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Pathway Description
5-Deoxystrigol Biosynthesis
Arabidopsis thaliana
Metabolic Pathway
5-Deoxystrigol Biosynthesis is a pathway that has not yet become fully elucidated. Beginning in the chloroplast and potentially finishing in the cytosol, the pathway follows the synthesis of 5-deoxystrigol from beta-carotene. 5-Deoxystrigol is a strigolactone, a plant hormone that stimulates the branching and growth of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and inhibits plant shoot branching. Strigolactones share a common C19 structure composed of a tricyclic lactone (A, B, and C rings) connected to a second lactone (D ring) by an enol ether bridge. 5-deoxystrigol is the precursor of other beta-oriented C-ring strigolactones (strigol-configured strigolactones) (PMID: 25425668). First, beta-carotene isomerase catalyzes the conversion of beta-carotene into 9-cis-beta-carotene with the help of an iron cofactor. Second, 9-cis-beta-carotene 9',10'-cleavage dioxygenase converts 9-cis-beta-carotene and oxygen to 9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal and beta-ionone with the help of an Fe2+ cofactor. Third, carlactone synthase converts 9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal and oxygen to carlactone and (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal with the help of an Fe2+ cofactor. The final two reactions are not completely understood and may occur in the cytosol. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase is theorized to catalyze the fourth reaction whereby carlactone is conveted into carlactone carboxylate. It requires heme as a cofactor. This same enzyme could possibly also catalyze the fifth reaction in which 5-deoxystrigol is made.
References
5-Deoxystrigol Biosynthesis References
Alder A, Jamil M, Marzorati M, Bruno M, Vermathen M, Bigler P, Ghisla S, Bouwmeester H, Beyer P, Al-Babili S: The path from beta-carotene to carlactone, a strigolactone-like plant hormone. Science. 2012 Mar 16;335(6074):1348-51. doi: 10.1126/science.1218094.
Pubmed: 22422982
Abe S, Sado A, Tanaka K, Kisugi T, Asami K, Ota S, Kim HI, Yoneyama K, Xie X, Ohnishi T, Seto Y, Yamaguchi S, Akiyama K, Yoneyama K, Nomura T: Carlactone is converted to carlactonoic acid by MAX1 in Arabidopsis and its methyl ester can directly interact with AtD14 in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Dec 16;111(50):18084-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1410801111. Epub 2014 Nov 25.
Pubmed: 25425668
Brewer PB, Yoneyama K, Filardo F, Meyers E, Scaffidi A, Frickey T, Akiyama K, Seto Y, Dun EA, Cremer JE, Kerr SC, Waters MT, Flematti GR, Mason MG, Weiller G, Yamaguchi S, Nomura T, Smith SM, Yoneyama K, Beveridge CA: LATERAL BRANCHING OXIDOREDUCTASE acts in the final stages of strigolactone biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 May 31;113(22):6301-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1601729113. Epub 2016 May 18.
Pubmed: 27194725
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