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5- hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A Sodium- dependent serotonin transporter D(1A) dopamine receptor Sodium- dependent dopamine transporter Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor Synaptic vesicular amine transporter Synaptic vesicular amine transporter Synaptic vesicular amine transporter Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 1 Aromatic-L- amino-acid decarboxylase Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase Aromatic-L- amino-acid decarboxylase Dopamine beta- hydroxylase Sodium- dependent noradrenaline transporter Serotonin Venlafaxine Dopamine Serotonin Serotonin Serotonin Na+ Na+ Dopamine Dopamine Norepinephrine Norepinephrine L-Tryptophan Tetrahydrobiopterin O2 5-Hydroxy-L- tryptophan 4a- Hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin CO2 L-Tyrosine L-Dopa CO2 Ascorbic acid O2 Norepinephrine Dehydroascorbic acid H2O Na+ Dopamine Na+ Norepinephrine Na+ Na+ Fe2+ Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate Fe2+ Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate Pyrroloquinoline quinone Copper Venlafaxine transport in and out of the blood-brain barrier involves the multidrug resistance protein 1 (an ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2). Presynaptic cell Synaptic Cleft Post synaptic cell Synaptic Vesicle Cytosol Venlafaxine is a selective serotonin and norepinephrine (AKA noradrenaline, NA) reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI) which binds to the sodium dependent serotonin and NA transporters present throughout the central nervous system, allowing serotonin and NA to accumulate in the synaptic cleft, which significantly enhances serotonergic activity and increases adrenergic signaling in the brain. It appears to similarly act on dopamine receptors, prolonging dopaminergic effects in the synaptic cleft, though this effect is not majorly implicated in the mechanism of action, along with potential effects on other neurotransmitters. Serotonin that accumulates in the synaptic cleft binds to the 5-HT 1A receptors. 5-HT 1A receptors are responsible for lower anxiety and antidepressant effects. Dopamine accumulates in the cleft and can bind to various dopamine receptors. Shown here is the dopamine 1A receptor, a common Gs-coupled target in treating depression. Norepinephrine is another monoamine that accumulates in the cleft as a result of venlafaxine's inhibitory action. Norepinephrine can act on many adrenergic receptors in the nervous system (here, the α-1A receptor is shown, which is also a common antipsychotic target) to aid in anti-depressive signaling.
HTR1A SLC6A4 DRD1 SLC6A3 ADRA1A SLC18A2 SLC18A2 SLC18A2 TPH1 DDC TH DDC DBH SLC6A2 Serotonin Venlafaxine Dopamine Serotonin Serotonin Serotonin Sodium Sodium Dopamine Dopamine Norepinephrine Norepinephrine L-Tryptophan Tetrahydrobiopterin Oxygen 5-Hydroxy-L- tryptophan 4a- Hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin Carbon dioxide L-Tyrosine L-Dopa Carbon dioxide Ascorbic acid Oxygen Norepinephrine Dehydroascorbic acid Water Sodium Dopamine Sodium Norepinephrine Sodium Sodium
HTR1A SLC6A4 DRD1 SLC6A3 ADRA1A SLC18A2 SLC18A2 SLC18A2 TPH1 DDC TH DDC DBH SLC6A2 5-HT Venlafa LDP 5-HT 5-HT 5-HT Na+ Na+ LDP LDP Norpp Norpp Trp BH4 O2 5-HTP 4aHtHbp CO2 Tyr L-Dopa CO2 VitC O2 Norpp DHAA H2O Na+ LDP Na+ Norpp Na+ Na+ Fe2+ Pyr-5'P Fe2+ Pyr-5'P Pqq Cu Venlafaxine transport in and out of the blood-brain barrier involves the multidrug resistance protein 1 (an ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2). Presynaptic cell Synaptic Cleft Post synaptic cell Synaptic Vesicle Cytosol Venlafaxine is a selective serotonin and norepinephrine (AKA noradrenaline, NA) reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI) which binds to the sodium dependent serotonin and NA transporters present throughout the central nervous system, allowing serotonin and NA to accumulate in the synaptic cleft, which significantly enhances serotonergic activity and increases adrenergic signaling in the brain. It appears to similarly act on dopamine receptors, prolonging dopaminergic effects in the synaptic cleft, though this effect is not majorly implicated in the mechanism of action, along with potential effects on other neurotransmitters. Serotonin that accumulates in the synaptic cleft binds to the 5-HT 1A receptors. 5-HT 1A receptors are responsible for lower anxiety and antidepressant effects. Dopamine accumulates in the cleft and can bind to various dopamine receptors. Shown here is the dopamine 1A receptor, a common Gs-coupled target in treating depression. Norepinephrine is another monoamine that accumulates in the cleft as a result of venlafaxine's inhibitory action. Norepinephrine can act on many adrenergic receptors in the nervous system (here, the α-1A receptor is shown, which is also a common antipsychotic target) to aid in anti-depressive signaling.
HTR1A SLC6A4 DRD1 SLC6A3 ADRA1A SLC18A2 SLC18A2 SLC18A2 TPH1 DDC TH DDC DBH SLC6A2 5-HT Venlafa LDP 5-HT 5-HT 5-HT Na+ Na+ LDP LDP Norpp Norpp Trp BH4 O2 5-HTP 4aHtHbp CO2 Tyr L-Dopa CO2 VitC O2 Norpp DHAA H2O Na+ LDP Na+ Norpp Na+ Na+