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Pathway Description
Levobunolol Action Pathway
Homo sapiens
Drug Action Pathway
Levobunolol (also known as Betagan) is an ophthalmic beta blocker (non-selective) that can produce cardiovascular effects and systemic pulmonary effects. Levobunolol bind to beta1-adrenergic and beta2-adrenergic receptors in heart and vascular smooth muscle to block the binding of other adrenergic neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, which lead to decreased blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac output.
References
Levobunolol Pathway References
Ishibashi T, Yokoi N, Kinoshita S: Comparison of the effects of topical levobunolol and timolol solution on the human ocular surface. Cornea. 2003 Nov;22(8):709-15.
Pubmed: 14576520
Ogasawara H, Yoshida A, Fujio N, Konno S, Ishiko S: [Effect of topical levobunolol on retinal, optic nerve head, and choroidal circulation in normal volunteers]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 1999 Jul;103(7):544-50.
Pubmed: 10443129
Leung M, Grunwald JE: Short-term effects of topical levobunolol on the human retinal circulation. Eye (Lond). 1997;11 ( Pt 3):371-6. doi: 10.1038/eye.1997.78.
Pubmed: 9373479
Dong Y, Ishikawa H, Wu Y, Yoshitomi T: Vasodilatory mechanism of levobunolol on vascular smooth muscle cells. Exp Eye Res. 2007 Jun;84(6):1039-46. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.01.010. Epub 2007 Jan 27.
Pubmed: 17459374
Gonzalez JP, Clissold SP: Ocular levobunolol. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1987 Dec;34(6):648-61.
Pubmed: 2892662
Lesar TS: Comparison of ophthalmic beta-blocking agents. Clin Pharm. 1987 Jun;6(6):451-63.
Pubmed: 2891463
Novack GD: Levobunolol for the long-term treatment of glaucoma. Gen Pharmacol. 1986;17(4):373-7.
Pubmed: 3019819
Striated Muscle Contraction References
Cooke R: The sliding filament model: 1972-2004. J Gen Physiol. 2004 Jun;123(6):643-56. doi: 10.1085/jgp.200409089.
Pubmed: 15173218
Szent-Gyorgyi A: The mechanism of muscle contraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1974 Sep;71(9):3343-4.
Pubmed: 4610574
Kuo IY, Ehrlich BE: Signaling in muscle contraction. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015 Feb 2;7(2):a006023. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006023.
Pubmed: 25646377
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