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Beta-endorphin Mu-type opioid receptor Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor 5- hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A D(1A) dopamine receptor G protein complex Adenylyl cyclase complex Beta-endorphin Sodium- dependent noradrenaline transporter Sodium- dependent serotonin transporter Sodium- dependent dopamine transporter Glutamate receptor ionotropic Sodium channel Voltage Gated Potassium Channel Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Voltage- dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Pro- opiomelanocortin Neuroendocrine convertase 2 Norepinephrine Serotonin Dopamine Ketobemidone Norepinephrine Na+ Na+ Serotonin Na+ Na+ Dopamine Na+ Na+ Ca+ Ca+ Na+ Na+ K+ K+ Na+ Na+ K+ K+ K+ Na+ Ca+ Ca+ Ca+ Ca+ ATP cAMP PPi Pre Synaptic Neuron Postsynaptic Neuron Neuron Membrane Potential (mV) -70 0 +40 Time Action Potential Depolarization Hyperpolarization Peak Action Potential Resting Potential Repolarization Neuron Axon Ketobemidone is an opioid analgesic and most commonly administered via intravenously or orally. Ketobemidone binds to opioid receptors specifically that of mu-type opioid receptor that acts on G coupled proteins that go on to inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Due to this cAMP concentrations are reduced. Reduced cAMP causes a decrease in the influx of calcium into the neuron. Due to the reduction of calcium ions into the neuron the cell becomes hyperpolarized, increasing the threshold level as a result, inhibiting neuron activation. This reduces pain signals as the threshold level is harder to meet, therefore inhibiting the reception of pain stimulus to the body.
Chloroplast Unknown OPRM1 ADRA1A HTR1A DRD1 GNG2 ADCY9 Unknown SLC6A2 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 GRIN3A SCN1B KCNIP2 Unknown Unknown CACNA2D2 Unknown Unknown Unknown Norepinephrine Serotonin Dopamine Ketobemidone Norepinephrine Sodium Sodium Serotonin Sodium Sodium Dopamine Sodium Sodium Calcium Calcium Sodium Sodium Potassium Potassium Sodium Sodium Potassium Potassium Potassium Sodium Calcium Calcium Calcium Calcium Adenosine triphosphate cAMP Pyrophosphate