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Pathway Description
Zuclopenthixol H1-Antihistamine Blood Vessel Constriction Action Pathway
Homo sapiens
Drug Action Pathway
Zuclopenthixol is a weak H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. H1-antihistamines act on H1 receptors in T-cells to inhibit the immune response, in blood vessels to constrict dilated blood vessels, and in smooth muscles of lungs and intestines to relax those muscles.
Allergies causes blood vessel dilation which causes swelling (edema) and fluid leakage. Zuclopenthixol inhibits the H1 histamine receptor on blood vessel endothelial cells. This normally activates the Gq signalling cascade which activates phospholipase C which catalyzes the production of Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol (DAG). Because of the inhibition, IP3 doesn't activate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and DAG doesn't activate the release of calcium into the cytosol of the endothelial cell. This causes a low concentration of calcium in the cytosol, and it, therefore, cannot bind to calmodulin. Calcium bound calmodulin is required for the activation of the calmodulin-binding domain of nitric oxide synthase. The inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis prevents the activation of myosin light chain phosphatase. This causes an accumulation of myosin light chain-phosphate which causes the muscle to contract and the blood vessel to constrict, decreasing the swelling and fluid leakage from the blood vessels caused by allergens.
References
Zuclopenthixol H1-Antihistamine Blood Vessel Constriction Pathway References
Simons FE, Simons KJ: Histamine and H1-antihistamines: celebrating a century of progress. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Dec;128(6):1139-1150.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.09.005. Epub 2011 Oct 27.
Pubmed: 22035879
Simons FE: H1-receptor antagonists. Comparative tolerability and safety. Drug Saf. 1994 May;10(5):350-80. doi: 10.2165/00002018-199410050-00002.
Pubmed: 7913608
Mignery GA, Sudhof TC: The ligand binding site and transduction mechanism in the inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor. EMBO J. 1990 Dec;9(12):3893-8. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07609.x.
Pubmed: 2174351
Zhao Y, Vanhoutte PM, Leung SW: Vascular nitric oxide: Beyond eNOS. J Pharmacol Sci. 2015 Oct;129(2):83-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.09.002. Epub 2015 Sep 28.
Pubmed: 26499181
Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. doi: 10.1093/nar/30.1.412.
Pubmed: 11752352
Hallberg T, Dohlsten M, Baldetorp B: Demonstration of histamine receptors on human platelets by flow cytometry. Scand J Haematol. 1984 Feb;32(2):113-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1984.tb02165.x.
Pubmed: 6701456
Dorsch W, Hintschich C, Neuhauser J, Weber J: Sequential histamine inhalations cause increased bronchial histamine reactivity in guinea pigs: role of platelets, thromboxanes and prostacyclin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1984 Sep;327(2):148-55. doi: 10.1007/BF00500910.
Pubmed: 6387510
Taniguchi K, Masuda Y, Takanaka K: Inhibitory effects of histamine H1 receptor blocking drugs on metabolic activations of neutrophils. J Pharmacobiodyn. 1991 Feb;14(2):87-93. doi: 10.1248/bpb1978.14.87.
Pubmed: 1678430
Thomas RH, Browne PD, Kirby JD: The influence of ranitidine, alone and in combination with clemastine, on histamine-mediated cutaneous weal and flare reactions in human skin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1985 Oct;20(4):377-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1985.tb05080.x.
Pubmed: 4074605
Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Guo AC, Lo EJ, Marcu A, Grant JR, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Sayeeda Z, Assempour N, Iynkkaran I, Liu Y, Maciejewski A, Gale N, Wilson A, Chin L, Cummings R, Le D, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M: DrugBank 5.0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D1074-D1082. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1037.
Pubmed: 29126136
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