Pathways

The biosynthesis of L-tryptophan begins with L-glutamine interacting with a chorismate through a anthranilate synthase which results in a L-glutamic acid, a pyruvic acid, a hydrogen ion and a 2-aminobenzoic acid. The aminobenzoic acid interacts with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate through an anthranilate synthase component II resulting in a pyrophosphate and a N-(5-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate. The latter compound is then metabolized by an indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in a 1-(o-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxyribulose 5'-phosphate. This compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, a water molecule and a (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate. The latter compound then interacts with a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and an Indole. The indole interacts with an L-serine through a tryptophan synthase, β subunit dimer resulting in a water molecule and an L-tryptophan. The metabolism of L-tryptophan starts with L-tryptophan being dehydrogenated by a tryptophanase / L-cysteine desulfhydrase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an Indole and a 2-aminoacrylic acid. The latter compound is isomerized into a 2-iminopropanoate. This compound then interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion spontaneously resulting in the release of an Ammonium and a pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid then interacts with a coenzyme A through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in the release of a NADH, a carbon dioxide and an Acetyl-CoA

The biosynthesis of L-tryptophan begins with L-glutamine interacting with a chorismate through a anthranilate synthase which results in a L-glutamic acid, a pyruvic acid, a hydrogen ion and a 2-aminobenzoic acid. The aminobenzoic acid interacts with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate through an anthranilate synthase component II resulting in a pyrophosphate and a N-(5-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate. The latter compound is then metabolized by an indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in a 1-(o-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxyribulose 5'-phosphate. This compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, a water molecule and a (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate. The latter compound then interacts with a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and an Indole. The indole interacts with an L-serine through a tryptophan synthase, β subunit dimer resulting in a water molecule and an L-tryptophan. The metabolism of L-tryptophan starts with L-tryptophan being dehydrogenated by a tryptophanase / L-cysteine desulfhydrase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an Indole and a 2-aminoacrylic acid. The latter compound is isomerized into a 2-iminopropanoate. This compound then interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion spontaneously resulting in the release of an Ammonium and a pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid then interacts with a coenzyme A through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in the release of a NADH, a carbon dioxide and an Acetyl-CoA

The biosynthesis of L-tryptophan begins with L-glutamine interacting with a chorismate through a anthranilate synthase which results in a L-glutamic acid, a pyruvic acid, a hydrogen ion and a 2-aminobenzoic acid. The aminobenzoic acid interacts with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate through an anthranilate synthase component II resulting in a pyrophosphate and a N-(5-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate. The latter compound is then metabolized by an indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in a 1-(o-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxyribulose 5'-phosphate. This compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, a water molecule and a (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate. The latter compound then interacts with a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and an Indole. The indole interacts with an L-serine through a tryptophan synthase, β subunit dimer resulting in a water molecule and an L-tryptophan. The metabolism of L-tryptophan starts with L-tryptophan being dehydrogenated by a tryptophanase / L-cysteine desulfhydrase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an Indole and a 2-aminoacrylic acid. The latter compound is isomerized into a 2-iminopropanoate. This compound then interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion spontaneously resulting in the release of an Ammonium and a pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid then interacts with a coenzyme A through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in the release of a NADH, a carbon dioxide and an Acetyl-CoA

The biosynthesis of L-tryptophan begins with L-glutamine interacting with a chorismate through a anthranilate synthase which results in a L-glutamic acid, a pyruvic acid, a hydrogen ion and a 2-aminobenzoic acid. The aminobenzoic acid interacts with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate through an anthranilate synthase component II resulting in a pyrophosphate and a N-(5-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate. The latter compound is then metabolized by an indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in a 1-(o-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxyribulose 5'-phosphate. This compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, a water molecule and a (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate. The latter compound then interacts with a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and an Indole. The indole interacts with an L-serine through a tryptophan synthase, β subunit dimer resulting in a water molecule and an L-tryptophan. The metabolism of L-tryptophan starts with L-tryptophan being dehydrogenated by a tryptophanase / L-cysteine desulfhydrase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an Indole and a 2-aminoacrylic acid. The latter compound is isomerized into a 2-iminopropanoate. This compound then interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion spontaneously resulting in the release of an Ammonium and a pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid then interacts with a coenzyme A through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in the release of a NADH, a carbon dioxide and an Acetyl-CoA

Tryptophan biosynthesis is a critical anabolic pathway in bacteria that starts from chorismate, an intermediate derived from the shikimate pathway. In this process, chorismate is first converted into anthranilate through a reaction with glutamine, catalyzed by anthranilate synthase, which also releases ammonia as a byproduct. Anthranilate is then activated and condensed with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) to form N-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate, which undergoes several enzyme-catalyzed rearrangements and cyclizations to produce indole-3-glycerol phosphate. This intermediate is subsequently cleaved to generate indole, which reacts with serine in a reaction catalyzed by tryptophan synthase to form tryptophan. The pathway highlights the importance of chorismate as a branching point for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids, and tryptophan itself serves as a key building block for protein synthesis and a precursor for bioactive molecules like auxins and indole derivatives.

Generally KP is a major degradative pathway that occurs in the liver, which synthesizes NAD+ from tryptophan (TRP). TRP acts as a precursor, in the central nervous system to several metabolic pathways, such as synthesis of kynurenine (KYN), serotonin, melatonin (Ruddick et al., 2006). The rate-limiting step in KP is the indole ring opening which is catalysed either by indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenases (IDO-1) or tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). The expression of IDO-1 and TDO is observed in different tissues and they are exposed to different stimuli, proposing that they have distinct functions in health and disease. The enzymes of KP are produced in many cell types and tissues which were significantly seen with the abundance of subsequent metabolites such as NAD+ and its reduced forms NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)), pellagra-preventing factor, niacin or vitamin B3, PA (picolinic acid), NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor agonist QUIN (quinolinic acid) and antagonist KYNA (kynurenic acid), 3-HK (3-hydroxykynurenine) and 3-HAA (3-hydroxyanthranilic acid) (Badawy., 2017). TRP is converted to N′-formylkynurenine (NFK) either by TDO in liver or by IDO-1 extrahepatically. KYN is synthesized from NFK by the enzyme NFK formamidase (FAM). In the pathway, catalytic activity showing hydroxylation of KYN to 3-HK by KYN hydroxylase (KMO) followed by 3-HK hydrolysis to 3-HAA by kynureninase is noted. Kynureninase can also hydrolyze KYN to anthranilic acid (AA) while kynurenine aminotransferases (I, II, III) (KATs) desaminate KYN to KYNA (Sas et al., 2018). In the main catabolic pathway, along with 3-HAA, 2-amino-3-carboxymuconoate semialdehyde is produced. This semialdehyde latter process to form QUIN or decarboxylated to PA. QUIN is further metabolised by quinolinic acid phosphoribosyl transferase (QPRT) to niacin and consequently to NAD+

Generally KP is a major degradative pathway that occurs in the liver, which synthesizes NAD+ from tryptophan (TRP). TRP acts as a precursor, in the central nervous system to several metabolic pathways, such as synthesis of kynurenine (KYN), serotonin, melatonin (Ruddick et al., 2006). The rate-limiting step in KP is the indole ring opening which is catalysed either by indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenases (IDO-1) or tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). The expression of IDO-1 and TDO is observed in different tissues and they are exposed to different stimuli, proposing that they have distinct functions in health and disease. The enzymes of KP are produced in many cell types and tissues which were significantly seen with the abundance of subsequent metabolites such as NAD+ and its reduced forms NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)), pellagra-preventing factor, niacin or vitamin B3, PA (picolinic acid), NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor agonist QUIN (quinolinic acid) and antagonist KYNA (kynurenic acid), 3-HK (3-hydroxykynurenine) and 3-HAA (3-hydroxyanthranilic acid) (Badawy., 2017). TRP is converted to N′-formylkynurenine (NFK) either by TDO in liver or by IDO-1 extrahepatically. KYN is synthesized from NFK by the enzyme NFK formamidase (FAM). In the pathway, catalytic activity showing hydroxylation of KYN to 3-HK by KYN hydroxylase (KMO) followed by 3-HK hydrolysis to 3-HAA by kynureninase is noted. Kynureninase can also hydrolyze KYN to anthranilic acid (AA) while kynurenine aminotransferases (I, II, III) (KATs) desaminate KYN to KYNA (Sas et al., 2018). In the main catabolic pathway, along with 3-HAA, 2-amino-3-carboxymuconoate semialdehyde is produced. This semialdehyde latter process to form QUIN or decarboxylated to PA. QUIN is further metabolised by quinolinic acid phosphoribosyl transferase (QPRT) to niacin and consequently to NAD+