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Pathway Description
Interferon alfacon-1 Action Pathway
Homo sapiens
Drug Action Pathway
Interferon alfacon-1 is a recombinant non-naturally occurring type 1 interferon. This drug is used as a treatment of hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, and IDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Interferon alfacon-1 binds to type 1 interferon receptors (IFNAR1 and IFNAR2c) which, upon dimerization, activate two Jak tyrosine kinases (Jak1 and Tyk2). This receptor complex also phosphorylates STAT3 homodimers. The IFNAR complex phosphorylates STAT5 which binds with Crk-like protein (CRKL). This activates the transcription of gamma-activated sequence (GAS) elements, which activates an inflammatory response and immunoregulation. The main pathway of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 is through the phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2. Together with interferon regulatory factor (IRF9) they form the interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3). The ISGF3 translocates to the nucleus and initiates the transcription of the Interferon-sensitive response element (ISRE). This leads to an antiviral response, immunoregulation, antigen presentation, and checkpoint proteins. THE ISRE genes also activate IFN-regulated genes. These along with lipopolysaccharides or foreign pathogens activates interferon Regulatory Factor 7 (IRF7). IRF7 is phosphorylated and bound with nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB). This causes the induction of type 1 INFs, which further activates the pathway. IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 signal through TYK2 and JAK1 to also trigger the activation of the NFKB pathway through phosphorylated STAT3, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs). They act through IKKa and IKKb to drive NFKB induction of genes associated with survival signals, antigen processing and presentation, and proliferation. This molecule is administered as an subcutaneous injection.
References
Interferon alfacon-1 Pathway References
Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Guo AC, Lo EJ, Marcu A, Grant JR, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Sayeeda Z, Assempour N, Iynkkaran I, Liu Y, Maciejewski A, Gale N, Wilson A, Chin L, Cummings R, Le D, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M: DrugBank 5.0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D1074-D1082. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1037.
Pubmed: 29126136
Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. doi: 10.1038/nrd2199.
Pubmed: 17139284
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. doi: 10.1038/nrd2132.
Pubmed: 17016423
Yasuda S, Miyata K: [Interferon alfacon-1 (Advaferon): a novel synthetic interferon for the treatment of hepatitis C, its pharmacological and clinical profile]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2002 Dec;120(6):421-6. doi: 10.1254/fpj.120.421.
Pubmed: 12528473
Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. doi: 10.1093/nar/30.1.412.
Pubmed: 11752352
Blatt LM, Davis JM, Klein SB, Taylor MW: The biologic activity and molecular characterization of a novel synthetic interferon-alpha species, consensus interferon. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1996 Jul;16(7):489-99. doi: 10.1089/jir.1996.16.489.
Pubmed: 8836913
Alberti A: Interferon alfacon-1: a novel interferon for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. BioDrugs. 1999 Nov;12(5):343-57. doi: 10.2165/00063030-199912050-00003.
Pubmed: 18031187
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