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Pathway Description

Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Xanthine

Homo sapiens

Metabolic Pathway

Xanthine is formed from purine catabolism. Purines can be made endogenously in the body or can be obtained exogenously from foods such as red meat. The purines are guanine and adenine. These undergo metabolism in the liver to form xanthine. Adenine forms adenosine through the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Adenosine then reacts with water to form inosine and ammonia using the enzyme adenosine deaminase. Inosine goes on to form hypoxanthine through the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Xanthine is formed from hypoxanthine using the enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase/ oxidase. Xanthine can also be formed from the purine guanine via guanine deaminase. Xanthine then enters the blood where it can have detrimental effects on other organs such as the kidney (causing renal failure) and the blood vessel (causing endothelial dysfunction).

References

Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Xanthine References

Dhondt, A., Vanholder, R., Van Biesen, W., & Lameire, N. (2000). The removal of uremic toxins. Kidney International, 58. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.07606.x

Diallinas, G., & Gournas, C. (2008). The ubiquitous nucleobase-ascorbate transporter (NAT) family: Lessons from Model Microbial Genetic Systems. Channels, 2(5), 363–372. https://doi.org/10.4161/chan.2.5.6902

Kanehisa M, Furumichi M, Sato Y, Ishiguro-Watanabe M, Tanabe M: KEGG: integrating viruses and cellular organisms. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021 Jan 8;49(D1):D545-D551. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaa970.

Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Karu N, Sayeeda Z, Lo E, Assempour N, Berjanskii M, Singhal S, Arndt D, Liang Y, Badran H, Grant J, Serra-Cayuela A, Liu Y, Mandal R, Neveu V, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M, Manach C, Scalbert A: HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D608-D617. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1089.

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