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GNRH1 Lutropin subunit beta KISS1 KiSS-1 receptor Phospholipase B Gonadotropin- releasing hormone receptor Early growth response protein 1 Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-3 Splicing factor 1 Follitropin subunit beta Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain Catenin beta-1 Proto-oncogene c-Fos Transcription factor AP-1 Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain Lutropin subunit beta Lutropin- choriogonadotropic hormone receptor Follitropin subunit beta Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain Follicle- stimulating hormone receptor Guanine nucleotide- binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms short Gβ Guanine nucleotide- binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 Guanine nucleotide- binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 Guanine nucleotide- binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 Gγ Adenylate cyclase type 1 cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit gamma cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta Adenylate cyclase type 1 cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit gamma Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, mitochondrial Cytochrome P450 19A1 Inhibin alpha chain Inhibin beta A chain Membrane- associated progesterone receptor component 1 GNRH1 Androgen receptor Transcription factor Sp1 CYP11A1 CYP17A1 3-beta-HSD 1 Testosterone 17-beta- dehydrogenase 3 Cytochrome P450 19A1 Estradiol 17-beta- dehydrogenase 1 Cytochrome P450 1B1 Cytochrome P450 1A1 3-beta-HSD 1 Steroid 17-alpha- hydroxylase/17,20 lyase Steroid 17-alpha- hydroxylase/17,20 lyase 3-beta-HSD 1 Estradiol 17-beta- dehydrogenase 1 3-beta-HSD 1 Testosterone 17-beta- dehydrogenase 3 Steroid 17-alpha- hydroxylase/17,20 lyase ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 12 Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate cAMP cAMP Progesterone Testosterone Levonorgestrel Androstenedione Androstenedione Testosterone Cholesterol Levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel PIP2(16:0/16:2(9Z,12Z)) H2O 1,2-Diacyl-sn-glycerol (dioctadecanoyl, n-C18:0) Cholesterol Pregnenolone 17a-Hydroxypregnenolone Estrone 17β-estradiol 4-Hydroxyestradiol 2-Hydroxyestradiol ATP PPi ATP PPi 17-Hydroxyprogesterone Dehydroepiandrosterone 5-Androstenediol PIP2(16:0/16:2(9Z,12Z)) K+ K+ Magnesium Magnesium Heme Heme Heme Heme Erk1/Erk2 Mapk Signaling pathway Heme Heme Ca+ Heme Heme Hypothalamus Kisspeptin neuron GnRH neuron Anterior Pituitary Gland Depolarization Ovaries Theca Cell Granulosa Cell Steroidogenesis Mitochondria Nucleus Nucleus Nucleus Blood Vessel Estrogen Synthesis Levonorgestrel binds to androgen and progesterone receptors to inhibit and slow the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus. The preceding step of a LH surge to activate ovulation is suppressed. Blood-Brain Barrier Diffusion Kisspeptin neuron The transcription of proteins like glycoprotein hormones (FSH and LH) is inhibited since there is less GnRH. Those glycoproteins will be less available in the blood. The low level of transcription of the LH and FSH hormones results in the inhibition of the ovulation (release of an egg by the ovary) that needs the surge of those hormones.
Nucleus GNRH1 LHB KISS1 KISS1R PLB1 GNRHR EGR1 ATF3 SF1 FSHB CGA CTNNB1 FOS JUN Unknown LHB LHCGR FSHB Unknown FSHR GNAS GNB1 GNG12 GNAI1 GNB1 GNG2 ADCY1 PRKACA PRKACG PRKACB ADCY1 PRKACA PRKACB PRKACG STAR CYP19A1 INHA INHBA PGRMC1 GNRH1 AR SP1 CYP11A1 CYP17A1 HSD3B1 HSD17B3 CYP19A1 HSD17B1 CYP1B1 CYP1A1 HSD3B1 CYP17A1 CYP17A1 HSD3B1 HSD17B1 HSD3B1 HSD17B3 CYP17A1 KCNJ12 Inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate cAMP cAMP Progesterone Testosterone Levonorgestrel Androstenedione Androstenedione Testosterone Cholesterol Levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel PIP2(16:0/16:2(9Z,12Z)) Water 1,2-Diacyl- sn-glycerol (dioctadecanoyl, n-C18:0) Cholesterol Pregnenolone 17a- Hydroxypregnenolone Estrone 17β-estradiol 4- Hydroxyestradiol 2- Hydroxyestradiol Adenosine triphosphate Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate Pyrophosphate 17- Hydroxyprogesterone Dehydroepiandrosterone 5- Androstenediol PIP2(16:0/16:2(9Z,12Z)) Potassium Potassium Erk1/Erk2 Mapk Signaling pathway Calcium
GNRH1 LHB KISS1 KISS1R PLB1 GNRHR EGR1 ATF3 SF1 FSHB CGA CTNNB1 FOS JUN LHB LHCGR FSHB FSHR GNAS GNB1 GNG12 GNAI1 GNB1 GNG2 ADCY1 PRKACA PRKACG PRKACB ADCY1 PRKACA PRKACB PRKACG STAR CYP19A1 INHA INHBA PGRMC1 GNRH1 AR SP1 CYP11A1 CYP17A1 HSD3B1 HSD17B3 CYP19A1 HSD17B1 CYP1B1 CYP1A1 HSD3B1 CYP17A1 CYP17A1 HSD3B1 HSD17B1 HSD3B1 HSD17B3 CYP17A1 KCNJ12 Inotp cAMP cAMP Prgstrn Oreton Levon Adione Adione Oreton Lanol Levon Levon PIP2(32 H2O DG Lanol Pregnen 17a-HP Estrone 17β-est 4Ohe2 Ecs ATP PPi ATP PPi 17-OHP DHEA Tetrabo PIP2(32 K+ K+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Heme Heme Heme Heme PW064771 Heme Heme Ca+ Heme Heme Hypothalamus Kisspeptin neuron GnRH neuron Anterior Pituitary Gland Depolarization Ovaries Theca Cell Granulosa Cell Steroidogenesis Mitochondria Nucleus Nucleus Nucleus Blood Vessel Estrogen Synthesis Levonorgestrel binds to androgen and progesterone receptors to inhibit and slow the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus. The preceding step of a LH surge to activate ovulation is suppressed. Blood-Brain Barrier Diffusion Kisspeptin neuron The transcription of proteins like glycoprotein hormones (FSH and LH) is inhibited since there is less GnRH. Those glycoproteins will be less available in the blood. The low level of transcription of the LH and FSH hormones results in the inhibition of the ovulation (release of an egg by the ovary) that needs the surge of those hormones.
Nucleus GNRH1 LHB KISS1 KISS1R PLB1 GNRHR EGR1 ATF3 SF1 FSHB CGA CTNNB1 FOS JUN LHB LHCGR FSHB FSHR GNAS GNB1 GNG12 GNAI1 GNB1 GNG2 ADCY1 PRKACA PRKACG PRKACB ADCY1 PRKACA PRKACB PRKACG STAR CYP19A1 INHA INHBA PGRMC1 GNRH1 AR SP1 CYP11A1 CYP17A1 HSD3B1 HSD17B3 CYP19A1 HSD17B1 CYP1B1 CYP1A1 HSD3B1 CYP17A1 CYP17A1 HSD3B1 HSD17B1 HSD3B1 HSD17B3 CYP17A1 KCNJ12 Inotp cAMP cAMP Prgstrn Oreton Levon Adione Adione Oreton Lanol Levon Levon PIP2(32 H2O DG Lanol Pregnen 17a-HP Estrone 17β-est 4Ohe2 Ecs ATP Ppi ATP Ppi 17-OHP DHEA Tetrabo PIP2(32 K+ K+ PW064771 Ca2+