Browsing Pathways

Alvimopan is prescribed to treat patient opioid-induced constipation, a common side effect of opioid therapy. This side effect results in delayed discharge for hospitalized patients following surgery. Alvimopan helps to increase gastrointestinal recovery following surgery for a shorter hospital stay. Opioids bind opioid receptors in the gut causing inhibition of gut motility which results in constipation. Alvimopan is a peripherally acting mu-opioid antagonist. The drug acts in the gastrointestinal tract by competing to bind the mu-opioid receptor. Alvimopan differs from other peripherally acting mu-receptor antagonists such as, methylnaltrexone, by the presence of a quaternary amine.

Pentazocine (also known as Talwin) is a type of medication that can relieve moderate to severe pain. Pentazocine can bind to mu-type opioid receptor and kappa-type opioid receptor on neuron of central nerves system (CNS). Binding of pentazocine on mu-type opioid receptor and kappa-type opioid receptor can lead to decreased level of neuronal excitability and hyperpolarization. After binding to the receptor, pentazocine will slowly dissociate.

Naltrexone (also known as ReVia and Vivitrol) is a competitive antagonist of mu-type opioid receptor in the central nervous system (CNS). Naltrexone is also a type of medication that are used for manage opioid or alcohol dependence. Binding of naltrexone can prevent the effects that caused by endogenous opioids, which results in antagonization of effects of opiates such as respiratory depression or drug craving.

Naloxone (also known as Narcan) is a competitive antagonist of mu-type opioid receptor in the central nervous system (CNS). Naloxone is also a type of medication that are used for manage opioid or alcohol dependence. Binding of naloxone can prevent the effects that caused by endogenous opioids, which results in antagonization of effects of opiates such as respiratory depression or drug craving. In recent study, naloxone shows that it can also bind to kappa and gamma-opioid receptors.

Dihydromorphine (also known as Paramorfan or Paramorphan) is analgesic that can bind to mu-type opioid receptor to activate associated G-protein in the sensory neurons of central nervous system (CNS), which will reduce the level of intracellular cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. The binding of dihydromorphine acetate will eventually lead to reduced pain because of decreased nerve conduction and release of neurotransmitter. Hyperpolarization of neuron is caused by inactivation of calcium channels and activation of potassium channels via facilitated by G-protein.

Ketobemidone (also known as Ketogan) is analgesic that can bind to mu-type opioid receptor to activate associated G-protein in the sensory neurons of central nervous system (CNS), which will reduce the level of intracellular cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. The binding of ketobemidone acetate will eventually lead to reduced pain because of decreased nerve conduction and release of neurotransmitter. Hyperpolarization of neuron is caused by inactivation of calcium channels and activation of potassium channels via facilitated by G-protein.

Nalbuphine (also known as Rubuphine and Nubain) is a competitive antagonist of mu-type and kappa-type opioid receptor in the central nervous system (CNS). Nalbuphine is also a type of medication that are mainly used for treat pain. Binding of nalbuphine can prevent the effects that caused by endogenous opioids, which results in antagonization of effects of opiates such as respiratory depression or drug craving.

Antipyrine (also named Fenazone or Phenazone) is often used for testing the effect of other drugs on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. Antipyrine can block prostaglandin synthesis by the action of inhibition of prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 catalyze the arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2, and also catalyze prostaglandin G2 to prostaglandin H2 in the metabolism pathway. Decreased prostaglandin synthesis in many animal model's cell is caused by presence of antipyrine.

Antrafenine (also named Stakane) acts as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug. It is not widely used as it has largely been replaced by newer drugs. Antrafenine can block prostaglandin synthesis by the action of inhibition of prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 catalyze the arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2, and also catalyze prostaglandin G2 to prostaglandin H2 in the metabolism pathway. Decreased prostaglandin synthesis in many animal model's cell is caused by presence of antrafenine.

Carprofen (also named Rimadyl or Imadyl) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that can treat various joint pain or post-operative pain. Carprofen can block prostaglandin synthesis by the action of inhibition of prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 catalyze the arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2, and also catalyze prostaglandin G2 to prostaglandin H2 in the metabolism pathway. Decreased prostaglandin synthesis in many animal model's cell is caused by presence of Carprofen.