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Pathway Description
Virulence (virE operon activation)
Agrobacterium tumefaciens str. C58
Disease Pathway
The virE operon is involved in the T-DNA transfer and integration during the infection of plant cells and is part of the larger virulence (vir) regulon located on the Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid. It encodes proteins that play essential roles in protecting T-DNA during its transfer and guiding it into the plant cell nucleus. The operon is made up of 2 genes – virE1 (encodes a chaperone protein that binds to VirE2 and prevents VirE2’s premature termination before secretion into the plant cell) and virE2 (encodes a single-stranded DNA-binding protein that binds to ssDNA, a DNA transfer intermediate, thus protecting it from degradation by nucleases). Expression is controlled by virA which encodes for transmembrane histidine protein kinase, virG which encodes a cytoplasmic response regulator and the periplasmic sugar-binding protein ChvE. AS binds to transmembrane histidine protein kinase virA, resulting in phosphorylation of virG which then binds to the vir box (10 to 12bp sequences) in the promoter region and initiates transcription.
References
Virulence (virE operon activation) References
Das, A., 1988. Agrobacterium tumefaciens virE operon encodes a single-stranded DNA-binding protein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 85(9), pp.2909-2913.
García-Rodríguez, F.M., Schrammeijer, B. and Hooykaas, P.J., 2006. The Agrobacterium VirE3 effector protein: a potential plant transcriptional activator. Nucleic acids research, 34(22), pp.6496-6504.
Cooley, M.B., D'souza, M.R. and Kado, C.I., 1991. The virC and virD operons of the Agrobacterium Ti plasmid are regulated by the ros chromosomal gene: analysis of the cloned ros gene. Journal of bacteriology, 173(8), pp.2608-2616.
Tiwari, M., Mishra, A.K. and Chakrabarty, D., 2022. A grobacterium-mediated gene transfer: recent advancements and layered immunity in plants. Planta, 256(2), p.37.
Brencic, A., Angert, E.R. and Winans, S.C., 2005. Unwounded plants elicit Agrobacterium vir gene induction and T‐DNA transfer: transformed plant cells produce opines yet are tumour free. Molecular microbiology, 57(6), pp.1522-1531.
Kalogeraki, V.S., Zhu, J., Eberhard, A., Madsen, E.L. and Winans, S.C., 1999. The phenolic vir gene inducer ferulic acid is O‐demethylated by the VirH2 protein of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid. Molecular microbiology, 34(3), pp.512-522.
Okuda, S. and Yoshizawa, A.C., 2010. ODB: a database for operon organizations, 2011 update. Nucleic acids research, 39(suppl_1), pp.D552-D555.
Ghai, J. and Das, A., 1989. The virD operon of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid encodes a DNA-relaxing enzyme. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 86(9), pp.3109-3113.
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