z,7S,8E)-7-hydroxy-9-[(1S,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(2Z,5Z)-octa-2,5-dien-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]nona-4,8-dienoylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form (4Z,7S,8E)-7-hydroxy-9-[(1S,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(2Z,5Z)-octa-2,5-dien-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]nona-4,8-dienoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. (4Z,7S,8E)-7-hydroxy-9-[(1S,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(2Z,5Z)-octa-2,5-dien-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]nona-4,8-dienoyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing (4Z,7S,8E)-7-hydroxy-9-[(1S,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(2Z,5Z)-octa-2,5-dien-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]nona-4,8-dienoylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.

7-[(1R,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, 7-[(1R,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called 7-[(1R,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, 7-[(1R,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form 7-[(1R,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the 7-[(1R,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, 7-[(1R,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form 7-[(1R,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. 7-[(1R,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing 7-[(1R,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-3-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.

(9Z,11E,13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, (9Z,11E,13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called (9Z,11E,13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, (9Z,11E,13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form (9Z,11E,13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the (9Z,11E,13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, (9Z,11E,13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form (9Z,11E,13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. (9Z,11E,13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing (9Z,11E,13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.

(9E,12Z)-10-nitrooctadeca-9,12-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, (9E,12Z)-10-nitrooctadeca-9,12-dienoic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called (9E,12Z)-10-nitrooctadeca-9,12-dienoyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, (9E,12Z)-10-nitrooctadeca-9,12-dienoyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form (9E,12Z)-10-nitrooctadeca-9,12-dienoylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the (9E,12Z)-10-nitrooctadeca-9,12-dienoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, (9E,12Z)-10-nitrooctadeca-9,12-dienoylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form (9E,12Z)-10-nitrooctadeca-9,12-dienoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. (9E,12Z)-10-nitrooctadeca-9,12-dienoyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing (9E,12Z)-10-nitrooctadeca-9,12-dienoylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.

(2Z)-2-(propan-2-yl)but-2-enedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, (2Z)-2-(propan-2-yl)but-2-enedioic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called (2Z)-2-(propan-2-yl)but-2-enedioyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, (2Z)-2-(propan-2-yl)but-2-enedioyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form (2Z)-2-(propan-2-yl)but-2-enedioylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the (2Z)-2-(propan-2-yl)but-2-enedioylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, (2Z)-2-(propan-2-yl)but-2-enedioylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form (2Z)-2-(propan-2-yl)but-2-enedioyl-CoA and L-carnitine. (2Z)-2-(propan-2-yl)but-2-enedioyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing (2Z)-2-(propan-2-yl)but-2-enedioylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.

4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, 4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called 4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, 4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form 4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the 4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, 4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form 4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. 4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing 4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.

13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.

13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing 13-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)tridecanoylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.

15-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)pentadecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups, organic acids and fatty acids, from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. As part of this process, 15-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)pentadecanoic acid is first transported into the cell via the long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1). Once inside the cell it undergoes a reaction to form an acyl-CoA derivative called 15-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)pentadecanoyl-CoA. This reaction is facilitated by the long-chain fatty-acid CoA ligase 1 protein, which adds a CoA moiety to appropriate acyl groups. Many acyl-CoA groups will then further react with other zwitterionic compounds such as carnitine (to form acylcarnitines) and amino acids (to form acyl amides). The carnitine needed to form acylcarnitines inside the cell is transported into the cell by the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2. In forming an acylcarnitine derivative, 15-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)pentadecanoyl-CoA reacts with L-carnitine to form 15-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)pentadecanoylcarnitine. This reaction is catalyzed by carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase. This enzyme resides in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While this reaction takes place, the 15-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)pentadecanoylcarnitine is moved into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Following the reaction, the newly synthesized acylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondrial matrix by a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Once in the matrix, 15-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)pentadecanoylcarnitine can react with the carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane to once again form 15-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)pentadecanoyl-CoA and L-carnitine. 15-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)pentadecanoyl-CoA then enters into the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway to form aceytl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can go on to enter the TCA cycle, or it can react with L-carnitine to form L-acetylcarnitine in a reaction catalyzed by Carnitine O-acetyltransferase. This reaction can occur in both directions, and L-acetylcarnitine and CoA can react to form acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine in certain circumstances. Finally, acetyl-CoA in the cytosol can be catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 to form malonyl-CoA, which inhibits the action of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, thereby preventing 15-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)pentadecanoylcarnitine from forming and thereby preventing it from being transported into the mitochondria.