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Heme ligase Hemoglobin subunit alpha Hemoglobin subunit beta Hemoglobin subunit alpha Hemoglobin subunit beta Hemoglobin subunit alpha Hemoglobin subunit beta Plasmepsin I Plasmepsin II V-type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine Heme β-hematin ATP H2O H+ ADP Pi H+ L-Amino acid Protein degradation pH = 5.0 - 5.4 Digestive vacuole Parasite Erythrocyte Toxic to the parasite Amino acids are used for nutrition and protein synthesis by the parasite Maintains the pH of the vacuole for all enzymes to function, but Hydroxychloroquine causes this to malfunction Cytosol Quinine inhibits heme ligase, causing the accumulation of toxic free heme Hydroxychloroquine causes pH to increase in the vacuoles, which interferes with the parasite's ability to proteolyse hemoglobin, preventing the normal growth and replication of the parasite.
Vacuole HDP HBA1 HBB HBA1 HBB HBA1 HBB PMI PMII vapA Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine Heme β-hematin Adenosine triphosphate Water Hydrogen Ion Adenosine diphosphate Phosphate Hydrogen Ion L-Amino acid Protein degradation
HDP HBA1 HBB HBA1 HBB HBA1 HBB PMI PMII vapA Hcq Hcq Hcq Hcq Hcq Heme β-hemat ATP H2O H+ ADP Pi H+ LAA Pro deg pH = 5.0 - 5.4 Digestive vacuole Parasite Erythrocyte Toxic to the parasite Amino acids are used for nutrition and protein synthesis by the parasite Maintains the pH of the vacuole for all enzymes to function, but Hydroxychloroquine causes this to malfunction Cytosol Quinine inhibits heme ligase, causing the accumulation of toxic free heme Hydroxychloroquine causes pH to increase in the vacuoles, which interferes with the parasite's ability to proteolyse hemoglobin, preventing the normal growth and replication of the parasite.
Vacuole HDP HBA1 HBB HBA1 HBB HBA1 HBB PMI PMII vapA Hcq Hcq Hcq Hcq Hcq Heme β-hemat ATP H2O H+ ADP Pi H+ LAA Pro deg