PathWhiz

PathWhiz ID	Pathway	Meta Data
PW000623 View Pathway	drug metabolism Thioguanine Metabolism Pathway (old) Homo sapiens Thioguanine is a purine antimetabolite prodrug closely related to mercaptopurine and similarly inhibits purine metabolism. The thioguanine pathway is shown as a part of the mercaptopurine pathway. Thioguanine exerts cytotoxic effects via incorporation of thiodeoxyguanosine triphosphate into DNA and thioguanosine triphosphate into RNA and inhibition of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1, which induces apoptosis of activated T cells. Once in a cell, thioguanine is converted to thioguanosine monophosphate by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Thioguanosine monophosphate is then phosphorylated to thioguanosine diphosphate, which is converted via a thiodeoxyguanosine diphosphate intermediate to thiodeoxyguanosine triphosphate. Thiodeoxyguanosine triphosphate is incorporated into DNA causing cytotoxicity. Thioguanosine diphosphate is also converted to thioguanosine triphosphate which is incorporated into RNA. The thioguanosine triphosphate metabolite also inhibits Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1, a plasma membrane-associated small GTPase that regulates cellular processes, inducing apoptosis in activated T cells. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: WishartLab Created On: September 18, 2013 at 09:42 Last Updated: September 18, 2013 at 09:42
PW146796 View Pathway	drug action Thiohexam Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 19:03 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 19:03
PW176357 View Pathway	metabolic Thiohexam Predicted Metabolism Pathway Homo sapiens Metabolites of sildenafil are predicted with biotransformer. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: December 07, 2023 at 15:30 Last Updated: December 07, 2023 at 15:30
PW128417 View Pathway	drug action Thiopental Action Pathway Homo sapiens Thiopental is a barbiturate utilized for inducing general anesthesia, managing convulsions, and reducing intracranial pressure. Administered intravenously, this barbiturate is employed to induce general anesthesia promptly, achieve temporary complete anesthesia, induce hypnosis, and control convulsive conditions. Notably, it has been employed in neurosurgical contexts to alleviate elevated intracranial pressure. Although it lacks excitatory effects, its analgesic and muscle relaxant properties are limited. It has been shown that low doses can counteract analgesia and lower the pain threshold. Thiopental finds application as the sole anesthetic for brief procedures, as an induction agent preceding other anesthetics, to supplement regional anesthesia, to provide hypnosis alongside other agents for analgesia or muscle relaxation, for managing convulsions during inhalation or local anesthesia, in neurosurgical cases with heightened intracranial pressure, and for narcoanalysis and narcosynthesis in psychiatric disorders. Functioning as an ultrashort-acting central nervous system depressant, thiopental induces rapid hypnosis and anesthesia, yet it lacks analgesic properties. Its binding to a specific site linked to a Cl- ionopore at the GABAA receptor extends the opening duration of the ionopore, thereby prolonging GABA's inhibitory effect in the thalamus. This results in prolonged post-synaptic inhibition. The drug's rapid binding to fatty tissues leads to anesthetic accumulation, producing prolonged effects due to gradual drug release. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Dorsa Yahya Rayat Created On: August 28, 2023 at 13:07 Last Updated: August 28, 2023 at 13:07
PW144715 View Pathway	drug action Thiopental Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 14:17 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 14:17
PW146344 View Pathway	drug action Thioredoxin Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 17:59 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 17:59
PW123556 View Pathway	metabolic Thioredoxin Pathway Pseudomonas aeruginosa Thioredoxins are a class of proteins that are used in redox reactions, and are found in all living organisms. In humans, they respond to reactive oxygen species, while in plants they are important for growth, photosynthesis, flowering and seed formation. In E. coli, thioredoxins catalyze a number of redox reactions, and are important in stress response, as well as other functions. In this pathway, oxidized thioredoxin is reduced by thioredoxin reductase, in order to form reduced thioredoxin. This reaction also uses NADPH as a cofactor. Reduced thioredoxin then, as part of a redox reaction, acts as the oxidizing agent and converts an oxidized electron acceptor into a reduced electron acceptor. This then produces oxidized thioredoxin, which can be further reduced and reused in other redox reactions. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ana Marcu Created On: August 12, 2019 at 22:31 Last Updated: August 12, 2019 at 22:31
PW002082 View Pathway	metabolic Thioredoxin Pathway Escherichia coli Thioredoxins are a class of proteins that are used in redox reactions, and are found in all living organisms. In humans, they respond to reactive oxygen species, while in plants they are important for growth, photosynthesis, flowering and seed formation. In E. coli, thioredoxins catalyze a number of redox reactions, and are important in stress response, as well as other functions. In this pathway, oxidized thioredoxin is reduced by thioredoxin reductase, in order to form reduced thioredoxin. This reaction also uses NADPH as a cofactor. Reduced thioredoxin then, as part of a redox reaction, acts as the oxidizing agent and converts an oxidized electron acceptor into a reduced electron acceptor. This then produces oxidized thioredoxin, which can be further reduced and reused in other redox reactions. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ana Marcu Created On: October 13, 2015 at 13:23 Last Updated: October 13, 2015 at 13:23
PW128159 View Pathway	drug action Thioridazine Dopamine Antagonist Action Pathway Homo sapiens Thioridazine is a trifluoro-methyl phenothiazine derivative. Thioridazine blocks postsynaptic mesolimbic dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptors in the brain; blocks alpha-adrenergic effect, depresses the release of hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones and is believed to depress the reticular activating system thus affecting basal metabolism, body temperature, wakefulness, vasomotor tone, and emesis. Similar to other first-generation or typical antipsychotics, thioridazine is a medication used to treat schizophrenia. Other indications for use include other psychotic disorders, depressive disorders, pediatric behavioral disorders, and geriatric psychoneurotic manifestations. Positive symptoms are believed to manifest as a result of increased levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway. More specifically, thioridazine blocks DA-2 receptors in the mesolimbic pathway, diminishing positive symptoms. Thioridazine is classified as a low potency first-generation antipsychotic, and as such, is relatively sedating. Thioridazine is a substrate of the hepatic enzyme CYP450 2D6 and is also an inhibitor of the same enzyme. The drug also exhibits activity at muscarinic receptors (most notably the M1 receptor), which is most likely the source of its anticholinergic effects (e.g., dry mouth, constipation, etc.), the alpha 1A adrenergic receptor (which may explain its association with orthostatic hypotension), the H1 histamine receptor (probably accounting for much of its sedating effect), and the hERG gene, which is likely responsible for its cardiotoxicity BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: July 26, 2023 at 12:36 Last Updated: July 26, 2023 at 12:36
PW144791 View Pathway	drug action Thioridazine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ray Kruger Created On: October 07, 2023 at 14:26 Last Updated: October 07, 2023 at 14:26