Pathways

Carbimazole is a drug that is not metabolized by the human body as determined by current research and biotransformer analysis. Carbimazole passes through the liver and is then excreted from the body mainly through the kidney.

Carbimazole an imidazole antithyroid agent used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis. It is also used to prepare patients for thyroidectomy. Carbimazole is a prodrug, which is converted to methimazole in the gastrointestinal tract or after absorption into the blood. Methimazole enters the thyroid gland and is transported into thyroid follicle cells, where it inhibits the production of the thyroid hormones T3 (liothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). Thyroid hormone synthesis begins with iodide being transported into the follicle cell, through the Na+/I- symporter, then into the follicle lumen through the pendrin transporter. Iodide is oxidized to iodine using thyroid peroxidase (TPO). TPO catalyzes the iodination of the tyrosine molecules in thyroglobulin to produce mono-iodinated tyrosine (MIT) and di-iodinated tyrosine (DIT). The thyroglobulin molecules enter the follicle lumen for this reaction via exocytosis. Coupling of MIT and DIT occurs, again using TPO. Coupling produces T3 and T4 molecules which are still attached to the thyroglobulin molecule. This complex goes through endocytosis to enter the follicle cell, where proteolysis of the thyroglobulin molecule occurs to release T3 and T4, amino acids, and MIT and DIT molecules which may not have been coupled. T3 and T4 are secreted from the thyroid gland into the blood where they can go exert their effects in other organs. The Amino acids can be used in protein synthesis to produce more thyroglobulin molecules, and MIT and DIT are metabolized by iodotyrosine deiodinase I, to produce iodide and tyrosine which can be recycled to be used in process of thyroid hormone synthesis again. Methimazole inhibits TPO, preventing iodide oxidation, the incorporation of iodine into tyrosine molecules and coupling of MIT and DIT, as a result, the production of T3 and T4 is decreased and less T3 and T4 are secreted from the follicle cell, reducing the concentration of thyroid hormones in the blood. Common side effects from taking carbimazole may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headaches, painful joints, itchy skin, rash and thinning hair. Serious side effects may include neutropenia, acute pancreatitis, liver damage, infections and hypoglycemia.

Metabolites of Carbetocin are predicted with biotransformer.

Metabolites of Carbenicillin are predicted with biotransformer.

Carbenicillin is a broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. Carbenicillin exhibits anti-bacterial actions. It works by binding to and inhibiting bacterial penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) Upon binding to PBPs, ertapenem inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by interfering with the lengthening and strengthening of the peptidoglycan portion of the cell wall, thereby inhibiting cell wall synthesis.