PathWhiz

PathWhiz ID	Pathway	Meta Data
PW176830 View Pathway	drug action Trazodone H1-Antihistamine Immune Response Action Pathway Homo sapiens Trazodone is a drug that sometimes acts as a H1-antihistamine. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. H1-antihistamines act on H1 receptors in T-cells to inhibit the immune response, in blood vessels to constrict dilated blood vessels, and in smooth muscles of lungs and intestines to relax those muscles. H1-antihistamines interfere with the agonist action of histamine at the H1 receptor and are administered to attenuate inflammatory process in order to treat conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Reducing the activity of the NF-κB immune response transcription factor through the phospholipase C and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) signalling pathways also decreases antigen presentation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors. Furthermore, lowering calcium ion concentration leads to increased mast cell stability which reduces further histamine release. First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation and other adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g. nervousness and insomnia). Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1-receptors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, these newer drugs elicit fewer adverse drug reactions. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Carin Li Created On: December 19, 2023 at 15:16 Last Updated: December 19, 2023 at 15:16
PW127996 View Pathway	drug action Trazodone mechanism of Action Action Pathway Homo sapiens Trazodone is triazolopyridine derivative from the serotonin receptor antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs) class of antidepressants with comparable efficacy to other drugs such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and serotonin-norepinephrine receptor inhibitor (SNRIs) in the treatment of depression. A unique feature of this drug is that it does not promote the anxiety symptoms, sexual symptoms, or insomnia, which are commonly associated with SSRI and SNRI therapy. Trazodone inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and block both histamine and alpha-1-adrenergic receptors. Other mechanisms that may occur include antagonism at serotonin 5-HT1a, 5-HT1c, and 5-HT2 receptor subtypes. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Omolola Created On: June 28, 2023 at 10:10 Last Updated: June 28, 2023 at 10:10
PW012871 View Pathway	metabolic Trehalose Homo sapiens BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Guest: Anonymous Created On: January 24, 2017 at 12:53 Last Updated: January 24, 2017 at 12:53
PW002088 View Pathway	metabolic Trehalose Biosynthesis I Escherichia coli Trehalose is a disaccharide made of two glucose molecules that can be used as a store of energy, as well as water retention and protection from freezing at low temperatures. In this pathway, glucose-6-phosphate from the galactose metabolism pathway combines with uridine diphosphate glucose to form alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate, as well as uridine 5’-diphosphate and a hydrogen ion as byroducts in a reaction catalyzed by alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase [UDP-forming]. Following this, alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate is converted to alpha,alpha-trehalose following the hydrolytic cleavage of its phosphate group by trehalose-phosphate phosphatase. Alpha,alpha-trehalose can then function as energy stores until it is broken down as a part of the trehalose degradation pathway when needed. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ana Marcu Created On: October 13, 2015 at 14:35 Last Updated: October 13, 2015 at 14:35
PW123560 View Pathway	metabolic Trehalose Biosynthesis I Pseudomonas aeruginosa Trehalose is a disaccharide made of two glucose molecules that can be used as a store of energy, as well as water retention and protection from freezing at low temperatures. In this pathway, glucose-6-phosphate from the galactose metabolism pathway combines with uridine diphosphate glucose to form alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate, as well as uridine 5’-diphosphate and a hydrogen ion as byroducts in a reaction catalyzed by alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase [UDP-forming]. Following this, alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate is converted to alpha,alpha-trehalose following the hydrolytic cleavage of its phosphate group by trehalose-phosphate phosphatase. Alpha,alpha-trehalose can then function as energy stores until it is broken down as a part of the trehalose degradation pathway when needed. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ana Marcu Created On: August 12, 2019 at 22:31 Last Updated: August 12, 2019 at 22:31
PW088282 View Pathway	metabolic Trehalose Degradation Bos taurus Trehalose, also known as mycose or tremalose, is a sugar consisting of two 1-1 alpha bonded glucose molecules. It is produced by some plants, bacteria, fungi and invertebrates, and can be used as a source of energy, such as for flight in insects, and as a survival mechanism to avoid freezing and dehydration. After ingestion in the intestine lumen, trehalose can interact with trehalase, which exists in the brush border of the cells there. In a reaction that also requires a water molecule, it is broken. These are then transported into the epithelial cells along with a sodium ion by a sodium/glucose cotransporter, which can bring glucose up its gradient along with sodium moving down its gradient. Once inside the cell, the glucose can then be transported out of the basolateral membrane by a solute carrier family 2 facilitated glucose transporter. From there, the glucose enters the blood stream, and is transported to liver hepatocytes. Once in the liver, glucokinase can use the energy and phosphate from a molecule of ATP to form glucose-6-phosphate, which then goes on to start the process of glycolysis. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ana Marcu Created On: August 10, 2018 at 13:06 Last Updated: August 10, 2018 at 13:06
PW064664 View Pathway	metabolic Trehalose Degradation Mus musculus Trehalose, also known as mycose or tremalose, is a sugar consisting of two 1-1 alpha bonded glucose molecules. It is produced by some plants, bacteria, fungi and invertebrates, and can be used as a source of energy, such as for flight in insects, and as a survival mechanism to avoid freezing and dehydration. After ingestion in the intestine lumen, trehalose can interact with trehalase, which exists in the brush border of the cells there. In a reaction that also requires a water molecule, it is broken. These are then transported into the epithelial cells along with a sodium ion by a sodium/glucose cotransporter, which can bring glucose up its gradient along with sodium moving down its gradient. Once inside the cell, the glucose can then be transported out of the basolateral membrane by a solute carrier family 2 facilitated glucose transporter. From there, the glucose enters the blood stream, and is transported to liver hepatocytes. Once in the liver, glucokinase can use the energy and phosphate from a molecule of ATP to form glucose-6-phosphate, which then goes on to start the process of glycolysis. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Carin Li Created On: January 22, 2018 at 00:04 Last Updated: January 22, 2018 at 00:04
PW000169 View Pathway	metabolic Trehalose Degradation Homo sapiens Trehalose, also known as mycose or tremalose, is a sugar consisting of two 1-1 alpha bonded glucose molecules. It is produced by some plants, bacteria, fungi and invertebrates, and can be used as a source of energy, such as for flight in insects, and as a survival mechanism to avoid freezing and dehydration. After ingestion in the intestine lumen, trehalose can interact with trehalase, which exists in the brush border of the cells there. In a reaction that also requires a water molecule, it is broken. These are then transported into the epithelial cells along with a sodium ion by a sodium/glucose cotransporter, which can bring glucose up its gradient along with sodium moving down its gradient. Once inside the cell, the glucose can then be transported out of the basolateral membrane by a solute carrier family 2 facilitated glucose transporter. From there, the glucose enters the blood stream, and is transported to liver hepatocytes. Once in the liver, glucokinase can use the energy and phosphate from a molecule of ATP to form glucose-6-phosphate, which then goes on to start the process of glycolysis. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: WishartLab Created On: August 19, 2013 at 12:04 Last Updated: August 19, 2013 at 12:04
PW088375 View Pathway	metabolic Trehalose Degradation Rattus norvegicus Trehalose, also known as mycose or tremalose, is a sugar consisting of two 1-1 alpha bonded glucose molecules. It is produced by some plants, bacteria, fungi and invertebrates, and can be used as a source of energy, such as for flight in insects, and as a survival mechanism to avoid freezing and dehydration. After ingestion in the intestine lumen, trehalose can interact with trehalase, which exists in the brush border of the cells there. In a reaction that also requires a water molecule, it is broken. These are then transported into the epithelial cells along with a sodium ion by a sodium/glucose cotransporter, which can bring glucose up its gradient along with sodium moving down its gradient. Once inside the cell, the glucose can then be transported out of the basolateral membrane by a solute carrier family 2 facilitated glucose transporter. From there, the glucose enters the blood stream, and is transported to liver hepatocytes. Once in the liver, glucokinase can use the energy and phosphate from a molecule of ATP to form glucose-6-phosphate, which then goes on to start the process of glycolysis. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Ana Marcu Created On: August 10, 2018 at 15:18 Last Updated: August 10, 2018 at 15:18
PW353488 View Pathway	metabolic Trehalose Degradation I (Low Osmolarity) Providencia rustigianii DSM 4541 In E.coli, trehalose can be only synthesized with high osmolarity, and if the osmolarity is low, then the source of trehalose can be only obtained from external via transportation with trehalose PTS permease. However, sugar can be degraded with both low or high osmolarity in E.coli. Glucokinase can phosphorylate free gluocose into glucose-6-phosphate and both glucose-6-phosphate moieties enter glycolysis. BioPAX SVG SBGN SBML PWML All files (.zip)	Creator: Julia Wakoli Created On: November 08, 2024 at 22:12 Last Updated: November 08, 2024 at 22:12