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Carbinolamine Transporter Cytochrome P450 2A6 Cytochrome P450 2A7 Cytochrome P450 2A13 Cytochrome P450 2B6 Cytochrome P450 3A7 Cytochrome P450 3A4 Cytochrome P450 3A5 Cytochrome P450 3A43 Iminium derivative Guanine Altretamine Altretamine Altretamine Carbinolamine Carbinolamine Carbinolamine Pentamethyl derivative Formaldehyde Heme Guanine Alkylation Altretamine is absorbed in the GI tract and is then metabolized in the liver through various P450 enzymes. Aldophosphamide is taken up by into cancer cells and then converted to acrolein, phosphoramide mustard, and carbodyphosphamide. The iminium derivative is the main cytotoxic metabolic agent from the altretamine molecule. It is the alkylating agent, thus it is reacting with the DNA. Firstly, formaldehyde crosslinks protein-DNA causing it to be unable to separate the strands for replication. Second, the iminium derivative induces the mispairing of nucleotide bases during replication causing mutations. This creates fraudulent DNA that cannot properly transcribe RNA. Third, the iminium derivative attachs alkyl groups to DNA bases, such as guanine and cytosine in this reaction, which results in the DNA becoming fragmented due to repair enzymes trying to replace the alkylated bases. This preventing DNA synthesis and RNA transcription from affected DNA that has become alkylated. Hepatocyte Apoptosis The miscoding of the DNA, the cross-linking of guanine bases and the fragmentation of the DNA all lead to the apoptosis of the cancerous cell. Cancerous Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum Liver
Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Unknown CYP2A6 CYP2A7 CYP2A13 CYP2B6 CYP3A7 CYP3A4 CYP3A5 CYP3A43 Iminium derivative Guanine Altretamine Altretamine Altretamine Carbinolamine Carbinolamine Carbinolamine Pentamethyl derivative Formaldehyde Guanine Alkylation
CYP2A6 CYP2A7 CYP2A13 CYP2B6 CYP3A7 CYP3A4 CYP3A5 CYP3A43 Imi der Guanine Hmm Hmm Hmm Carbi Carbi Carbi Pen der Formol Heme Gua Alk Altretamine is absorbed in the GI tract and is then metabolized in the liver through various P450 enzymes. Aldophosphamide is taken up by into cancer cells and then converted to acrolein, phosphoramide mustard, and carbodyphosphamide. The iminium derivative is the main cytotoxic metabolic agent from the altretamine molecule. It is the alkylating agent, thus it is reacting with the DNA. Firstly, formaldehyde crosslinks protein-DNA causing it to be unable to separate the strands for replication. Second, the iminium derivative induces the mispairing of nucleotide bases during replication causing mutations. This creates fraudulent DNA that cannot properly transcribe RNA. Third, the iminium derivative attachs alkyl groups to DNA bases, such as guanine and cytosine in this reaction, which results in the DNA becoming fragmented due to repair enzymes trying to replace the alkylated bases. This preventing DNA synthesis and RNA transcription from affected DNA that has become alkylated. Hepatocyte Apoptosis The miscoding of the DNA, the cross-linking of guanine bases and the fragmentation of the DNA all lead to the apoptosis of the cancerous cell. Cancerous Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum Liver
Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus CYP2A6 CYP2A7 CYP2A13 CYP2B6 CYP3A7 CYP3A4 CYP3A5 CYP3A43 Imi der Guanine Hmm Hmm Hmm Carbi Carbi Carbi Pen der Formol Gua Alk